Ubushakashatsi ku bururu bwa metilene: igerageza ku bantu n'ubushakashatsi bukoresha igerageza

Gushakisha ubururu bwa metilene bitanga inyandiko z'ubushakashatsi ibihumbi. Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu gasahani ka laboratwari, ubwakorewe ku mbeba nini n'ubwakorewe ku bakorerabushake makumyabiri na batandatu bugaragara ku rutonde rumwe, busa n'ubufite uburemere bungana. Ntibushobora gusimburana, kandi itandukaniro hagati yabwo ni ryo akenshi rigena igisubizo cy'ikibazo wari ufite.

Uru rupapuro ni urutonde, si umwanzuro. Rutondeka ububiko bukomeza gukoreshwa bw'inyandiko 130 ku bururu bwa metilene hakurikijwe ibintu bine bihindura icyo inyandiko ishobora kukubwira: urwego igerageza ryakoreweho, abakozweho ubushakashatsi, uburyo bwo gutanga ikinyabutabire n'ingano yatanzwe, n'imiterere y'ikinyabutabire cyakoreshejwe. Imbonerahamwe y'ibimenyetso ishobora kuyungururwa, ikozwe muri ubwo bubiko, iherekeza iyi nyandiko.

Ibiri muri ubu bubiko koko

Inyandiko 130 zanditswe kuva mu 1928 kugeza mu 2026. Cumi n'icyenda zanditswe mbere y'umwaka wa 2000. Imyaka ya 2010–2019 yazanye 59, iya 2020–2029 imaze kongeramo 29, naho iya 2000–2009 yongeyemo 23.

Uko izi nyandiko zigabanyije bifite akamaro kurusha ubwinshi bwazo. Inyandiko mirongo itanu ni ubushakashatsi ku nyamaswa nzima. Mirongo itatu n'enye ziga ku ngirangingo, uturemangingo cyangwa amaraso biri hanze y'umubiri. Umunani ziga kuri mitokondiriya zatandukanyijwe n'uturemangingo, eshanu ni ibipimo ku rwego rwa molekile cyangwa rw'ibinyabutabire byo mu binyabuzima, naho makumyabiri n'icyenda ni isesengura ry'ubushakashatsi bwabanje, ibitekerezo cyangwa amateka. Bune buha abantu ubururu bwa metilene. Ubushakashatsi bwose uko ari bune bwiga ubururu bwa metilene mu bakorerabushake bazima cyangwa mu bantu bakuru bazima.

Uyu mubare ntusobanura ko ubururu bwa metilene butigeze bugeragezwa mu barwayi; ubuvuzi bwemewe bwa methemoglobinemia n'ubw'indwara y'ubwonko ijyanye na ifosfamide bushingiye ku mikoreshereze mu buvuzi ubu bubiko bukubiyemo igice gusa. Ahubwo ugaragaza ibyo umusomyi azasanga hano, kandi uhindura uko izindi nyandiko zo muri ubu bubiko zigomba gusomwa. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku nyamaswa no ku turemangingo butanga ibimenyetso bifatika ku mikorere y'ikinyabutabire. Ntabwo ari ibimenyetso by'ibiba mu muntu umize agapira k'umuti.

Ubushakashatsi bune ku bantu, harimo n'ubwatanze ibinyuranye n'ibyateganyijwe

Ubushakashatsi ku bantu bufite ibimenyetso bikomeye kurusha ubundi muri ubu bubiko bwaturutse mu itsinda rimwe ry'abashakashatsi bakora ku mashusho y'ubwonko.

