Te puru metilīni mō te mahara me te aronga: he aha i inea e ngā whakamātautau ki te tangata

Ka tīmata tētahi pepa o 2023 mō te puru metilīni me te roro tangata ora ki tētahi rerenga kua tukuruatia ināianei i roto i ngā arotake, ngā ataata, me ngā whārangi hua: ko taua pūhui "i kitea hoki ka whakarei ake i te mahi āheinga hinengaro, te ako me te mahara i roto i te tangata me ngā kararehe whakamātautau, e ai ki te nui o te horopeta."

He ngāwari te tautoko i te wāhanga kararehe o taua rerenga. E whakawhirinaki ana te wāhanga tangata ki te tokoiti noa o ngā whakamātautau, ā, mā te pānui i aua whakamātautau ka wetewetehia te kīanga "mahi āheinga hinengaro". I ngā rapunga mō tēnei tuhinga, i kitea e rima ngā rangahau ki te tangata me tētahi inenga mutunga āheinga hinengaro, whakaahua roro rānei, me ētahi whakamātautau pokanga e toru me tētahi putanga āheinga hinengaro. I puta he whakapaitanga mahara i tētahi whakamātautau ki ngā pakeke hauora, engari kāore taua hua i mau i te whakataurite i waenga i ngā rōpū.

E whā ngā momo hua ki te tangata e whakaarotia ana he momo kotahi

Mā te pānui whakararo i taua ripanga ka kitea te tauira. Ko ngā rangahau whai inenga mutunga āheinga hinengaro tūturu ko ngā rangahau pokanga, ā, i whakamahia he rongoā ā-uaua toto ki ngā tūroro i raro i te rehunga. Ko ngā rangahau ki ngā kaitūao hauora i ine i ngā tohu roro, kaua i te whakaaro.

He aha i kitea e te whakamātautau o 2016 ki ngā pakeke hauora

I te rangahau ki te tangata e tino whakahuatia ana, i hoatu ki ngā pakeke hauora 26 he horopeta ā-waha kotahi o te 280 mg, tata ki te 4 mg/kg, he pire anga rongoā horihori rānei kua whakakīa ki te FD&C blue no. 2 kia ōrite ai te āhua o ngā mea e rua. I matawaia ngā kaiuru i mua i te horopeta, ā, anō hoki kotahi hāora i muri mai, i a rātou e mahi ana i tētahi mahi mataara hinengaro-nekeneke, e ine ana i te tere o te kite a te tangata i tētahi tohu ā-kanohi māmā, me tētahi mahi whakataurite ki te tauira i muri i te takaroa, arā, he whakamātautau mahara ā-kanohi wā-poto.

I panoni ngā urupare roro. Nā te puru metilīni i whakapiki te tohu i te uho insula o ngā taha e rua i te mahi aro (Z = 2.9 to 3.4, P = .01 to .008), ā, puta noa i ngā rohe o mua, o runga, o muri hoki o te roro i te mahi mahara (Z = 2.9 to 4.2, P = .03 to .0003).

Ko ngā hua whanonga te wāhanga e whakapotoa ana i ngā kōrero anō mō te rangahau.

1. Kāore te wā urupare i pai ake. I neke te rōpū rongoā horihori mai i te 230 ki te 220 milliseconds. I noho te rōpū puru metilīni mai i te 230 ki te 230 milliseconds. Ko te whakataurite i waenga i ngā rōpū i puta ai te F = 0.65, P = .43.
2. I piki ngā whakautu tika mō te whakahoki mahara mā te tata ki te 7% i roto i te rōpū i whiwhi rongoā, P = .01 i tētahi whakataurite i mua, i muri hoki i roto i taua rōpū.
3. Kāore taua 7% i mau i te whakamātautau i waenga i ngā rōpū. I te whakataurite inenga-tukurua o te panonitanga o ngā whakautu tika, i puta te F = 2.96, P = .09.

Ko te panonitanga i roto i tētahi rōpū, me tētahi pāhekoheko kāore i whai hiranga tauanga, he tohu o tētahi hua tērā pea he tūturu, tērā pea he ngangau raraunga noa. He whāiti tika te whakatau a te pepa ake: ko ngā kitenga "e tautoko ana i te whakaaro ka whakarei ake te puru metilīni i te mahi mahara", ā, e whakarato ana i tētahi tūāpapa mō ngā whakamātautau ā muri ake. Ehara te tūāpapa i te kitenga. E whai ana tā mātou arotake o ngā taunakitanga whānui ake ki te tangata i te nui o ngā mahi kua hangaia ki runga i taua tūāpapa mai i taua wā.

