Inqaku
Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zemethylene blue, izimo ezingavumeli ukusetyenziswa kwayo, nokhuseleko
Imethylene blue ayikhuselekanga kuye wonke umntu. Imingcipheko yayo ixhomekeke kwimveliso, kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo, kubungakanani, kumayeza asetyenziswa kunye nayo, nakwimpilo yomntu. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo esibhedlele ukunyanga ukuphazamiseka kwegazi okuchaziweyo akubonisi ukuba kukhuselekile ukuyisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngokuzigqibela, ukuze ufumane amandla okanye uphucule ukugxila.
Emva kokuchanabeka kuyo, tsalela iinkonzo zikaxakeka ukuba kukho ubunzima bokuphefumla, ukuwa, ukuxhuzula, okanye ukudideka kakhulu. Ukungazinzi okuhambisana nomkhuhlane, ukubila kakhulu, nokuqina okanye ukuxhuzula kwemisipha kunokubonisa impendulo embi kakhulu. Inkcazelo yase-US yokumiselwa kweli yeza ichaza isifo seserotonin esinokubangela ukufa neempendulo ezinzima zokwaliwa ngumzimba. Musa ukulinda ingcaciso ekwi-intanethi xa iimpawu zinzima. Ukuba kukrokrelwa ukuchanabeka ngokugqithiseleyo okanye okungaqinisekanga, qhagamshelana nenkonzo yolwazi ngeetyhefu ngokukhawuleza; isikhokelo sethu setyhefu nokusebenzisa isixa esigqithiseleyo sichaza imeko ngokwezonyango.
Qala ngendlela yokuyisebenzisa nangokwakheka kwemveliso
I-European Medicines Agency ichaza iProveblue njengeyeza lokuphelisa ifuthe letyhefu elifakwa emthanjeni xa kukho imethemoglobinemia ebangelwe liyeza okanye yikhemikhali. Kule meko, uhlobo olungaqhelekanga lwehemoglobin alukwazi ukuthwala ioksijini ngokufanelekileyo. Le mveliso ifakwa yingcali yezempilo.
Obo bungqina bunemida. Ukuginya isinyibiliko, ukufumana inaliti, nokufaka iyeza kwindawo ethile yomzimba ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchanabeka. Ipesenti yesinyibiliko ayichazi zonke izithako zaso, indlela esenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ngayo, okanye ukufaneleka kwaso kumntu othile. Igama lekhemikhali eliqhelekileyo okanye ibango lobunyulu alibonisi ukuba imveliso yaselebhu okanye eyenzelwe itanki leentlanzi iliyeza.
Ngoko umbuzo oluncedo ngokhuseleko kufuneka ucace: “Yintoni eyaziwayo ngale mveliso, xa isetyenziswa ngale ndlela, ngale njongo, kumntu osebenzisa la mayeza?” Ingxelo ephathelele imveliso ethile ayinakuwuphendula ngokuzenzekelayo loo mbuzo ngenye imveliso. Isikhokelo sokufunxwa nokusasazeka emzimbeni sithelekisa ubungqina obuphathelele indlela nganye yokusetyenziswa.
Zeziphi iziphumo ezibi ezaziwayo?
Inkcazelo yemveliso yeProveblue yase-UK idwelisa isiyezi, ukurhawuzelela okufana nokuhlatywa ziinaliti, ukutshintsha kwencasa, isicaphucaphu, ukubila, iintlungu kwindawo yenaliti, nokutshintsha kombala wolusu okanye womchamo. Umchamo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oxutywe noluhlaza unokubangelwa yidayi. Ubukho balo mbala abulinganisi inzuzo, abubonisi ukuba ukuchanabeka bekufanelekile, yaye abukhuphi amathuba okuba kukho enye ingxaki.
Amabango ngobungakanani bokwenzeka kweziphumo afuna ukuqondwa kwimeko yawo. Iseti yedatha yokhuseleko kubantu abadala ekwinkcazelo yemveliso yase-US yayiquka abaguli abangama-31 kuphela ababenemethemoglobinemia efunyenweyo; iziganeko ezaxelwayo zaziquka intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, urhudo, ukuphazamiseka kwee-electrolyte, ukuxhuzula kwemisipha, nesiganeko esifana nokuxhuzula. Ezo datha aziniki uqikelelo oluthembekileyo lobungakanani bokwenzeka kweziphumo ekusetyenzisweni kwemihla ngemihla nokwexesha elide ngabantu abasempilweni.
