Uphononongo lwemethylene blue: oko iingxelo zamava abantu zinokukuxelela nako zingenakukuxelela

Chwetheza “uphononongo lwemethylene blue” kwibhokisi yokukhangela, yaye iingxelo zifika ngaphambi kwezifundo zolingo. Omnye umntu ubhala athi ubuye wakwazi ukusebenzisa iimvakwemini zakhe. Omnye ubhala athi akwenzekanga nto. Owesithathu uchaza ubusuku obubi aze ayeke ukubhala. Into ehendayo kukuzibala: ukuba abantu abaninzi ngokwaneleyo bachaza utshintsho olufanayo, kumele ukuba kukho into eyenzekayo.

Ingqokelela yeengxelo zamava abantu ayilolingo lwezonyango oluncinane. Luhlobo olwahlukileyo lwento, oluhlanganiswe ngabantu abangazange bavume ukuba yisampulu yophando.

Oko kuqulethwe yingxelo enye

Cinga ngesithuba esinokubhalwa ngumntu: “Iiveki ezimbini ndisebenzisa imethylene blue, amathontsi alishumi emanzini rhoqo kusasa. Ukungacaci kwengqondo kuphelile, ndiziva ndingumntu wam kwakhona.”

Kukho amabango amane kwezo zivakalisi zintathu. Kwabandakanyeka imveliso, kwasetyenziswa isixa, kwadlula ixesha, yaye kukho into eyatshintshayo. Sifunda ibango lokugqibela size siwaphathe amathathu okuqala njengomhombiso, kanti ngawona abonisa imida yale ngxelo. Imveliso yiyo nantoni na eyayisebhotileni. Isixa linani lamathontsi, elingengomlinganiselo. Utshintsho yindlela umntu aziva ngayo ngokwakhe, elinganiswa ngumntu owayelindele ukuba kwenzeke okuthile, kungekho kuthelekisa okanye ingxelo yemeko yokuqala. Leyo yinto enye eqatshelweyo, yaye iyinyani, kuba umntu wayeziva ngokwahlukileyo ngenene. Ayikabi yingcaciso.

Ezinye iingcaciso ezine ziyasifanela ngokulinganayo eso sivakalisi: ukulindela, enye into etshintshayo ngaxeshanye, ukuguquguquka kophawu ngokwalo, nokutshintsha kwendlela yokulinganisa. Akukho nanye kuzo enokukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokusekelwe kwingxelo kuphela.

Abantu abangazivanga mahluko banesizathu esincinane sokubhala

Obona bungqina bucacileyo bokuba iingxelo ezikwi-intanethi ziyisampulu egqwethiweyo buvela kuthelekiso luka-2014 lweengxelo zeAmazon eziyi-1,901 malunga nonyango lokunciphisa ubunzima nolokunceda ukuzala, xa zithelekiswa neziphumo zolingo. Emva kweenyanga ezintandathu besitya ngokwendlela yeAtkins, 93% yababhali bophononongo kwi-intanethi (64 kwabayi-69) baxela ukuba behle ngobuncinane nge-10 kg, ngoxa 27% yabathathi-nxaxheba kulingo (19 kwabayi-71) bafumana utshintsho olufanayo. Isigqibo sababhali sisivakalisi esimele sikhunjulwe: “Uphononongo olukwi-intanethi luzibaxa iinzuzo zonyango, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba abantu abaneziphumo ezimbi abatyekelanga kangako ekuxeleleni abanye ngamava abo.” Umntu oye waphucuka unebali alibalisayo; umntu oye wachitha iiveki ezintandathu esaziva ngendlela efanayo akananto yokuxela.

Icala okugqwethwa ngalo alisoloko lifana, nto leyo efundisayo. Uhlalutyo luka-2025 lwezithuba zeReddit eziyi-369 malunga nezongezelelo zokunceda ukuzala lwafumanisa ulungelelwaniso oluchaseneyo: kubabhali abayi-279 abaxela ukuba bathathe izongezelelo, 9.3% bachaza ifuthe elihle abacinga ukuba balivile, 12.9% bachaza elibi, ngoxa 21.1% bacela iingcebiso. Kwiqonga elijolise ekusombululeni iingxaki, leyo yindlela elindelekileyo. Olunye uphando lwafumanisa ukuba izigulana ezazijoyine uluntu lwezempilo kwi-intanethi zazinemanqaku aphezulu odandatheko nexhala kunabo bangengomalungu.

Umxube weengxelo ubonisa indlela olwakhiwe ngayo olo luntu, hayi ubalo olupheleleyo lweziphumo.