He aha tonu e inea ana e ngā whakamātautau

Kāore tētahi o ēnei taputapu e ine ana i te "mahara", i te "aronga" rānei i runga i te tikanga e whakaarohia ana e te kaipānui. Ka tuku ia taputapu i tētahi mahi motuhake ki te tangata, ka hoatu kaute mō tana urupare, ā, ko ngā herenga o te taputapu ngā herenga o ia kerēme ka ahu mai i taua taputapu.

Nō reira, ka taea e tētahi hua te pakari ā-tauanga, ahakoa he whāiti tonu. Ki te kore te wā urupare e panoni, ka whakakorea te whakaaro he tere ake te kite i tētahi tohu; kāore e whakakorea te whakaaro he pai ake te maumahara ki tētahi kauhau. Ki te pai ake te kaute whakataurite ki te tauira i muri i te takaroa, ko te tikanga he maha ake ngā wā i mōhiotia ai tētahi whakaahua; ehara i te mea ka mahara taua tangata ki tētahi ingoa āpōpō. E whai ana te aratohu mō te ine mahara i ngā tuhinga rangahau kararehe i taua rerekētanga i roto i ngā ara kōpikopiko me ngā whakamātautau mōhio taonga kei muri i te nuinga o ngā kerēme.

Kāore te rangahau hoa i tuhi kaute

I whakaputa taua kaupapa rangahau i tētahi tātaritanga tuarua nō taua wā whakauru kaiuru, taua whare wānanga, taua horopeta me taua rongoā horihori, engari i tēnei wā i tirohia ngā hononga i te āhua whakatā. E rua tekau mā waru ngā kaiuru i whakaurua; i whakamahia e ngā tātaritanga whakaahua te tata ki te 13 ki te 15 i ia rōpū.

I whai pānga te puru metilīni ki te hekenga o te rere toto roro i roto i tētahi whatunga ā-kanohi, ā-mokowā hoki, me te kaha ake o ngā hononga i te āhua whakatā i ētahi takirua rohe, tae atu ki te hippocampus mauī me te roro tuarongo matau. He kitenga whakamere ēnei e rua mō te whanonga o ngā whatunga. Ehara tētahi i te hua mahara, ā, e kī ana te pepa ake: "Ko te kore kaute whanonga mō tēnei rangahau tētahi herenga anō."

E rua ngā pūrongo nō te rōpū kotahi, te wā whakauru kaiuru kotahi, me te horopeta kotahi, he whakamātautau kotahi tērā, ehara i te rua. Kāore anō ngā taunakitanga whakaahua roro tangata mō te painga āheinga hinengaro kia tāruatia motuhaketia.

I kitea e te rangahau motuhake te ahunga kē

I ahu mai te inenga motuhake i tētahi atu rōpū, ā, i whakamahia tētahi atu ara tuku. I hoatu e Singh me ōna hoa ki ngā wāhine hauora tokowaru he whāngai ā-uaua toto o tētahi rongoā horihori, me te 0.5 me te 1 mg/kg o te puru metilīni i ngā rā rerekē, kātahi ka ine i te rere toto roro, te tangohanga hāora, me te tere pākia hāora o te roro.

I heke katoa ngā mea e toru. I heke te rere toto puta noa i te roro mā te tata ki te 8% i ngā horopeta e rua, ā, i heke te tere pākia hāora me te hiranga tauanga. I matapae ngā kaituhi ka piki, ā, i pūrongo mārama rātou i te hurihanga, me ngā whakamārama e rua: kei te takiwā ngā horopeta e huri ai ngā pānga o te puru metilīni mai i te whakaongaonga ki te aukati, ā, tērā pea he iti noa te wāhi mō te whakarei ake i tētahi roro hauora.

Nā taua hurihanga e kore ai e tika te pānui "he nui ake, he pai ake" mō tēnei pūhui. Ka whakamārama te aratohu hormesis i te āhua o te ānau; ko te awhe horopeta e kīia ana he whakarei i roto i ēnei tuhinga rangahau, ko te 0.5 ki te 4 mg/kg, ā, e kī ana ngā pepa e whakamahi ana i taua awhe, ka huri te ahunga i runga ake i te 10 mg/kg.

Ko te inenga mutunga āheinga hinengaro i panoni, ko te rangirua ohorere i muri i te pokanga

Ko te rangirua ohorere he āhua pōraruraru whakapeka ka whanake i roto i ngā hāora ki ngā rā, ā, ko te nuinga ka pā ki ngā kaumātua i muri i te pokanga nui. Ehara tēnei i te mea kotahi ki te maumahara kei hea ngā kī, engari ka inea ki ngā taputapu kua whakamanatia, ā, he putanga āheinga hinengaro.

