Te hītori o te methylene blue: mai i te waikano ki te rongoā me te rangahau

I tae te methylene blue ki tētahi tūroro i mua i tōna taenga ki tētahi whare rongoā.

Kei roto i te pūrongo o 1891 nā Paul Guttmann rāua ko Paul Ehrlich mō te whakamahinga o te waikano ki te malaria, e rua ngā tūtohi pāmahana. Ko te tūtohi tuarua mai i 13 Hūrae ki 5 Ākuhata, ā, kua tuhia te maimoatanga ki te tapa, ia rā, ia rā. Ko ngā tuhinga o 18 me 19 Hūrae e mea ana "1 × 0,05 Methylenblau". I ngā rā i muri mai kua tuhia e rima, e whitu hoki ngā horopeta o taua rahinga anō, ā, nō te 22 Hūrae kua tāpirihia he rahinga iti o te quinine ki te rekoata. Ko te rārangi kirikaa, e piu ana i waenga i 37 °C me 39.5 °C i te haurua tuatahi o te tūtohi, ka papatahi i muri i te putanga mai o te waikano, ā, ka noho i waenga i te āhua 36 °C me 37.5 °C mō ngā wiki e toru e toe ana.

Ko taua tūroro tētahi o te tokorua, i whakaahuatia i te pepa hei kaimahi whare, hei heramana hoki. Kua tekau mā rima tau te pūhui i whakawhānuitia hei waikano papanga arumoni, ā, kei roto aua tāne tokorua i ngā tāngata tuatahi kua tuhia te whakamahinga ki a rātou o tētahi rongoā waihanga katoa i whakaritea mō tētahi rauropi motuhake.

Ko te waikano i puta tuatahi

Ko te waikano waihanga tuatahi i angitu ā-arumoni i hangaia e William Henry Perkin i 1856. Tekau mā waru noa iho ngā tau o Perkin, e mahi ana i tētahi taiwhanga i tōna kāinga i te hararei Aranga, me tana whakamātau ki te waihanga quinine. Engari, i hua ake he toenga pango; ka whakarewahia e ia, ā, ka kitea he tae e mau tino kaha ana ki te hiraka. I rēhitahia e ia he patent i Ākuhata 1856, ā, i te mutunga o 1857 kua whai wheketere ia e tuku ana ki tētahi whare waikano hiraka i Rānana.

I 1875 i waihanga a Adolf von Baeyer i tētahi waikano whero, ā, ka tapaina ko eosin, nō Eos, te kupu Kariki mō te ata hāpara. I 1876, i whakawhanake a Heinrich Caro, te kaiwhakahaere o te taiwhanga i Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik i taua wā, i te methylene blue me Baeyer hei waikano aniline mō te miro. Kāore tōna hanganga matū i tau tuturu kia pahure rā anō te āhua iwa tau.

Kei te kitea tonutia taua takenga i te āhua o te whakaingoatanga o te matū. He ingoa hokohoko nō te rārangi waikano te "methylene blue", ehara i te whakamārama matū. Ko te pūhui e tohu ana taua ingoa ko methylthioninium chloride, ā, ka whai take ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te ingoa, te tote, me ōna hydrate ina tīmata te tangata ki te pauna i te matū, ki te pānui rānei i tētahi whakaritenga.

Ko te whakapoke pūtau te piriti

Ko te ara mai i ngā whare waikano ki te hōhipera i haere mā te karu whārahi, ā, i tīmata i mua i te orokohanga mai o te methylene blue. Ko Wilhelm Erb te tangata tuatahi ki te whakamahi waikano waihanga ki te toto, mā te whakamahi picric acid i 1865, ā, ka kite ia i tētahi tauira kupenga i roto i ētahi pūtau toto whero.

I whakataurite te tuhinga tākuta o Paul Ehrlich o 1878 i te whakapoke histological ki te waikano papanga, ā, ka whakapae he tauhohenga matū ēnei e rua. I a ia e mahi ana i raro i a Robert Koch mō te bacillus mate kohi, ka whakarōpū ia i ngā waikano aniline hei waikawa, hei kawakore hoki, ā, ka whakatūria te mōhiotanga ka tae ia momo ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te pūtau. I 1880 ka whakaranua e ia ngā mea e rua: he wairewa kukū o te methylene blue i ringihia ki roto i te acid fuchsin kia mārama rā anō te wai o runga. Ko te hua, i tapaina e ia ko te neutralen Farbkörper, arā he whakapoke kūpapa, i whakaputa i ngā tae e toru, kaua ko te kotahi; i whakakite i ngā kirikiri i roto i ngā pūtau polymorphonuclear kāore i kitea i mua; ā, i taea ai te tatau wehewehe leukocyte tuatahi. Nā te mea i kapohia e aua kirikiri ngā wāhanga e rua o te ranunga, ka waihanga a Ehrlich i te kupu neutrophil mō ngā pūtau e kawe ana i aua kirikiri.