Ukulindela yinxalenye yoko kwenzekayo

Isichaso esiqhelekileyo sesomntu ngokwakhe: “Andilohlobo lomntu olukhohliswa kukulindela.”

Ngo-2010, iqela elalikhokelwa yiHarvard lanika abantu abayi-80 abanesifo samathumbu acaphukayo nokuba ziipilisi zeplacebo ezachazwa kubo ngokunyanisekileyo njengezingenanto isebenzayo, okanye alabaniki naluphi na unyango, yaye omabini amaqela ayenonxibelelwano olulinganayo nengcali yezonyango. Kwiiveki ezintathu, amanqaku okuphucuka ngokubanzi ayeyi-5.0 ± 1.5 kwiqela elalisazi ukuba lifumana iplacebo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-3.9 ± 1.3 kwiqela elalinganyangwanga. Uhlalutyo oludibeneyo lwamva lwezifundo zolingo ezilishumi elinanye ezibandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abayi-654 lwafumanisa ifuthe elidibeneyo le-0.72 yokutenxa komgangatho. Umntu othatha imethylene blue akakho nakwimeko yeplacebo echazwe ngokunyanisekileyo: ukholelwa ukuba iyasebenza, uzikhethele yona, uyihlawulele, yaye nguye obhala isiphumo.

Nemilinganiselo yokusebenza komzimba iyatshintsha. Kuphononongo lweplacebo olulungelelanisiweyo kwiimbaleki, amaxesha okubaleka umgama oyi-1000-metre aphucuka kuphela xa abathathi-nxaxheba babekholelwa ukuba bathathe icaffeine, nokuba yayikho okanye ingekho kwikhepsuli: ubukhulu befuthe babuyi-0.43 kwimeko yokukhohliswa xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.42 xa bethathe eyona caffeine. Ukuxelelwa ukuba bathathe iplacebo akuzange kubangele kuphucuka, naxa icaffeine yayikho emzimbeni.

Akukho mntu unokuwufihla umbala

Uninzi lwezongezelelo luvumela umhlobo ukuba alungiselele iikhepsuli ezifanayo. Imethylene blue ayikuvumeli oko: xa ithathwe ngomlomo, iguqula umchamo ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye luhlaza, yaye maxa wambi ikwenza nakwilindle.

Ulingo luka-2016 olwabiwa ngokungakhethiyo, olwapapashwa kwi-Radiology, lwakuphatha ngononophelo oku. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana nokuba yi-280 mg yemethylene blue yomgangatho we-USP ethathwa ngomlomo okanye idayi yokutya i-FD&C Blue No. 2 kwiikhepsuli ezifanayo ezingabonisi okungaphakathi, baza bacelwa ukuba bachame ngaphambi kokuthatha idosi kodwa bangachami emva koko de kuphele ukuskenwa, ukuze umbala womchamo ungatyhili ukuba bakweliphi iqela. Loo mzamo ubhaliwe, njengoko nokusilela kwawo kubhaliwe: bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana imethylene blue baxela umchamo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emva koko, yaye akukho namnye kwiqela leplacebo owawuxelayo. Ababhali bakubiza oko kutshintsha kombala ngokuba “luphawu olufika kamva oluqinisekisa ukuba bafumene ichiza.”

Umzekelo omkhulu ubonisa ingxaki yoku. Ulingo lwesigaba 3 luka-2016 lwe-LMTM lwabela ngokungakhethiyo izigulana eziyi-891 ezinesifo seAlzheimer yaye lwalungenalo kwaphela iqela leplacebo. Iqela lalo lothelekiso lafumana 4 mg kabini ngemini, ekhethwe, ngokutsho kwababhali, “ukugcina kungaziwa ukuba ngubani ofumana oluphi unyango ngokubhekiselele ekutshintsheni kombala womchamo okanye welindle.” Ithebhulethi engenanto isebenzayo yayiza kubonakala kwindlu yangasese. Uphononongo apho izigulana ezinokuphazamiseka kwemo yeemvakalelo okutshintshatshintshayo zazitshintshiselana ngonyango, olwabhalisa izigulana eziyi-37 lwaza lwabiza iqela lalo le-15 mg ngokuba “yiplacebo”, lwenza kwaloo kulungelelanisa xa luthelekisa neqela elalifumana 195 mg esebenzayo.