Igerageza ryateganyijwe mbere, rigakurikirana abaryitabiriye, ribagabanya mu matsinda ku buryo bwa tombola, kandi abaryitabiriye n'abarikora bose batazi uwahawe ikinyabutabire nyacyo cyangwa igisimbura kitagira ikinyabutabire gikora, ryakiriye abantu makumyabiri na batandatu bafite imyaka 22 kugeza kuri 62. Ryabahaye rimwe ingano nto y'ubururu bwa metilene banyuze mu kanwa cyangwa igisimbura kitagira ikinyabutabire gikora. Igisubizo cyagaragaye mu mashusho ya MRI apima imikorere y'ubwonko cyiyongereye mu gice cy'igishishwa cy'ubwonko cya insula ku mpande zombi, igihe bakoraga igikorwa gisaba gukomeza kwitondera ikintu. Cyiyongereye no mu bice by'igishishwa cy'ubwonko bya prefrontal, parietal na occipital igihe bakoraga igikorwa gisaba kwibuka iby'igihe gito. Ibisubizo by'ukuri mu gikorwa cyo kwibuka byiyongereyeho birindwi ku ijana, hakavugwa agaciro k'ubushoboka ka .01. Iryo tsinda ryaje kwerekana, mu bushakashatsi bwa kabiri bwakoresheje igabanya rya tombola, guhisha amakuru ku baryitabiriye no ku barikora, n'igisimbura kitagira ikinyabutabire gikora, ko ingano nto imwe yahawe abantu banyuze mu kanwa yagabanyije amaraso atembera mu rusobe rw'ubwonko rujyanye n'igikorwa gihuza kureba no kugenda. Muri icyo gihe kandi, yakomeje isano hagati y'ibice bihuza imyumvire no kwibuka igihe ubwonko buri mu kiruhuko. Raporo zasohotse ni PubMed 27351678 na PubMed 26961091.

Ubushakashatsi bwa gatatu ni bwa bundi urupapuro rutanga incamake rwashoboraga gusiga hanze bucece. Abashakashatsi bo muri King's College London batanze ubururu bwa metilene mu mutsi ku ngano ebyiri: 0.5 na 1 mg kuri buri kilo mu bantu, na 2 na 4 mg kuri buri kilo mu mbeba nini. Ubururu bwa metilene bwagabanyije amaraso atembera mu bwonko bwose muri ayo moko yombi, bugabanya umuvuduko ubwonko bukoresha ogisijeni mu bantu, kandi bugabanya umuvuduko ubwonko bukoresha glucose mu mbeba nini. Abanditsi bari biteze ibinyuranye n'ibyo. Mu bisobanuro basohoye, bavuze ko izo ngano, nubwo zikoreshwa mu buvuzi, zishobora kuba ziri ku gice kimanuka cy'umurongo wa hormesis ugaragaza isano hagati y'ingano n'igisubizo, kandi ko mu bakorerabushake bazima bafite imikorere isanzwe y'ihinduranya ry'ibinyabutabire mu bwonko, nta mwanya munini uba uhari wo kuyitezimbere. Inyandiko iboneka kuri PubMed 36803299.

Ubushakashatsi bwa kane bugaragaza itandukaniro risobanutse hagati y'amoko. Mu turemangingo tw'umwijima tw'imbeba nini no mu mbeba nini nzima, ubururu bwa metilene bwongereye ihindurwa rya etanole yari yashyizweho ikimenyetso ikavamo diyokiside ya karubone, binyuze mu gutakaza electron, ku rugero rwa mirongo irindwi n'itanu ku ijana na mirongo itatu ku ijana, uko bikurikirana. Mu bakorerabushake bazima bahawe ingano yateguwe hashingiwe ku buryo bukoreshwa ku ndwara y'ubwonko iterwa na ifosfamide, nta cyo bwahinduye cyashoboraga gupimwa: uko etanole yinjira, ikwirakwira, ihindurwa kandi isohoka mu mubiri ntibyahindutse. Nta n'impinduka yagaragaye mu kigereranyo cya lactate kuri pyruvate yari kwerekana ihinduka mu mimerere y'uturemangingo yo gutanga no kwakira electron. Igerageza ku mbeba nini n'iryo ku bantu ntibyatanze ibisubizo bihuye, kandi iryo ku bantu ni ryo ritagaragaje ingaruka ipimika. Reba PubMed 11022014.

Kimwe cya kabiri cy'ubushakashatsi bwo muri ubu bubiko bwahaye abantu ubururu bwa metilene gitanga ibisubizo bidashyigikira ibisobanuro bikunze kuvugwa. Ni yo mpamvu igerageza ku kwibuka no ku kwitondera ibintu rikwiye gusomwa ryose, kandi impamvu bigoye guhisha amakuru ku bahabwa ubururu bwa metilene muri aya magerageza ni ikindi kibazo cyihariye.