E toru ngā whakamātautau matapōkere kua whakamātau mēnā ka whakaiti tētahi horopeta ā-uaua toto i tukuna i te wā pokanga i taua āhua.

I pūrongo hoki te whakamātautau o 2021 i te hekenga o te raruraru āheinga hinengaro tōmua i muri i te pokanga i te rā tuawhitu, mai i te 40.2% ki te 16.1% (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.57, P < .001). I tētahi tātari-meta o 2026 o ngā whakamātautau e toru, e kapi ana i ngā tūroro 779, i whakakotahitia he ōwehenga tūponotanga o te 0.35 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.53), kāore hoki he rerekētanga ā-tauanga i waenga i ngā rangahau.

He nui ngā pānga e ai ki ngā paerewa o te rongoā huri noa i te pokanga, ā, he utu anō tō aua pānga. I te whakamātautau whakakapinga hononga, he nui ake te kirikā i muri i te pokanga i te rōpū i whiwhi rongoā, 16.5% ki te 7.4% (P = .039). Mai i taua wā, kua puta he reta ki te ētita mō ngā whakamātautau repe taiaki huka me te whakakapinga hononga; he āhuatanga tēnei ka puta ina tīmata tētahi hua ki te panoni i ngā tikanga mahi, he tohu hoki e āta tirohia ana ngā taipitopito.

He taunakitanga whakataurite anō. I tētahi tātari-meta whatunga o 2026 i The BMJ, i whakakotahitia ngā whakamātautau 158 me ngā tūroro 41,084 hei whakaraupapa i ngā rongoā mō te ārai rangirua ohorere. I tohua ko te dexmedetomidine te mea tino pono, me ngā corticosteroids, ngā kaiwhakahohe pūoko melatonin, te parecoxib, te olanzapine, me te insulin ā-ihu. Kāore te puru metilīni i roto i ngā maimoatanga i whakaingoatia e taua tātaritanga.

He aha te angitu i te whare pokanga e kore ai e whakawhiti ki te ako

E whā ngā rerekētanga e wehe ana i ēnei horopaki.

1. Te taupori. I whakauru ngā whakamātautau i te hunga neke atu i te 60 tau e pokangia nuitia ana, he rōpū he nui tō rātou mōrea taketake ki te pōraruraru. Ko te ārai i tētahi āhua pōraruraru i te roro whakaraerae, ehara i te mea kotahi ki te whakapai ake i tētahi roro e mahi pai ana.
2. Te ara tuku me te horopaki. I ahu mai ia hua pai i tētahi whāngai ā-uaua toto i tukuna i raro i te rehunga. He rerekē te pānga o te pire anga ki te tinana; ka whakatakoto te whakataurite ara tuku i te nui o te matū ā-waha ka tae ki te roro.
3. Te putanga. He takahanga hauora te rangirua ohorere, e aromatawaitia ana e ngā kaimātai haumanu mā ngā taputapu whai hanganga. Ehara te aronga pūmau i tētahi ahiahi mahi i tērā, ā, ka uaua ki tētahi whakamātautau te ine i taua aronga ki te kore e taea te huna pai i ngā maimoatanga i ngā kaiuru.
4. Te tikanga mahi e whakaarohia ana. E kī ana ngā pepa pokanga nā te hekenga o te mumura puta noa i te tinana me te pupuri i te ārai toto-roro, me te iti ake o te IL-6, taua pānga. He rerekē tēnei whakamārama i te kōrero whakawhiti irahiko o ngā mitokōria e whakamahia ana hei hoko i te aronga, ā, he kaha ake te tautoko a ngā taunakitanga ki te tangata i te mea tuatahi i te mea tuarua.

Te whakamātautau kotahi ki te tangata i kitea ai he mahara pai ake

I tētahi whakamātautau o 2014 i te American Journal of Psychiatry, i hoatu ki ngā pakeke 42 he kaha tō rātou mataku ki ngā wāhi kati, te 260 mg o te puru metilīni, he rongoā horihori rānei, i muri tonu i ngā wāhanga whakaaturanga e ono, e rima meneti te roa o ia wāhanga, i tētahi rūma kati. I pai ake te mahara mō te horopaki whakangungu i te rōpū i whiwhi rongoā, i te whakamātautau i muri i te rā kotahi me ngā rā 30.