Funda ezo ndlela zoyilo njengesilumkiso malunga nemifuniselo yomntu. Ukuba amakhulu ezigulane kulingo oluxhaswa ngemali, oluneekhepsuli ezingabonisi okungaphakathi noluhlu lolwabiwo olungakhethiyo olwenziwe yingcali yamanani, ayesenokukwazi ukubona ukuba abelwe liphi iqela, umntu obala amathontsi kwiglasi yamanzi ekhaya sele esazi oko akuthathayo. Ukufihla ulwabiwo akunzima nje apha. Akunakwenzeka.

Uphawu lunesingqi salo

Abantu abafane baqalise isongezelelo ngeveki elungileyo. Baqalisa ngeveki embi, nto leyo engenisa ukubuyela kumndilili: amaxabiso agqithisileyo abuyela kancinci kulawo aphakathi nokuba kukho into eyenziwayo ngawo okanye akukho nto yenziwayo.

Oko kubuyela kuyalinganiseka. Kwiqela elinganyangwanga lezigulana ezinentlungu engapheliyo emazantsi omqolo, umndilili wentlungu kwisikali sika-0 ukuya ku-100 wasuka ku-56 kutyelelo lokuqala waya ku-54 emva kweenyanga ezimbini waza waya ku-46 emva kweenyanga ezine. Ababhali bathi inxalenye yolo tshintsho ibangelwe yingqalelo yokuba kuphandwa ngabo, enye into ephazamisa ukutolikwa ekhoyo kuwo nawuphi na umfuniselo umntu awenza kuye.

Ukuphucuka okuzenzekelayo kuqhelekile kwiimeko abantu abazikhankanyayo xa bexoxa ngemethylene blue. Kwizigulana eziyi-79 ezazinesifo sokudinwa okungapheliyo kangangexesha elingaphantsi kweminyaka emibini, zingafumani naluphi na ungenelelo olucwangcisiweyo, 46% zaxela ukuphucuka emva konyaka. Kwiqela labantu abayi-1,266 abalaliswa esibhedlele bene-COVID-19, malunga ne-65% yabo baxela ukungacaci kwengqondo, ukuphulukana nenkumbulo, okanye ukungakwazi ukugxila kumndilili weenyanga eziyi-8.4 abazange baphinde bakuxele kwiinyanga eziyi-13.2, ngoxa abanye baqalisa ukuba nolo phawu kwangelo xesha. Kubantu abanodandatheko olukhulu olunganyangwanga, abasuka kukhathalelo lwezempilo olusisiseko, kuqikelelwa ukuba 23% bayayeka ukuba neempawu kwiinyanga ezintathu yaye 53% kwisithuba sonyaka.

Akukho nanye koku ethetha ukuba imethylene blue ayenzi nto. Kuchaza imeko yokuqala engenayo ingxelo yomntu, yaye utshintsho lobungakanani obudla ngokuchazwa kwisithuba seqonga lungaphakathi koluhlu lotshintsho olwenzeka ngokwalo.

Amanqaku anesingqi sawo

Ukulinganisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kutshintsha oko kulinganiswayo. Abantu abadala abasempilweni abagqiba uthotho olukhulu lovavanyo lwengqondo nemithambo-luvo kasixhenxe ngonyaka baphucuka ngenxa yokuphindaphinda kuphela: iimpembelelo zokuqhelisela ezisusela ku-0.36 ukuya ku-1.19 yokutenxa komgangatho ngexesha lovavanyo oluqhutywa rhoqo ukuya kwinyanga yesithathu, emva koko ukusebenza kwabo kwazinza. Owona mtsi mkhulu wabakho xa besenza uvavanyo okwesibini. Ukunyuka kwamanqaku kwiiveki ezintathu zovavanyo lwemihla ngemihla lokuqeqesha ingqondo sisiphumo esilindelekileyo sokwenza olo vavanyo iiveki ezintathu zilandelelana.

Izikali umntu azilinganisela ngazo nazo ziyachaphazeleka. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo koluhlu lovavanyo lodandatheko lweBeck kwisampulu yabafundi kwabangela ukwehla kwamanqaku nge-40% kwiiveki ezisibhozo okubangelwe kukulinganisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuphela, kuchaza malunga ne-10% yokwahluka kwamanqaku. “Bendisoloko ndilinganisa imo yam yeemvakalelo rhoqo kusasa yaye iyenyuka” sisivakalisi esithetha ngendlela yokulinganisa kanye njengokuba sithetha ngemo yeemvakalelo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo enye into yatshintsha ngaxeshanye

Uninzi lwabantu ababhala ingxelo yemethylene blue babesele betshintsha ezinye izinto: ukulala, umthambo, utywala, isongezelelo sesibini, ukukhanya kwemini, iprojekthi enoxinzelelo eyaphelayo. Ingxelo ikhankanya imveliso kuba yeyona nto intsha kuluhlu, hayi kuba ikuphela kwayo.