"Ku bantu" bikubiyemo ibintu bibiri bitandukanye

Uretse bwa bushakashatsi bune bwahaye abantu ubururu bwa metilene, inyandiko icumi ziga ku bintu byakuwe mu mubiri w'umuntu biri hanze yawo, kandi incamake zikunda kubishyira mu cyiciro kimwe.

Itsinda rimwe ryashyize ingirangingo z'ibinure zo mu gice cy'umutima n'imiyoboro y'amaraso, zavanywe mu barwayi makumyabiri na batanu igihe babagwaga umutima, mu bururu bwa metilene bufite ubwinshi bwa 0.1 mikromolari, rizirekeramo amasaha makumyabiri n'ane. Ikorwa ry'imisemburo ya monoamine oxidase ryaragabanutse, kimwe n'ibimenyetso by'ihungabana riterwa no gutakaza electron (PubMed 39167271). Ibi ni ibimenyetso bifatika by'uko ingirangingo z'umuntu zigira igisubizo ku bururu bwa metilene. Ntabwo ari ibimenyetso by'icyo ingano runaka ikora mu muntu muzima, kuko muri iryo gerageza nta kintu cyatemberejwe mu mubiri, cyahinduwe n'umubiri cyangwa cyasohowe na wo.

Iryo tandukaniro rireba n'uruhu. Uturemangingo twa fibroblast two mu ruhu rw'umuntu, twakuwe ku bantu bazima no ku barwayi bafite progeria, twagize igisubizo cyiza ku bururu bwa metilene kurusha ku bindi binyabutabire byinshi birwanya iyangirika riterwa no gutakaza electron. Ibyo byagaragaye haba mu kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo no mu gutinza gusaza kwatwo. Nanone, icyitegererezo cy'uruhu rw'umuntu cyubatswe mu bipimo bitatu nticyagaragaje uburibwe cyangwa kurakara, ndetse no ku bwinshi buri hejuru (PubMed 28559565). Ibyo ni ibimenyetso bikomeye rwose ku mvange yo gusiga ku ruhu, ariko biracyari kure yo kuba igerageza ku bantu. Ni byiza kubisomana n'inyandiko ivuga aho ibimenyetso ku ruhu bigarukira.

Aho inyandiko zo muri ubu bubiko zivuguruzanya

Amagerageza abiri yakozwe yitonze ntahuza ku buryo bw'imikorere bwagiye busubirwamo mu nyandiko nyinshi zisobanura ubushakashatsi bw'abandi.

Irya mbere rivuga ko ubururu bwa metilene bushobora gukomeza guha electron cytochrome c no kunoza ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni muri mitokondiriya zashyizwemo ibibuza complex III gukora. Ibi byageragejwe kuri mitokondiriya z'imbeba nini, imbeba nto n'imbeba zo mu bwoko bwa guinea pig (PubMed 33669457). Irya kabiri rivuga ko ubururu bwa metilene butanyura ku yindi nzira ngo burenge ihagarikwa rya complex III riterwa na antimycin muri mitokondiriya zo mu bwonko bw'imbeba nto (PubMed 30734287). Yombi yarasohotse, yombi akoresha uburyo bw'ubushakashatsi bufite ireme, kandi ubu bubiko ntibukemura uko kutavuga rumwe. Ibisobanuro byose byerekana ko ubwo buryo bwo kunyura ku yindi nzira bwamaze kwemezwa biba byirengagije ukutavuga rumwe kukiriho. Ikarita y'aho ubururu bwa metilene bukora mu binyabuzima ku rwego rw'uturemangingo ni yo ikubiyemo ibisobanuro birambuye by'iyo mikorere.

Ikinyabutabire n'amakuru inyandiko zidasobanura

Muri izi nyandiko, ubururu bwa metilene ntibuvuga ikintu kimwe gusa. Inyandiko zivuga ubururu bwa metilene, methylthioninium chloride, methylthioninium yakiriye electron, n'ibinyabutabire bisa na phenothiazinium nka toluidine blue; ibyo bine ntibishobora gusimburana mu mubiri. Igerageza ku ndwara ya Alzheimer ni urugero rubigaragaza neza, kuko igice cy'iyo gahunda cyakoresheje imiterere yakiriye electron, yinjira mu mubiri mu buryo butandukanye, aho gukoresha irangi ryatakaje electron.