E rua tau i muri mai ka whakamahi a Koch i te methylene blue ki te kimi i te bacillus mate kohi, ā, i 1883 ka whakapai ake a Ehrlich i te tikanga. I 1886 ka whakaputaina e ia tētahi tirohanga rerekē: ka werohia te waikano ki ngā kararehe ora, ka whakataurite i te kaha o te kapo a ia whekau i taua waikano, ā, ka whakatau he tino kaha tōna piri ki te roro me te kiko io. I mea ia nā te hurihuringa hāora-whakaheke o te waikano taua piringa, he āhuatanga i kitea e ia i te tau i mua. Ko taua hurihuringa anō te take ka ngaro te tae o tētahi wairewa methylene blue ina pau tōna hāora, ā, ka hoki mai ina hoki mai te hau. Ko ngā whakamātautau tuatahi i ine i ngā pānga o taua hurihuringa nō tētahi tekau tau i muri mai, ā, he kaupapa motuhake te tukanga ake i te hītori.

Te pirinoa me te karihi waiporoporo

I kitea e Alphonse Laveran te pirinoa malaria i 1880 mā te tirotiro i te toto hou kāore i whakapokea. Kia kitea tonutia i roto i tētahi paninga toto kua maroke, me whai whakapoke, ā, ko ngā whakapoke o taua wā he whero, he kikorangi anake ngā tae i hua.

I 1888 ka whakakapi te kaimātai mate Pōrana a Czesław Cheçinski i te acid fuchsin ki te eosin, ka hangaia he ranunga methylene blue me te eosin. Ko te take i puta ai tana tikanga he hōia i mate i te malaria i 30 Hepetema 1887. I ngā paninga toto ka kite a Cheçinski i ngā āhua kikorangi pērā i te putiputi daisy, e mōhiotia ana ināianei ko Plasmodium malariae, me ngā āhua kōpiko pērā i te toronaihi, e mōhiotia ana ināianei ko ngā gametocyte o Plasmodium falciparum. Nā taua hua i whakamutu i ngā whakamārama whakataetae e rua mō te mate i te wā kotahi: te ariā miasma, me te whakapae a Edwin Klebs rāua ko Corrado Tommasi-Crudeli nā tētahi huakita te malaria.

I kitea te pirinoa. Kāore tōna karihi i kitea, nō reira kāore anō tōna āhua tūturu kia whakatauria. Nā Ernst Malachowski, he rata i Breslau, taua raruraru i whakatau, i te tuatahi he mea tūpono, kātahi ka mahia āta. I kite ia i te whakapoke rerekē o te karihi plasmodial i tētahi whakaritenga i 1889, engari kāore i taea te whakaputa anō. Kāore te whakawaikawatanga o te methylene blue i āwhina. Ina whakakawakawatia mā te borax, ka puta taua āhua i ia wā. I whakaatu tūmatanui ia i te tikanga i 15 Hune 1890, ā, i whakaputa i taua tau anō, me tētahi tikanga whānui ake i Ākuhata 1891.

I whakaputa a Dmitri Romanowsky i tāna ake putanga i Hepetema 1891. Ko āna hua pai rawa atu i ahu mai i tētahi pounamu wairewa methylene blue kua waiho noa, kua pāngia e te koriri, neke atu i te rua marama te tawhito. He mea āta whakarite tā Malachowski whakamārama, ā, ki tāna kupu, he māmā te whakaputa anō; ko tā Romanowsky he ara kūare i whai hua kotahi noa te wā. Heoi anō, ko te ingoa o Romanowsky te ingoa i mau, ā, he kōrero motuhake te tautohetohe mō wai i whakaputa i te tae waiporoporo i kitea ai te karihi, me ōna ake tuhinga.