I herea te hua mataku ki tētahi āhuatanga. Ko ngā kaiuru i oti ai te wāhanga whakaaturanga me te iti o te mataku, i pai ake kotahi marama i muri mai mēnā i whiwhi rātou i te puru metilīni; ko ngā kaiuru i kino te mutunga o ō rātou wāhanga, i ahu ki te kino ake. Nō reira, ko te mea e tino tata ana ki tētahi pānga mahara kua whakaaturia i ngā tuhinga rangahau ki te tangata, ko te mahara ki tētahi takahanga ako kotahi i te taiwhanga, i whakareia i te tukunga o te rongoā i muri i taua takahanga. Ka āta tirohia taua tauira e te aratohu haumanu whakaaturanga.

Ngā wāhi i rapua ai, engari kāore i kitea

E ono marama te roa o te whakamātautau roa rawa ki te tangata mō te puru metilīni me te āheinga hinengaro. I tētahi rangahau whakawhiti matapōkere mō te mate bipolar, i whiwhi ngā tūroro 37 e kai ana kē i te lamotrigine i te 15 mg hei whakataurite he āhua hohe tōna, i te 195 mg rānei hei horopeta hohe. I pai ake ngā kaute pāpōuri me te māharahara i te horopeta teitei ake. Kotahi te rārangi o te pūrongo a te pepa mō te āheinga hinengaro: "Kāore ngā pānga o te puru metilīni ki ngā tohu āheinga hinengaro i whai hiranga tauanga."

He matū hohe tō te rōpū whakataurite i te hoahoa, nā te mea ka panoni te puru metilīni i te tae o te mimi, ā, i whakatau ngā kaituhi kāore e mau te huna mā te rongoā horihori kore hohe. Ka hoki mai tēnei raruraru huna puta noa i tēnei mara, ā, ka whakamārama te aratohu mō te take e uaua ai te huna i ngā whakamātautau puru metilīni i tōna pānga ki te whakamāoritanga o ngā putanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā wheako ake o te tangata.

I whakamahia e ngā whakamātautau mahara nui rawa ki te tangata tētahi pūhui rerekē

Ko te whakamātautau nui rawa o tētahi rongoā nō te whānau puru metilīni mō te mahara, ko te kaupapa Alzheimer's, ā, kāore i whakamahia te puru metilīni. I whakamahia te hydromethylthionine mesylate, arā, te āhua whakaiti o taua pūtake phenothiazine anō, i whakapūmautia hei tote, ā, i whakawhanaketia hei aukati i te whakahuihui tau. I whakaurua e te whakamātautau wāhanga 3 hou rawa ngā kaiuru 598 he ngoikoretanga āheinga hinengaro māmā, he mate wareware Alzheimer's māmā ki te āhua taumaha rānei tō rātou puta noa i ngā pokapū 82, ā, kāore i tutuki ōna inenga mutunga matua takirua i ngā wiki 52. He mea whai akoranga te take i kīia: i pai ake te rōpū whakataurite, ā, e kī ana ngā kaituhi nā te matū whakataurite ake tēnei, arā, te 4 mg o te methylthioninium chloride e rua ngā wā ia wiki, i kōwhiria hei matū kore hohe hei whakatae mimi kia mau ai te huna. I puta he wehenga whai hiranga tauanga i te rōpū iti ngoikoretanga āheinga hinengaro māmā anake, i ngā wiki 78 me te 104, i tētahi tātaritanga tīmatanga-takaroa. I ahu ngā hua whai hiranga tauanga o tētahi pūrongo wāhanga 3 o mua nō taua kaupapa anō i ngā tātaritanga i whakahoutia i mua i te whakakite i ngā maimoatanga, e whakataurite ana i ngā rōpū iti maimoatanga-kotahi kāore i matapōkeretia. Ka wetewete te aratohu whakamātautau Alzheimer's i ngā mea e whakapūmautia ana e aua whakamātautau.

Ka pēhea te āhua o tētahi rangahau e tika ana kia whakaponohia

Ko tētahi whakamātautau ka taea te tautoko i tētahi kerēme mō te mahara, mō te aronga rānei, me whai pakeke hauora kāore he raruraru āheinga hinengaro o mua, he horopeta tukurua mō ētahi wiki, he whakataurite e huna ana ko tēhea pire anga ko tēhea, he putanga kua whakaritea i mua, me tētahi rōpū kairangahau motuhake. Kāore tētahi mea i taua rārangi e hē ana te tono. Kāore noa iho anō kia mahia.

