Uko methylene blue ikora: ihererekanya rya electron, n'aho electron zigera

Icupa rifunze riri ku meza ya laboratwari ni bwo buryo bugufi kandi bw'ukuri bwo gutangira gusobanura uko methylene blue ikora. Amazi, glucose, agacupa gato ka sodium hydroxide, n'irangi rihagije kugira ngo amazi abe ubururu bwijimye kandi budashidikanywaho. Tegereza iminota mike, maze ubururu bugende bushira kugeza icupa risa n'irimo amazi gusa. Rihungabanye, ibara rihita rigaruka. Hanyuma rikongera rigashira, kandi ibyo bizakomeza igihe cyose hakiri glucose yemera gutanga electron na oxygen yemera kuzakira.

Nta cyahindutse ku rangi uretse umubare wa electron ritwaye. Iyo riri mu buryo bwa oxidised, riba ubururu. Iyo riri mu buryo bwa reduced, ntiriba ubururu. Hafi ya byose bisigaye mu nyandiko z'ubuvuzi n'ubushakashatsi kuri iyi molecule bikomoka kuri iyo ntambwe imwe ishobora gusubira inyuma, kuko molecule ishobora gufata electron ku mufatanyabikorwa umwe ikazishyikiriza undi iba ari umuhuza, kandi umuhuza nta cyo ukora wenyine. Icyo ukora giterwa rwose n'ibiri ku mpande zombi zawo.

Uburyo bubiri, n'impamvu ubwo buryo bwombi bufite akamaro

Uburyo bwa oxidised ni urusobe rw'impeta ruringaniye kandi rufite charge nziza. Iyo miterere iringaniye kandi ifite charge ni yo ituma yegerana na nucleic acids, igafatana n'imiterere ifite sialylation ku membranes z'utugingo, kandi igakurura cyane urumuri ruboneka hagati ya hafi 600 na 700 nanometres, ari cyo gice cya spectrum ijisho ry'umuntu ribona nk'ubururu.

Uburyo bwa reduced ni ikindi kintu. Nta charge bugira, bushonga mu binure aho gushonga mu mazi, kandi nta bara bugira. Ionisation yabwo iba hasi cyane kuri pH iri imbere mu mubiri, hafi ya per cent nkeya. Bityo molecule iri mu buryo bwa reduced inyura muri membrane y'akagingo byoroshye binyuze muri diffusion, kandi imaze kugera imbere, aho ibidukikije birushijeho kuba oxidising, ishobora kongera kuba oxidised maze igafatirwa aho. Urusobe rw'impeta rwa oxidised ruringaniye; urwa reduced rushobora kwihina. Izo ngaruka ku miterere, ndetse n'ihinduka ry'ibara ubwaryo, ni igice cy'inkuru y'ubwo buryo bubiri ubwabwo, kandi bisobanurwa birambuye muri igereranya rya methylene blue na leucomethylene blue.

Kwakira electron

Irangi riri mu buryo bwa oxidised rishobora kwakira electron zivuye ku batanga benshi batandukanye. Glucose iri mu icupa ry'igerageza ni umwe muri bo. Imbere mu kagingo, reduced pyridine nucleotides n'ibice bya mitochondrial electron transport chain na byo ni abandi. Iyo methylene blue ihinduwe reduced mu tissue irimo oxygen, cycle itangiza ikoresha reducing agent na oxygen byombi, kandi ikabyara reactive oxygen species, cyane cyane hydrogen peroxide. Irangi risohoka muri iyo cycle ridahindutse, ryiteguye kongera kuyinyuramo.

Iyo ngingo ya nyuma isobanura ikintu cyasa n'ukuvuguruzanya iyo kititaweho neza. Mu nyandiko, methylene blue isobanurwa nk'ikintu cya pro-oxidant kandi na antioxidant, kandi ibisobanuro byombi bishobora gushyigikirwa. Ishobora kugabanya ikorwa rya superoxide ikora nk'uwakira electron wakozwe mu buryo butari busanzwe, igahindura icyerekezo cya electron zikava ku hantu ha enzyme aho oxygen yari guhindurirwa radicals za superoxide. Mu cultures z'utugingo tw'umwijima, byagaragajwe ko ishobora gutuma habaho enzymes zo kwirinda oxidation zo mu cyiciro cya phase-2, harimo thioredoxin reductase 1 na NADPH quinone oxidoreductase. Uruhande muri izo ebyiri ubona ruterwa n'uruhande rw'umuhuza rubura electron muri ako kanya. Ikibazo nka "ese methylene blue ni antioxidant" ntigisobanutse neza kugeza uvuzemo system iri kuvugwa, concentration, n'ibindi bintu bihari.

