Bincike kan methylene blue: gwaje-gwajen mutane da nazarce-nazarcen gwaji

Neman methylene blue yana kawo dubban takardun bincike. Nazarin da aka yi a farantin dakin gwaje-gwaje, nazarin beraye, da nazarin masu sa kai ashirin da shida suna bayyana a jeri ɗaya kamar duk suna da ƙarfin hujja iri ɗaya. Ba za a ɗauki ɗaya a matsayin madadin ɗayan ba, kuma bambancin da ke tsakaninsu yakan warware tambayar da ta kawo ka.

Wannan shafi fihirisa ne, ba hukunci ba. Yana tsara tarin takardun bincike 130 kan methylene blue bisa abubuwa huɗu da ke sauya abin da takarda za ta iya bayyana maka: matakin da aka gudanar da gwajin, rukunin da aka nazarta, hanyar bayarwa da adadin da aka bayar, da nau'in sinadarin da aka yi amfani da shi. Akwai teburin shaidu mai tacewa da aka gina daga wannan tarin tare da wannan maƙala.

Abin da yake cikin wannan ɗakin adana bincike a zahiri

Takardun 130 sun shafi shekarun 1928 zuwa 2026. Goma sha tara sun fito kafin shekara ta 2000. Shekarun 2010 sun ba da 59, shekarun 2020 sun ƙara 29 zuwa yanzu, kuma shekarun 2000 sun ƙara 23.

Tsarin tarin ya fi girmansa muhimmanci. Takardu hamsin nazarce-nazarce ne a kan dabbobi cikakku. Talatin da huɗu suna nazarin nama, ƙwayoyin halitta, ko jini a wajen jiki. Takwas suna aiki a kan mitochondria da aka ware, biyar gwaje-gwaje ne na ƙwayoyin sinadarai ko na ilimin sinadaran halittu, sannan ashirin da tara bitoci ne, sharhi, ko tarihi. Huɗu suna ba mutane methylene blue. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan huɗun yana nazarin methylene blue a kan masu sa kai masu lafiya ko manya masu lafiya.

Wannan adadi ba hujja ba ne cewa ba a taɓa gwada methylene blue a kan marasa lafiya ba; amincewar amfani da shi wajen maganin methemoglobinemia da encephalopathy mai alaƙa da ifosfamide ta dogara ne da amfani a aikin asibiti wanda wannan ɗakin adana bincike ya ƙunshi wani ɓangare ne kawai. Bayani ne game da abin da mai karatu zai samu a nan, kuma yana sauya yadda ya kamata a karanta sauran tarin. Yawan binciken dabbobi da ƙwayoyin halitta yana ba da shaidu masu kyau game da yadda sinadarin ke aiki. Ba shaida ba ne game da abin da ke faruwa ga mutumin da ya haɗiye kapsula.

Nazarin mutane huɗu, har da waɗanda suka ba da sakamako sabanin abin da aka zata

Binciken mutane mafi ƙarfi a wannan ɗakin adana bincike ya fito daga ƙungiyar bincike ɗaya da ke aikin ɗaukar hotunan ƙwaƙwalwa.

Wani gwaji da aka tsara don bibiyar mahalarta gaba, aka raba su zuwa rukuni ba tare da zaɓin son rai ba, aka ɓoye ainihin abin da kowane rukuni ya karɓa ga mahalarta da masu bincike, kuma aka yi amfani da placebo a matsayin abin kwatance, ya ɗauki mahalarta ashirin da shida masu shekaru 22 zuwa 62. An ba su ƙaramin adadin methylene blue sau ɗaya ta baki ko placebo. Amsar da functional MRI ya nuna ta ƙaru a insular cortex na ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwa biyu yayin aikin mai da hankali na ɗan lokaci mai tsawo, da kuma a prefrontal, parietal, da occipital cortex yayin aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci. Amsoshin da suka dace yayin tuna bayanai sun ƙaru da kashi bakwai cikin ɗari, tare da ƙimar yiwuwar da aka ruwaito ta .01. Sannan ƙungiyar ta nuna a wani nazari na biyu, mai raba mahalarta ba tare da son rai ba, mai ɓoye bayanin rukuni ga mahalarta da masu bincike, kuma mai amfani da placebo a matsayin abin kwatance, cewa ƙaramin adadi guda ɗaya da aka bayar ta baki ya rage kwararar jini a ƙwaƙwalwa cikin hanyar sadarwar da ke da alaƙa da aiki yayin aikin da ke haɗa gani da motsi. A lokaci guda, ya ƙarfafa haɗin yankunan ƙwaƙwalwa masu haɗa fahimtar abin da ake gani ko ji da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yayin hutawa. Rahotannin da aka wallafa su ne PubMed 27351678 da PubMed 26961091.