Whakaahua: te tūtohi pāmahana tuarua nō te pūrongo a Guttmann rāua ko Ehrlich o 1891. Ko te wāhanga o runga mai i 13 ki 24 Hūrae, ā, ko te wāhanga o raro mai i 25 Hūrae ki 5 Ākuhata; ka whakaingoatia ngā horopeta i tukuna ki ngā tuhinga tapa, ā, ka noho te pāmahana tata ki te paerewa mō ngā wiki whakamutunga e toru o te rekoata. He whakaputanga anō nō te pūrongo i karapahia mō Krafts, Hempelmann me Skórska-Stania, Parasitology Research 111:1–6 (2012), PMID 22411634.

I kitea ko te “ripening” he demethylation

Kāore tētahi o ngā tāngata whai wāhi i ngā tau 1890 i mōhio he aha te mahi a te "ripening" ki te methylene blue. I puta te whakautu i te matū ahumahi. I waihanga a Heinrich August Bernthsen i te pūhui matua phenothiazine i 1883, i whakaū i 1885 nō taua whānau te methylene blue, ā, i taua wā anō ka whakaatu ka tangohia e ngā āhuatanga kawakore ngā rōpū methyl i te waikano, ka hua mai ngā pūhui e kīia ana ināianei ko ngā azure.

I tangohia e Bernard Nocht te hautau hohe i 1898 me 1899, ā, ko tāna anake ingoa mō taua mea ko Rot aus Methylenblau, arā, he whero nō te methylene blue. I tautuhia e Michaelis hei azure I i 1901. I 1899 ka whakauru a Jenner i te methanol parakore hei whakarewa mō te parataiao waikano, nā reira kāore i tika kia whakamau mā te wera ngā paninga toto; ka whakakotahitia e Leishman rāua ko Reuter ēnei whanaketanga e rua; ā, ka whakaputaina e Wright tētahi tikanga māmā ake i 1902. Ko tā Giemsa koha, i 1902 anō, ko te whakamutu i te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi wairewa kua "ripen" matapōkere, me te whakamahi kē i ngā rahinga kua inehia o ngā waikano e mōhiotia ana. Nō muri ka kore ia e whakaae ki te whakaputa i tana tikanga hanga methylene azure parakore, ā, ka hokona te tikanga ki te taiwhanga a Dr. Grübler, nāna i hokohoko te hua hei azure I me te whakapae ko tāna putanga anake te whakapoke Giemsa tūturu.

Nā ngā pakanga o te ao e rua i whakaoti te take, he mea tūpono. I te kore e taea ngā waikano Tiamana te whiwhi, ka rangahau a Lillie, Roe me Wilcox i ngā whakakapi o Amerika, ā, ka kitea ko te whakapoke pai rawa atu i ahu mai i ngā wāhanga motuhake e toru: te methylene blue parakore, tōna hua pakaru azure B, me te eosin. Ko aua mea e toru tonu ngā wāhanga matua o te whakapoke e whakamahia ana ki te tautuhi malaria i ēnei rā, i raro i tētahi ingoa e hono nei i a Malachowski, Wright me Giemsa.

Whakaahua: ngā āhua mowhiti o Plasmodium falciparum i roto i ngā pūtau toto whero tangata, kua whakapokea mā tētahi tikanga momo Romanowsky. Ko te hanganga waiporoporo i roto i te mowhiti ko te chromatin i kitea tuatahitia nā te methylene blue i tukatukahia ki te borax a Malachowski. Nā Ernst Hempelmann te whakaahua, ā, kua tukuna ki te rohe tūmatanui.

Kotahi te ingoa, he maha ngā momo rauemi

Nā ngā tau i wehewehe ai aua wāhanga i waiho mai he raruraru i roa ake i te matū ake. I 1969 ka wehewehe a Ralph Lillie i ngā whakapoke koiora, i "hangaia kia ū ki ngā whakaritenga pakari e hāngai ana ki ā rātou whakamahinga tairongo, tino tika hoki", me ngā whakapoke kore-koiora mō te tae papanga, e "iti ake ai te kaha o ngā paerewa hanga e hiahiatia ana". He ōrite te ingoa i mau ki ngā momo hua e rua, ā, ehara te rerekētanga i waenga i a rāua i te rerekētanga ā-kōeke noa. Kāore e taea te whakakapi tētahi whakaritenga kua tuhia mō te miro ki tētahi whakaritenga mō tētahi reagent tātaritanga, ā, kāore tētahi rauemi i hangaia ki te paerewa papanga i whakaarohia kia horomia.