Kwale nkcazelo ichaza ukutshatyalaliswa okulibazisekileyo kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi nokuphazamiseka kofundo lwesixhobo esilinganisa ioksijini egazini neemvavanyo zomchamo. Xelela iqela lezonyango ngokuchanabeka okutsha ngaphambi kokutolika iziphumo.
Isishwankathelo sokhuseleko esinemihla yemithombo
Le theyibhile yahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobungqina nombuzo ekufuneka nganye iwuphakamise. Imithombo yahlolwa ngomhla we-12 kweyoMsintsi 2026. Umhla wokupapashwa okanye wokuhlaziywa komthombo wahlukile kumhla owafikelelwa ngawo.
| Umba wokhuseleko | Oko kuqinisekiswa ngumthombo | Intsingiselo esebenzayo nomthombo onomhla |
|---|---|---|
| Ukunqongophala kwe-G6PD okanye ukwaliwa ziidayi zethiazine | Ezi zizimo ezingavumeli ukusetyenziswa; ukunqongophala kwe-G6PD kwandisa umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi. | Chonga ukunqongophala okwaziwayo okanye iimpendulo ezinzima zangaphambili kwiidayi ngaphambi kokuchanabeka. Isishwankathelo se-EMA, esahlaziywa ngomhla we-7 kuCanzibe 2018, sikwadwelisa izimo ezithile ezinxulumene netyhefu ezingavumeli ukusetyenziswa. |
| Amayeza achaphazela iserotonin nee-opioid | Isilumkiso esisebhokisini kwinkcazelo yase-US sichaza isifo seserotonin esinzima, maxa wambi esibulalayo. | Fumana uhlolo olupheleleyo lokusebenzisana kwamayeza. Inkcazelo yase-US yahlaziywa kweyoMdumba 2024; iDailyMed yahlaziya irekhodi layo ngomhla wama-28 kuCanzibe 2025. |
| Ukukhulelwa, ukuncancisa, neentsana eziselula | Idatha yokukhulelwa ebantwini ayonelanga; ifuthe eliyityhefu ekuzaleni kwezilwanyana nokuba sesichengeni kweentsana kufuna uhlolo olukhethekileyo. | Musa ukuthatha ukuba amava abantu abadala asebenza nakula maqela. Inkcazelo yemveliso yase-UK, eyahlaziywa ngomhla we-1 kweyeKhala 2024, ivumela ukusetyenziswa ngexesha lokukhulelwa kuphela xa kukho imfuneko ecacileyo kwaye inika izilumkiso zokuncancisa. |
| Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso okanye kwesibindi | Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso kunokwandisa ukuchanabeka; amava ngokusetyenziswa xa isibindi singasebenzi kakuhle kakhulu anqongophele. | Yiza neziphumo zoxilongo lwakutshanje neziphumo zeemvavanyo ezikhoyo. Isicwangciso se-EMA solawulo lomngcipheko, inguqulelo 3.4, eyoKwindla 2025, siwachaza ngokucacileyo la maqela. |
| Ingxolo ezindlebeni okanye ukuziva uvuseleleke ngokugqithiseleyo emva kokusetyenziswa | Ingxelo yomntu ibonisa amava axeliweyo, hayi unobangela wawo okanye ubungakanani bokwenzeka kwawo. | Bhala ixesha nazo zonke izithako. Ingxoxo kwiqonga enomhla we-15 kuCanzibe 2023 iqulethe iingxelo ezinjalo neengcaciso ezahlukeneyo. |
Ukusebenzisana kwamayeza kufuna imbali yamayeza asetyenziswayo
Uvavanyo lukaRamsay noogxa bakhe lwango-2007 besebenzisa ii-enzyme zabantu ezicociweyo lwabonisa ukuthintelwa okunamandla, okunokubuyiselwa umva, kwe-monoamine oxidase A. Oku kuxhasa indlela enokwenzeka ngayo ukusebenzisana namayeza achaphazela iserotonin. Yayiluphando lwe-enzyme, hayi ulingo oluqinisekisa inkqubo ekhuselekileyo yokusetyenziswa ekhaya.
Inkcazelo yemveliso yaseYurophu ikhankanya amayeza okunyanga ukudakumba, ezinye ii-opioid, nedextromethorphan phakathi kweendibaniselwano ezifanelekileyo ukuba zihlolwe. Quka amayeza okukhohlela neemveliso ezingafuni mmiselo kugqatso lokuhlola ukusebenzisana kwamayeza. Musa ukuyeka iyeza elimiselweyo okanye uzicwangcisele ixesha lokulinda ukuba liphume emzimbeni ukuze usebenzise imethylene blue. Isikhokelo sokusebenzisana kwamayeza sahlula imingcipheko ebhaliweyo kwiinkxalabo ezisekelwe kwindlela yokusebenza nakwiindibaniselwano ezingaphandwanga.