Hafi nta n'imwe mu nyandiko 130 ivuga urwego rw'ubuziranenge rw'ibikoresho yakoresheje. Ibice bisobanura uburyo ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bivuga utanga ibikoresho bikagarukira aho. Irangi ryo kugaragaza ingirangingo, ikinyabutabire cyo gukoresha muri laboratwari n'ikinyabutabire gikora gifite ubuziranenge bwo gukoresha mu miti byose bishobora kwandikwa nk'ubururu bwa metilene ku nyandiko yo kugura, nyamara bigatandukana cyane ku mwanda ubiherekeza. Azure B, ibyuma biremereye n'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabutabire bishongesha ni byo bikunze kuboneka. Umusomyi ushaka kugereranya inyandiko y'ubushakashatsi n'igicuruzwa ntashobora kubikora adafite icyemezo cy'isesengura. Iyo ni yo mpamvu ubuziranenge bufitiye akamaro umusomyi, mbere y'ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose cy'uburyohe cyangwa ingano. Abacuruzi benshi bavuga ko bubahiriza ibisabwa mu nyandiko ya USP yerekeye icyo kinyabutabire bapima gusa ibyuma biremereye, bakabifata nk'aho ari byo bisabwa byose. Blupreme ipima ibisabwa byose, harimo kumenya ikinyabutabire icyo ari cyo, gupima ingano yacyo, umwanda ukomoka ku binyabutabire birimo karubone, ibisigazwa by'ibinyabutabire bishongesha, umwanda w'ibinyabutabire fatizo, ibisigazwa nyuma yo gutwika, imbibi zemewe z'udukoko n'uburozi bwa endotoxin buturuka kuri bagiteri, kandi igatangaza ibisubizo.

Gukoresha imbonerahamwe

Imbonerahamwe y'ibimenyetso itondeka inyandiko zose 130, ikagaragaza umwaka wa buri imwe, ikinyamakuru cy'ubumenyi yasohotsemo, ubwoko bw'ubushakashatsi n'ibikoresho byakoreshejwe koko. Ubwoko bw'ubushakashatsi bugaragaza urwego igerageza ryakoreweho; icyo ni cyo gipimo gihinduka vuba kurusha ibindi uko umanuka mu mbonerahamwe. Inkingi y'ibikoresho iriho kugira ngo ushobore kugenzura uko ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe mu byiciro, kuko inyandiko zivanga inzego, nk'izibanza gukora igerageza hanze y'umubiri mbere yo kwemeza ibisubizo mu kinyabuzima kizima, zishyirwa gusa ku rwego rwiganjemo. Ushobora kuyungurura ukurikije ubwoko bw'ubushakashatsi, gushakisha imitwe y'inyandiko, ibinyamakuru by'ubumenyi n'amoko y'ibinyabuzima, ndetse no gutondeka ukurikije umwaka cyangwa umutwe w'inyandiko. Dosiye ya CSV y'ayo makuru na yo iri mu bubiko bumwe.

Iyo umaze guhitamo inyandiko, ubuhanga bugoye kurushaho ni ukuyisoma: kumenya icyitegererezo cyakoreshejwe, icyo bagereranyije na cyo, igisubizo cyapimwe, igihe ibipimo byafatiwe n'ibyo abanditsi bemera ko bitazwi neza. Uko wasoma inyandiko imwe y'ubushakashatsi ku bururu bwa metilene bisobanura ibyo, kandi uru rutonde rugenewe kutabisesengura.

Kugira ngo ubone ibyo ubushakashatsi ku bantu bushyigikira ukurikije buri gisubizo, incamake y'ibimenyetso biva mu bushakashatsi ku bantu ni yo ntangiriro nziza kurushaho. Uru rupapuro rusubiza ikibazo kigufi kurushaho: ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ubushakashatsi buhari, kandi buri bwoko bufite bingahe.