Ko te azure B te tauira mārama rawa. Koia te āhua monodemethylated o te methylene blue, he ngohe pharmacological e taea ana te ine nōna ake, ā, neke atu i te kotahi rau tau i noho ai hei wāhanga kāore i whakahaeretia i roto i ngā whakaritenga methylene blue haumanu i mua i te wehenga atu o ngā mea e rua. I kitea e tētahi rōpū ko te kiko tangata i kohia i te autopsy i muri i te tuku methylene blue e 5 ki 14 ōrau he methylene blue kāore i panoni, ā, e 86 ki 95 ōrau he azure B. Mēnā me whai azure B tētahi whakaritenga, me te aha hoki tōna paepae, he pātai whakaritenga tērā, ā, ka whai tonu te rangahau mō te azure B hei parahanga, hei metabolite hoki i taua kaupapa.

Kei roto hoki i te whakaritenga te pānga ā-mahi. Ko te ū ki te USP te ara ki te tino parakore rawa e wātea ana i te mākete, nā te mea he paerewa whakamātautau katoa kua whakaputaina, ehara i te ine kotahi. Kei roto ko te tuakiri, te assay, ngā parahanga waro tae atu ki ngā waikano azure, ngā whakarewa toenga, ngā parahanga huānga, te toenga i muri i te tahu, ngā rohe moroiti, me ngā endotoxin huakita. Ki te rīpoata tētahi tiwhikete i tētahi hua konganuku taumaha, ā, ka kī he ū tērā ki te USP, kotahi noa te rārangi o taua rārangi kua rīpoatatia.

Ka whiwhi a Blupreme i tana methylene blue mai i tētahi kaihanga rongoā, ā, ka whakaputa i te tiwhikete tātari katoa, me te whakamātau i te whakaritenga USP katoa, kaua ko ngā konganuku taumaha anake. Ka whakamārama te aratohu pānui tiwhikete tātari me ngā mea e whakatūria ana, e kore hoki e whakatūria e te tohu USP me pēhea te whakataurite i te tuhinga ki te kerēme.

Ngā mea ka whakaaetia e te hītori, me ngā mea kāore

He tūturu te aho hītori, ā, he roa ake i tā te nuinga o ngā whārangi hua e whakaatu ana. I whakamahia te methylene blue ki te malaria i 1891, i rīpoatatia hei sedative mō te psychosis whakaohooho i 1899, ā, ka toro atu tōna aho hanganga ki te quinacrine, chloroquine, promethazine me te chlorpromazine. I whakaahua te pepa a Ehrlich rāua ko Arthur Leppmann o 1890 i te māmā haere o te mamae neuralgic me te mamae rheumatic, kātahi ka wānanga, ka whakatau hoki kia kaua e whakamātau i te waikano mō te mate hinengaro.

Kāore tētahi o aua kōrero e whakatū i tētahi whakamahinga o ēnei rā. E rua ngā tūroro me tētahi tūtohi pāmahana te hua malaria o 1891. Ko te roa o te mōhio ki tētahi rāpoi ngota he take kia rangahaua, ehara i te hua rangahau. Ko te hītori o te pūhui hei rongoā me ngā whakamātautau hou mō te malaria e whakautu ana i ngā pātai rerekē i ngā pātai a Ehrlich, ā, me pānui motuhake ngā inenga hua i runga anō i ō rātou ake tikanga.

Kotahi te taipitopito o te rekoata nō nāianei kē, kaua nō mua. I te whakahaerenga a ngā kairangahau i ngā whakamātautau malaria methylene blue i Burkina Faso i ngā tau 2000, ka kitea e rātou e whakataetae ana mō te rauemi kounga rongoā, ā, ka rīpoata kua piki te utu o te rauemi mata mā tētahi tauwehe e tata ana ki te kotahi rau i te wā i whai whakamanatanga GMP. Ka taea te whakakapi tētahi waikano. Kāore e taea te whakakapi tētahi rongoā. Ko te wehewehenga i tuhia e Lillie i 1969 ko taua wehewehenga anō e whakatau ana i ngā mea kei roto i tētahi pounamu i ēnei rā. :::