Kuthekani ngengxolo ezindlebeni nokuvuseleleka ngokugqithiseleyo?
Ingxelo yeqonga ekhankanywe ngasentla ichaza ingxolo ezindlebeni neziphumo ezinamandla ngakumbi xa kuselwe ikofu. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bathelekelela ngezithako ezongezelelweyo zemveliso. Esi sisizathu sokuphanda konke ukuchanabeka, hayi isiseko sokuxilonga “idopamine ephezulu,” iicatecholamine ezigqithiseleyo, okanye inqanaba elithile leserotonin. Iimpawu umntu azivayo azinakunika loo milinganiselo.
I-NIDCD ichaza ukuba ingxolo ezindlebeni inokunxulunyaniswa nezinto ezininzi, kuquka ukungeva kakuhle, ukuchanabeka kwingxolo, izigulo zendlebe, namanye amayeza. Uphawu oluvela emva kokusetyenziswa kwemveliso lunokunxulumana nayo, lube yinto eyenzeke ngaxeshanye nje, okanye luphenjelelwe kokunye ukuchanabeka. Ixesha libalulekile, kodwa ixesha lodwa aliqinisekisi unobangela.
Ingxolo ezindlebeni entsha okanye eqhubekayo ifuna ukuhlolwa ngokwezonyango. Ukuba ihamba nokuncipha kokuva ngesiquphe, funa ukuhlolwa kwangoko: i-NIDCD ithatha ukulahlekelwa kukuva ngesiquphe njengemeko engxamisekileyo yezonyango. Musa ukucinga ukuba utshintsho ekuveni luya kuphela xa idayi iphuma emzimbeni.
Yiza nerekhodi lokuchanabeka, hayi igama lophawu kuphela
Sebenzisa eli rekhodi lifutshane xa uqhagamshelana nengcali yezonyango okanye inkonzo yolwazi ngeetyhefu:
- Imveliso: fota ileyibhile; bhala umenzi, izithako, uxinaniso, inombolo yebhetshi, nendawo oyifumene kuyo.
- Ukuchanabeka: bhala indlela esetyenziswe ngayo, isixa esisetyenziswe ngokwenene, indlela yokulinganisa, umhla, ixesha, nokuchanabeka okuphindaphindiweyo. Phawula izixa ezingaqinisekanga njengezingaqinisekanga.
- Ezinye izinto: dwelisa amayeza amiselweyo, amayeza angafuni mmiselo, izongezelelo, icaffeine, notshintsho lwakutshanje.
- Iimpawu: chaza ukuqala kwazo, ulandelelwano, ubunzima, ixesha ezithathe lona, nayo nayiphi na imilinganiselo ekhoyo. Quka oko kwenzekileyo ngaphambi kokuchanabeka.
- Imeko yempilo: quka ukunqongophala kwe-G6PD okwaziwayo, izinto umzimba ongazivumeliyo, isifo sezintso okanye sesibindi, ukukhulelwa okanye ukuncancisa, neziganeko zangaphambili ezifanayo.
Kwincoko ecwangcisiweyo, imibuzo yokubuza ingcali yezonyango inceda ukuguqula olu lwazi lube yindibano enenjongo ecacileyo. Xa kuthethwa ngomntwana, sebenzisa isikhokelo sobungqina kubantwana ukwahlula ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango kwiingcinga ezisekelwe kubantu abadala. Iimbaleki kufuneka zihlole iimfuno zemidlalo yokhuphiswano; ukufaneleka ukuthatha inxaxheba emidlalweni nokhuseleko ngokwezonyango yimibuzo eyahlukeneyo.
Nika ingxelo ngempendulo ekrokrelwayo
Akufuneki uqinisekise unobangela ukuze unike ingxelo ngento oyikrokrelayo. E-US, i-FDA ichaza indlela abathengi abanokunika ngayo ingxelo ngeengxaki zamayeza ngeMedWatch. Isikhokelo sayo sikhokelela iziganeko eziphathelele izongezelelo zokutya kwiSafety Reporting Portal kwaye sibonelela ngeSmartHub ukuze kufunyanwe indlela efanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwe-US, sebenzisa inkqubo yokunika ingxelo yomlawuli wamayeza welizwe.
Quka irekhodi lokuchanabeka neziphumo ezifanelekileyo zohlolo lwezonyango xa zikhona. Ukunika ingxelo kunceda abalawuli bafumanise iipateni; akuboneleli ngohlolo lwezonyango olungxamisekileyo okanye kuqinisekise ukuba imveliso ibangele eso siganeko.