Ingxelo ayiqulathanga sixa siqinisekisiweyo

Amathontsi yeyona yunithi iqhelekileyo kwiingxelo zemethylene blue, yaye ayiyoyunithi yokulinganisa. Uphononongo lweebhotile eziyi-19 ezinezixhobo zokuthontsiza ezisetyenziswa amaxesha amaninzi lwafumanisa ukuba umthamo wethontsi elinye wawusukela ku-33.8 ukuya ku-63.4 microlitres, umahluko ophantse uphindwe kabini phakathi kweebhotile, yaye ukubamba isixhobo sithambekele kancinci kwakukhupha amathontsi amancinane. “Amathontsi alishumi” ebhotile enye anokuphantse aphindwe kabini kunamanye “amathontsi alishumi” ebhotile eyahlukileyo, yaye isithuba sidla ngokungaxeli uxinaniso, ngoko nomthamo olinganiswe kakuhle awunakuguqulelwa kubunzima. Isikhokelo seeyunithi zedosi sichaza oko kufunekayo ukuze kwenziwe olo guqulelo.

Isixa sibalulekile nangendlela engacacanga kwangoko, kuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwedosi nempendulo abungomgca othe tye. Kwimifuniselo yeempuku, 4 mg/kg yaphucula ukuqhela kwazo izinto nokuqaphela izinto, 50 ukuya ku-100 mg/kg yanciphisa ukusebenza kwivili lokubaleka, yaye uxinaniso oluphantsi lwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini yingqondo ngaphandle komzimba nasemva kokunikwa idosi emzimbeni ophilayo, indlela ababhali abayichaza njengexhomekeke kwidosi kumacala omabini. Uphononongo lwenkumbulo nokugxila lwahlula izifundo zabantu ngokwedosi ngesizathu esifanayo. Ngoko ke uphononongo oluncomayo aluchongi isixa esinokusebenza kuwe, yaye ingxelo yokungaziva nto ayikhupheli ngaphandle impendulo kwisixa esahlukileyo.

Kukho omnye umsantsa phakathi kwesixa kunye noko kufikelela emzimbeni. Kuphononongo apho abantu abadala abasempilweni abayi-16 batshintshiselana ngeendlela zokunikwa ichiza, umndilili wobukho obupheleleyo emzimbeni bedosi yomlomo esesinyibilikeni samanzi wawuyi-72.3%, ngokutenxa komgangatho kwamanqaku eepesenti ayi-23.9. Abantu ababini abathatha isixa esilinganisiweyo esifanayo akunyanzelekanga ukuba bafikelele kuxinaniso olufanayo egazini, njengoko uphononongo lokufunxwa nokusasazwa emzimbeni luchaza.

Ingxelo ayiqulathanga mveliso iqinisekisiweyo

Lonke uphononongo luphonononga ibhotile, yaye isiqulatho esilinganisiweyo sidla ngokwahluka kwileyibhile. Uhlalutyo lweemveliso zemelatonin eziyi-30 lwafumanisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-71% zaziphambuke ngaphezu kwe-10% kwisiqulatho esichaziweyo, zisusela ku-83% ngaphantsi ukuya ku-478% ngaphezulu kwento ebangwayo, kukho ukwahluka phakathi kweebhetshi okufikelela ku-465% yaye iserotonin ikho kwezisibhozo kuzo. Kwingqokelela yezongezelelo zamayeza ezityalo nezokutya eziyi-272 ezazinxulunyaniswa nomonakalo wesibindi, 51% zazineeleyibhile ezingachananga, zinyuka ziye ku-82% kwiimveliso zesteroid.

Imethylene blue ineenkcukacha zomgangatho zayo, yaye into eyenzelwe ukudaya ayinyanzelekanga ukuba ihlangabezane nazo. Imveliso ehambelana nenkcazelo esemgangathweni kwincwadi esemthethweni yemigangatho yamachiza ivavanyelwa ukuqinisekiswa kwesazisi sayo, ubunyulu, ukungcola okuvela kwiikhompawundi zekhabhoni ezifana ne-Azure B, izinyibilikisi ezishiyekileyo, ukungcola kweziqalelo, intsalela emva kokutshiswa, imida yeentsholongwane, neetyhefu zangaphakathi zeebhaktiriya. Inqaku lokungcola neendlela zovavanyo libonisa olo vavanyo, kunye noko iziphumo zeesampulu zemethylene blue ezipapashiweyo zikuqukayo nezingakuqukiyo.