Gutanga electron ku wundi

Iyo irangi rimaze kugira electron y'inyongera, ibintu bitatu bitandukanye cyane bishobora gukurikiraho, kandi akenshi bisobanurwa munsi y'umutwe umwe. Ntibikwiye.

Rishobora guha electron metal centre. Urugero rusobanutse kurusha izindi ni haemoglobin yahinduwe oxidised ikava mu miterere ya ferrous ikajya mu ya ferric. Muri iyo miterere ntishobora gutwara oxygen. Mu red cells, enzyme ihindura irangi reduced, hanyuma irangi riri mu buryo bwa reduced rigaha electron oxidised haem iron mu buryo butari enzymatic, rigasubizaho haemoglobin ikora kandi na ryo rigasubira mu buryo bwa oxidised. Irangi ntirishirira muri ibyo; rikomeza kuzenguruka muri cycle. Imikoreshereze yo kwa muganga ishingiye kuri iki gikorwa ni ingingo yo mu bitaro, kandi ibisobanuro bya methylene blue muri methemoglobinemia bisobanura uko ikoreshwa n'impamvu ikurikiranirwa hafi cyane.

Icyitonderwa cy'ukuri ku byo amasoko avuga: reviews ebyiri iyi nyandiko ishingiyeho ntizivuga reducing cofactor imwe ku ntambwe ya enzyme, imwe ivuga NADH indi ikavuga NADPH. Iryo tandukaniro rirahari koko kandi ntirakemuka mu masoko aboneka hano, bityo ibisobanuro bitekanye ni ukuvuga uruhare rwa buri gice aho kwemeza izina rimwe rya cofactor.

Rishobora guha oxygen energy, cyangwa electron, iyo hari urumuri. Iyi nzira ibaho gusa iyo hari illumination. Irangi ryamaze excitation rigera muri triplet state, kandi kuva aho uburyo bubiri burashoboka. Mu bwa mbere, irangi ryamaze excitation rikorana mu buryo butaziguye na molecule iri hafi, rigafata hydrogen cyangwa rigatanga electron, bigakora radicals; gukorana n'amazi muri ubu buryo bikora hydroxyl radicals. Mu bwa kabiri, excitation energy ihabwa oxygen ubwayo, bigakora singlet oxygen, species ifite electrophilicity nyinshi ibura mu gihe cya microseconds kandi muri rusange yemerwa nk'inzira nyamukuru methylene blue iri mu rumuri yangizamo microbial cells. Reactions zibera kuri lipids na peptides zo muri cell envelope, no kuri guanine bases muri DNA, ni zimwe mu ngaruka zanditswe.

Ingaruka ifatika y'iyi nzira ni uko illumination ihindura imibare ku gipimo cya orders of magnitude. Mu makuru yakusanyijwe na Wainwright na Crossley, methylene blue ikoreshwa kuri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ifite minimum bactericidal concentration hafi 500 micromolar mu mwijima, na hafi 25 micromolar munsi ya light dose ya 12 joules per square centimetre. Kuri strain imwe ya Staphylococcus aureus, values zo mu mwijima no mu rumuri zombi ni 5 micromolar. Mu yandi magambo, kuba molecule ishobora kubarwa nk'antimicrobial na gato si umutungo wa molecule yonyine; ni umutungo wa molecule hamwe n'urumuri.

Rishobora gukorera ku hantu ha enzyme mu buryo butaziguye, ritanyuze muri relay. Methylene blue ihindura oxidised ferrous iron ifatanye na nitric oxide synthase, bigahagarika enzyme gukora. Ihagarika soluble guanylate cyclase, kandi hagati ya 1 na 10 micromolar ni concentration isanzwe ikoreshwa muri laboratwari kuri uwo murimo. Ihagarika monoamine oxidase type A ifite IC50 iri hagati ya 27 na 180 nanomolar, ari bwo buryo buri inyuma y'interaction izwi neza na serotonin reuptake inhibitors kandi ni yo mpamvu drug interactions za methylene blue ari icyiciro cyihariye.