Nazari na uku shi ne wanda shafin taƙaitaccen bayani zai iya tsallakewa a ɓoye. Masu bincike a King's College London sun bayar da adadi biyu ta cikin jijiya: 0.5 da 1 mg ga kowace kilogram a mutane, da 2 da 4 mg ga kowace kilogram a beraye. Methylene blue ya rage kwararar jini a duk ƙwaƙwalwa a nau'ikan halittun biyu, ya rage ƙimar amfani da oxygen wajen musayar sinadarai a ƙwaƙwalwar mutane, kuma ya rage ƙimar amfani da glucose wajen musayar sinadarai a ƙwaƙwalwar beraye. Marubutan sun yi hasashen akasin haka. Bayanin da suka wallafa shi ne cewa waɗannan adadi, duk da cewa suna da alaƙa da amfani a asibiti, mai yiwuwa suna kan ɓangaren da ke saukowa na lanƙwasar dangantakar adadi da amsa ta hormesis, kuma masu sa kai masu lafiya waɗanda musayar sinadaran ƙwaƙwalwarsu take yadda ya kamata ba su da babban sararin samun ƙarin ingantawa. Ana samun bayanin a PubMed 36803299.

Nazari na huɗu ya nuna bambanci bayyananne tsakanin nau'ikan halittu. A ƙwayoyin hantar beraye da kuma a beraye cikakku, methylene blue ya ƙara sauya ethanol da aka yi wa alama zuwa carbon dioxide ta oxidation da kashi 75 cikin ɗari da kashi 30 cikin ɗari, bi da bi. A masu sa kai masu lafiya, waɗanda aka ba adadi da aka tsara bisa tsarin bayarwa da ake amfani da shi don encephalopathy ta ifosfamide, bai sauya wani abu da za a iya aunawa ba: yadda jiki ke sarrafa ethanol bai sauya ba, kuma ba a ga canjin rabon lactate zuwa pyruvate da zai nuna sauyin yanayin redox na ƙwayoyin halitta ba. Gwajin beraye da gwajin mutane sun ba da sakamako dabam, kuma na mutane bai nuna wani tasiri ba. Duba PubMed 11022014.

Rabin nazarce-nazarcen bayar da adadi ga mutane a wannan ɗakin adana bincike sun ruwaito sakamakon da bai goyi bayan labarin da ya shahara ba. Saboda haka, yana da kyau a karanta gwaje-gwajen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da mai da hankali gaba ɗaya, kuma dalilin da ya sa yake da wuya a ɓoye bayanin rukuni a waɗannan gwaje-gwajen matsala ce mai zaman kanta.

“Na mutane” yana nufin abubuwa biyu dabam

Bayan nazarce-nazarcen bayar da adadi guda huɗu, takardu goma suna aiki a kan kayan halittar mutum a wajen jiki, amma taƙaitattun bayanai sukan haɗa su cikin rukuni ɗaya.

Wata ƙungiya ta ajiye naman kitse na tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, wanda aka ɗauka daga marasa lafiya ashirin da biyar yayin tiyatar zuciya, a yanayin gwaji tare da methylene blue mai ƙarfi 0.1 micromolar na tsawon sa'o'i ashirin da huɗu. Samar da enzymes na monoamine oxidase ya ragu, haka ma alamomin damuwar oxidation (PubMed 39167271). Wannan shaida ce mai kyau cewa naman jikin mutum yana amsawa ga methylene blue. Ba shaida ba ce game da abin da adadin da aka bayar ke yi a jikin mutum mai rai, domin babu wani abu da ya zagaya cikin jiki, aka sarrafa shi ta musayar sinadarai, ko aka fitar da shi daga jiki a wannan gwajin.

Irin wannan bambanci yana shafar fata. Ƙwayoyin fibroblast na fatar mutum da aka ɗauka daga masu bayarwa masu lafiya da marasa lafiya masu progeria sun fi amsawa da kyau ga methylene blue fiye da wasu sinadarai masu hana oxidation da dama, a wajen yawaita ƙwayoyin halitta da jinkirta tsufarsu. Haka kuma, wani samfurin fatar mutum mai girma uku da aka sake ginawa bai nuna haushi ba, ko da a manyan matakan ƙarfi (PubMed 28559565). Wannan shaida ce mai ƙarfi da gaske ga wani haɗin da ake shafawa a fata, amma har yanzu ba gwaji ba ne a mutane. Yana da kyau a karanta inda shaidun fata suka tsaya tare da shi.

Inda takardun wannan ɗakin adana bincike suke saɓa wa juna

Gwaje-gwaje biyu da aka gudanar a hankali sun saɓa wa juna game da wata hanyar aiki da aka maimaita a rubuce-rubuce masu yawa da suka dogara da wasu bincike.