Le yinxalenye yesigqibo sokuthenga umfundi anokuyiqinisekisa. Abathengisi abaninzi bemethylene blue abathi iyahambelana ne-USP bavavanya kuphela iintsimbi ezinzima baze bachaze oko njengokuthobela ngokupheleleyo. Blupreme isebenza nomenzi wemethylene blue yamachiza yaye ipapasha izatifikethi zohlalutyo ezikhethekileyo kwibhetshi nganye, ezidibanisa inombolo yebhetshi esebhotileni nebhetshi yesithako evavanyiweyo. Iphepha lenkcazo yomgangatho we-USP lichaza oko kuqukwe ziinkcukacha zomgangatho, yaye isikhokelo sokufunda isatifikethi sohlalutyo sibonisa indlela yokuthelekisa ingxelo nebhetshi oyifumeneyo.

Ukwazi oko bekusebhotileni kususa into enye ephazamisa ukutolikwa. Akuguquli ingxelo yomntu omnye owaziyo ukuba uthatha ntoni ibe bubungqina bokuba imveliso ibangele utshintsho.

Zeziphi iingxelo ezisafanele ukufundwa

Iingxelo zamava abantu zibubungqina obubuthathaka benzuzo, kodwa zibubungqina obufanelekileyo benye into: ingxaki enokwenzeka. Ukuba abantu abaliqela bachaza ngokuzimeleyo ukusabela okufanayo okwahlukileyo, loo nto yingcamango enokuvavanywa yingcali yezonyango, yaye isishwankathelo seziphumo ebezingalindelekanga sichaza indlela yokuchaza oko umntu athe wakuthatha nalapho ukusabela okukrokrelekayo kunokuxelwa khona. Isikhokelo sokuthatha isixa esigqithisileyo nokutyhefeka sichaza iimeko ezingxamisekileyo zalo mba.

Iingxelo zikwakuxelela ukuba yeyiphi imibuzo omele uyibuze. Umtya weengxoxo apho abantu bengavumelani ngokuba imethylene blue ibancedile na ekulaleni luphawu lokuba kufanelekile ukukhangela ubuthongo kuncwadi lwezifundo zolingo, hayi uphawu lokuba imethylene blue iyanceda ekulaleni. Uphononongo lobungqina obuvela ebantwini lubonisa oko kuqulethwe kolo ncwadi, yaye ithala lophando liqokelela izifundo zolingo.

Ukufunda umtya weengxoxo ungazikhohlisi

Inkqubo imfutshane. Khuphela ibango kanye njengoko libhaliwe. Yahlula oko umntu akuqapheleyo kwisigqibo afikelele kuso. Emva koko dwelisa iingcaciso ezinokwenzeka uze ubuze ukuba yeyiphi ekhutshelwa ngaphandle yile ngxelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi impendulo enyanisekileyo ithi akukho nanye, yaye imeko yengxelo ithi ayikasonjululwa kunokuba ibe yinyani okanye bubuxoki.

Khuphela iphepha lokuvavanya ingxelo yamava ukuze wenze olo hlolo kumtya othile weengxoxo. Lidwelisa iinkcukacha ezidla ngokungabikho, indawo yokubhala ezinye iingcaciso ezikhuphisanayo, kunye nefomathi yengxelo yemihla ngemihla yakhe nabani na ogqiba ekubeni azame into nangona kunjalo.

Ukuba uyazivavanyela into, izigqibo ezine zenza ingxelo ibe luncedo ngakumbi kunesithuba esiqhelekileyo: chaza kwangaphambili isiphumo oza kusilinganisa nesikali sokulinganisa ngaphambi kwedosi yokuqala, gcina ingxelo yemeko yokuqala ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukubonisa indlela uphawu oluqhele ukuguquguquka ngayo, tshintsha into enye ngexesha, yaye bhala neentsuku ezingahambanga kakuhle. Isikhokelo sokuhlola inkqubo efunyenwe kwi-intanethi sisebenzisa kwaolo cwangco kwimiyalelo endaweni yamava.

Ukulingana okubini kuvala le ngxoxo. Ukuziva ngcono akungqini ukuba imveliso ibangele ukuphucuka, yaye ukungaziva mahluko akungqini ukuba imveliso ayenzi nto nakwesiphi na isixa okanye uhlobo. Zombini ezi mpazamo zivela ekuphatheni into enye eqatshelweyo ngumntu owaziyo ukuba uthatha ntoni njengesiphumo esiqinisekisiweyo. Into enokongezwa luphengululo lwamava sisizathu sokuphanda, nesilumkiso esifanele ukuthathelwa amanyathelo.