Izi nzira eshatu zitandukanye mu rwego rwa chimie. Kuzishyira zose mu kirego kimwe kivuga ko methylene blue ikora binyuze muri redox cycling ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru inyandiko nyinshi ziyivugaho zisomwa nk'izifite icyizere ariko zidasobanutse icyarimwe.

Itandukaniro bine rigena niba amagambo avuga mechanism afite icyo asobanura

Ni ubuhe buryo. Irangi riri mu buryo bwa reduced ntirisimburana n'iriri mu buryo bwa oxidised. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition yerekana neza umutego: mu incubation ndende ya in vitro, methylene blue igenda ihindurwa reduced ikajya mu buryo butagira ibara, kandi inhibition ikagenda igabanuka, kuko molecule iri mu buryo bwa reduced itahagarika iyo enzyme. Assay imara igihe gihagije ku buryo form ihinduka izatanga effect isa n'iyoroheje kandi ishobora gutuma habaho ibisobanuro bitari byo.

Ni concentration iyihe. Range yo muri laboratwari ikoreshwa kuri soluble guanylate cyclase inhibition ni 1 to 10 micromolar. Gukuraho glutamate-mediated transmission muri rat hippocampal slices byasabye 5 to 50 micromolar. Toxic effects muri cell culture zivugwa hejuru ya 100 micromolar. Ibi si igerageza rimwe, kandi mechanism yemejwe kuri 50 micromolar ntihita iba iboneka ku murwayi ufite plasma concentration iri ku gice gito cy'ayo mafaranga.

Ni iyihe route. Absolute oral bioavailability iri hafi 72 per cent, kandi terminal plasma half-life ni 5 to 7 hours. Oral administration itanga concentrations nyinshi mu mara no mu mwijima; intravenous administration igatanga concentrations nyinshi mu bwonko. Route ni yo igena tissue ihura na electron.

Ni model iyihe, kandi amatara yari acanye cyangwa atari acanye. Igice kinini cy'inyandiko zerekeye mechanisms ni ubushakashatsi bwa cell culture n'imbeba, kandi ibisubizo bya in vitro kuri iyi molecule biterwa no guhura n'urumuri, membrane potential na redox state y'utugingo, kuko microscope lamp yonyine ihagije kugira ngo ibe photosensitised. Hagati ya 65 na 85 per cent by'umubare watanzwe bihindurwa reduced bikajya mu buryo butagira ibara muri red cells na peripheral tissue. Buri kimwe muri ibyo bintu kiri hagati ya mechanism isobanutse mu dish n'ikirego kivuga ku muntu.

Impamvu ikibazo cya purity ari ikibazo cya chimie

Illumination ikuraho methyl groups kuri methylene blue. Igicuruzwa cya mbere ni Azure B, hanyuma Azure A, hanyuma thionin, kandi light intensity iri hejuru itanga breakdown nyinshi kurusha iri hasi. Molecule ifite akamaro gashingiye ku bushobozi bwo kwakira no gutanga electron rero ni molecule ishobora kugira degradation products ziyegereye cyane mu buryo bwa chimie kandi zigakomeza kuba mu gisubizo kimwe. Ibigize ibiri mu gikoresho si amakuru yo kugaragara gusa.

Ni yo mpamvu conformance to the USP specification ari cyo gipimo gifite icyo kivuze ku muguzi. Product itabyujuje iba ari dye, kandi dye itwara impurities, harimo Azure B, heavy metals na residual solvents, umuntu uyinywa adashaka. Undi mutego ni ugurisha ugerageza heavy metals gusa hanyuma akerekana ibisubizo nk'aho ari full compliance. Blupreme yakoranye na pharmaceutical manufacturer wa methylene blue kandi ikagerageza full specification: identity, purity, organic impurities, residual solvents, elemental impurities, residue on ignition, microbial limits na bacterial endotoxins. Inyandiko y'ibizamini bya laboratwari iri inyuma ya buri batch iratangazwa, kandi guhitamo supplier ahanini ni ukureba niba iyo nyandiko ihari n'ibyo ikubiyemo.

Couple imwe ishobora gusubira inyuma. Inzira nyinshi ziyivamo. Route ni yo igena icyo ikirego gishobora kuvuga. :::