Mēnā kei te whakaaro tonu koe ki te whakamahi

E rua ngā take haumaru kei mua i ngā kōrero katoa mō te painga. Ka aukati te puru metilīni i te monoamine oxidase A, nō reira me whai whakaaro ki ngā rongoā pāpōuri kua tohua me ētahi atu rongoā pā-serotonin, ā, ko te āwangawanga ko te mate huinga tohu serotonin, ehara i te pāhekoheko māmā. Kāore hoki e tika kia whakamahia ina he ngoikore G6PD, nā te mōrea o te anemia pakaru pūtau toto whero. Ka whakarōpū te tohutoro haumaru me te aratohu pāhekoheko i aua pātai mā te kāwai rongoā.

Mēnā kua tino panoni te mahara, te kaha arotahi rānei, ehara te tāpiringa i te mahi tuatahi. Ko te mate repe tairoiro, te aukati manawa i te moe, te iti o te B12, te pāpōuri, me ētahi rongoā whai whakahaunga, ka whakaputa i taua tohu tonu e hokona ai tētahi matū whakarei hinengaro hei whakatika, ā, e whakaatu ana te aratohu taunakitanga tairoiro i te nui o ngā wā kei raro ko tētahi take ka taea te rongoā.

He taurangi te matū i ia rangahau i runga ake nei

Ko ia horopeta kua whakaahuatia i konei he rahinga kua inea o tētahi pūhui kua tautuhia, nō tētahi kaihanga rongoā, me tētahi tiwhikete tātaritanga e piri ana. Ehara tētahi pounamu nō tētahi kaihoko kāore anō kia manatokohia i tērā. Ko te ū ki te monograph USP te paerewa ka taea e te kaihoko te tirotiro, ā, ko te matū kāore e ū ana, he kōeke pueru pea, tērā pea he poke waro pērā i te Azure B, he toenga whakarewa, me ngā konganuku taumaha kei ngā taumata ka whakawhāitihia e tētahi whakaritenga rongoā. Ka whakamārama ngā mea e whakapūmautia ana, kāore hoki e whakapūmautia, e te tohu USP i te kōeke ake.

Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihoko e whakaahua ana i tētahi hua kua whakamātauria e tētahi rōpū tuatoru, ka tirotiro i ngā konganuku taumaha anake, ā, ka whakaatu i taua huinga whakamātautau kotahi hei tohu o te ū katoa. Ka whakamātautau a Blupreme i te whakaritenga USP katoa: te tuakiri, te parakore, ngā poke waro, ngā toenga whakarewa, ngā poke huānga, te toenga whai muri i te tahunga, ngā tepenga moroiti, me ngā endotoxin kitakita. Ka tukuna ia puranga me tētahi tiwhikete tātaritanga, ā, ko te pānui tika i tētahi ko te whakaōrite i te tau puranga me te taiwhanga ki te pounamu kei tō ringa. Kāore tētahi o aua mea e hanga i te painga āheinga hinengaro, ā, ko tētahi hua kāore e taea te whakaatu tuhinga mō tōna tuakiri, ehara i te wāhi tika hei tīmata ki te whakamātau i tētahi kerēme.

Te whakatau matua

Kāore he whakamātautau kua hoatu i te puru metilīni ki ngā pakeke hauora, kua whakaatu hoki i te painga mahara, aro rānei ki runga ake i te rongoā horihori. I panoni te whakamātautau o 2016 i ngā tohu roro, i waiho te wā urupare kia kore e panoni, ā, i whakaputa i tētahi whakapaitanga whakahoki mahara kāore i whai hiranga tauanga i te whakataurite i ngā rōpū. Kāore tana pepa hoa i tuhi kaute whakamātautau. I kitea e tētahi rōpū motuhake e heke ana te rere toto me te pākia hāora, kāore e piki ana.

Ko te hua āheinga hinengaro ki te tangata e mau tonu ana, nō te pokanga, i tata haurua ai te auau o te rangirua ohorere i muri i te pokanga mā tētahi horopeta ā-uaua toto ki ngā tūroro kaumātua, puta noa i ngā whakamātautau e toru me tētahi tātari-meta. He kitenga tūturu tēnei mō ngā tūroro māuiui whakapeka, ā, kāore te whakahiatotanga motuhake nui rawa mō te ārai rangirua ohorere i tohu motuhake i taua rongoā. He kerēme tino whāiti ake tēnei i te kerēme e hokona ana, ā, nō te hōhipera tōna wāhi.

Ka whakamārama te mahere tikanga mahi ā-pūtau i ngā mahi a te pūhui i ngā tauira taiwhanga, ka whai te arotake taunakitanga ADHD i te pātai aro ki tētahi taupori kua whakatauria he mate tōna, ā, ka whakarārangi te whare pukapuka rangahau i ngā rangahau kei muri i ia kerēme i tēnei whārangi.