Na farko ya ruwaito cewa methylene blue har yanzu yana iya mayar da cytochrome c zuwa yanayin da ya karɓi electrons da inganta numfashin ƙwayoyin halitta a mitochondria da aka yi wa magani da masu hana complex III aiki. An gwada wannan a mitochondria na beraye, ƙananan beraye, da guinea pig (PubMed 33669457). Na biyu ya ruwaito cewa methylene blue ba ya kauce wa toshewar complex III da antimycin ya haifar a mitochondria na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙananan beraye (PubMed 30734287). An wallafa duka biyun, duka biyun suna da tsayayyen tsarin bincike, kuma wannan ɗakin adana bincike bai warware saɓanin nasu ba. Duk wani bayani da ya gabatar da hanyar kauce wa toshewar a matsayin abin da aka tabbatar ya share saɓani da har yanzu yake nan. Taswirar wuraren da methylene blue ke nufi a ilimin ƙwayoyin halitta ita ce inda cikakken bayanin hanyoyin aiki ya dace ya kasance.

Sinadarin da kuma bayanin da takardun ba sa bayarwa

Methylene blue ba abu guda ɗaya ba ne a waɗannan rubuce-rubucen bincike. Takardu suna ruwaito methylene blue, methylthioninium chloride, methylthioninium da aka mayar zuwa yanayin reduction, da sinadarai masu kama da phenothiazinium irin su toluidine blue. Waɗannan huɗun ba sa zama madadin juna a jiki. Gwaje-gwajen cutar Alzheimer su ne misali mafi bayyananne na wannan, domin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin ya yi amfani da nau'in da aka mayar zuwa yanayin reduction, wanda jiki ke sha ta wata hanya dabam, maimakon rinin da yake a yanayin oxidation.

Kusan babu wata daga cikin takardun 130 da ta bayyana matsayin ingancin kayan da aka yi amfani da su. Sassan hanyoyin bincike suna ambaton mai kawo kayan ne kawai. Rinin nazarin nama, sinadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da sinadari mai aiki na matsayin ingancin magunguna duk za a iya rubuta musu methylene blue a takardar odar saye. Bambancin da ke tsakaninsu yana cikin gurɓatattun sinadaran da ke tare da su. Azure B, ƙarafa masu nauyi, da ragowar sinadaran narkarwa su ne waɗanda aka saba samu, kuma mai karatu da ke son kwatanta takardar bincike da samfur ba zai iya yin hakan ba tare da takardar shaidar nazari ba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa matsayin inganci yake da muhimmanci ga mai karatu, tun kafin batun ɗanɗano ko adadin da ake bayarwa. Yawancin masu sayarwa da ke cewa sun cika ƙa'idar takardar USP suna gwada ƙarafa masu nauyi kawai, kuma suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙa'idar. Blupreme yana gwada cikakkiyar ƙa'idar, da ta haɗa da tabbatar da asalin sinadari, auna yawansa, gurɓatattun sinadaran organic, ragowar sinadaran narkarwa, gurɓatattun abubuwan sinadarai, ragowar bayan ƙonawa, iyakokin ƙananan halittu, da endotoxins na ƙwayoyin bacteria, sannan yana wallafa sakamakon.

Amfani da teburin

Teburin shaidu yana jera dukkan takardun 130 tare da shekararsu, mujallar da aka wallafa su a ciki, nau'in nazari, da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a zahiri. Nau'in nazari yana bayyana matakin da aka gudanar da gwajin, wanda shi ne ɓangaren da ya fi saurin sauyawa yayin da kake gangarawa cikin jerin. An saka ginshiƙin kayan da aka yi amfani da su domin ka iya duba rarrabuwar, domin takardun da ke haɗa matakai, kamar wadda ta fara da gwajin in vitro kafin tabbatarwa ta in vivo, ana ba su babban matakin da ya mamaye nazarin ne kawai. Za ka iya tacewa bisa nau'in nazari, bincika take, mujallu, da nau'ikan halittu, sannan ka tsara jeri bisa shekara ko take. Akwai fayil ɗin CSV na waɗannan bayanai a cikin wannan babban fayil ɗin.

Bayan ka zaɓi wata takarda, ƙwarewar da ta fi wuya ita ce karanta ta: gano samfurin gwaji, abin kwatance, ma'aunin sakamako, lokacin aunawa, da rashin tabbas da marubutan suka amince da shi. Yadda ake karanta takardar bincike guda ɗaya kan methylene blue yana bayyana wannan, kuma da gangan wannan fihirisar ba ta shiga wannan batu ba.

Don duba abin da binciken mutane ke goyon baya, sakamako bayan sakamako, taƙaitaccen bayanin shaidun mutane shi ne wurin farawa mafi dacewa. Wannan shafi yana amsa tambaya mafi ƙayyadewa: waɗanne nau'ikan nazari ake da su, kuma nawa ake da su a kowane nau'i.