Ilimin sinadaran shuɗin methylene: tsari, dabara, siffofi, da sunaye

Shuɗin methylene yawanci yana nufin methylthioninium chloride, gishiri mai ɗauke da rinin sinadarin organic mai caji tabbatacce da ion na chloride mai caji kishiyarsa. Gishirin da ba shi da ruwan kristal yana da dabara C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S da nauyin dabara na kusan 319.85 g/mol. Ruwan kristal yana canza nauyin abin da aka auna ba tare da canza asalin cation na rininsa ba.

Wannan bambanci yana warware wasu abubuwan da suke kamar saɓani a kundin sinadarai. Wani bayani zai iya nuna daidai cewa jimillar cajin gishirin sifili ce, alhali yana bayyana rinin a matsayin mai caji tabbatacce. Wani kundin kuma zai iya nuna 373.90 g/mol domin abinsa trihydrate ne. Kafin amfani da wata siffa, gano abin da lambar take bayyana.

Sunaye suna bayyana matakai daban-daban na abu

Bayanin shuɗin methylene a ChEBI yana bayyana gishirin chloride, yana lissafa CAS 61-73-4, kuma yana haɗa sunayen methylthioninium chloride, Basic Blue 9, da C.I. 52015. Sunansa bisa tsarin sunayen sinadarai shi ne 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride.

Sunan methylthioninium ba tare da “chloride” ba yana bayyana cation na sinadarin organic. Bayyana hydrate yana ƙara wani bambanci: chloride na shuɗin methylene da ke haɗe da adadin ruwa da aka fayyace a cikin daskararren abu. Don ƙayyadaddun bayanan saye, rubuta cikakken sunan sinadari, dabara, nau'in hydrate, da lambar tantancewa ta mai samarwa tare. Kada a dogara da kalmar launi kaɗai. Kwatancin shuɗin methyl da rinuka masu kama da shi a suna yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa sunaye masu kama za su iya nufin sinadarai daban-daban.

Karanta tsarukan ƙwayoyin sinadari

Tsari A: cation na methylthioninium

Alamomi: alamomin N masu shuɗi suna nuna atom uku na nitrogen; S mai rawaya yana nuna sulfur; kowanne daga cikin atom biyu na nitrogen da ke gefuna yana ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin methyl biyu. Ƙarshen layukan da ba su da alama a waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna wakiltar atom na carbon tare da hydrogen ɗinsu da ba a nuna ba. Zobba uku masu haɗe da juna suna samar da babban tsarin conjugation na tsakiya. Wannan zanen daga tushen bayani yana nuna hanya ɗaya ta wakiltar cajin ƙa'ida.

Tsarin cation a ChEBI yana da dabara C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺, jimillar caji +1, da matsakaicin nauyi 284.408. Matsayi na 3 da 7 suna ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin dimethylamino masu maye gurbi. Alamar ƙa'ida ta caji tabbatacce a kan atom ɗaya a zane hanya ce ta lissafin caji don wannan wakilci; bai kamata a fassara ta a matsayin taswirar cikakkiyar rarrabuwar electron ba.

Tsari B: gishirin chloride

Alamomi: Cl⁻ mai kore shi ne ion na chloride mai caji kishiyar na cation. An nuna shi dabam da tsarin sinadarin organic da gangan. Cation ɗaya mai +1 da anion ɗaya mai −1 suna samar da rukunin dabara marar jimillar caji. An sake ɗaukar zane-zanen tsari biyu daga ChEBI kuma aka maida su WebP ba tare da canza haɗinsu ko alamomin atom ba.

Bayanin PubChem na CID 6099 yana amfani da wani sunan tsarin sinadarai da kuma wurare daban na haɗi ninki biyu da cajin ƙa'ida. Waɗannan wakilcin suna kiyaye irin haɗin atom ɗin. Ba sa tabbatar da cewa akwai wani hydrate dabam ko wani ƙarin sinadari.

Teburin siffofi tare da tushen bayanai

Nauyin dabara da ke ƙasa yana bin samfurin bayanin monograph na shuɗin methylene na USP. Ma'aunan zahiri misalai ne daga bayanin wani takamaiman trihydrate na kasuwanci, kuma an kiyaye sharuɗɗan ma'aunin da aka bayar.

Bayanin samfurin daga masana'anta yana goyon bayan layukan da suka shafi wannan samfurin. Waɗannan bayanan suna da amfani a matsayin wuraren kwatance, amma ba ƙayyadaddun siffofi ba ne ga kowane foda ko ruwan sinadari da aka gama shiryawa. Ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin nauyin dabara a rumbunan bayanai na iya kasancewa saboda ƙa'idojin nauyin atom da zagaye lambobi; wannan batu ya bambanta da bambancin hydrate wanda ya fi girma sosai.

Dalilin da ya sa ruwan kristal yake canza lissafi

Millimole ɗaya na tsantsar chloride marar ruwan kristal yana da nauyin 319.85 mg; millimole ɗaya na tsantsar trihydrate yana da nauyin 373.90 mg. Kowannensu yana ɗauke da millimole ɗaya na cation na rini. Bisa lissafin da aka yi daga teburin, nauyin trihydrate ya fi da kusan 16.9% ga adadin rini iri ɗaya.

Saboda haka, 1.000 g/L na tsantsar chloride marar ruwan kristal ya yi daidai da kusan 3.13 mmol/L, yayin da 1.000 g/L na tsantsar trihydrate ya yi daidai da kusan 2.67 mmol/L. Waɗannan misalai ne bisa dabara, kafin yin gyara bisa ainihin sakamakon gwajin ƙimar sinadari ko adadin ruwa da aka auna. Yi amfani da kalkuletar molarity ta shuɗin methylene don a bayyana nau'in sinadarin da aka zaɓa a fili.

Ma'anar USP tana bayyana ƙimar sinadari bisa samfurin da aka busar. Don haka, ana buƙatar fassara kaso bisa busasshen samfurin da nauyin foda yadda aka karɓe shi tare. Kasancewar ruwan kristal ba hujjar gurɓatawa ba ce kai tsaye. Cikakken kwatancin trihydrate da nau'in marar ruwan kristal yana bayyana yadda ake karanta waɗannan alamomi.

Caji ba ya tabbatar da colloid

“Cajin sol na shuɗin methylene” yana haɗa tambayoyi biyu daban. Ion na rini yana da caji +1. Sanin ko wani haɗin da aka shirya sol ne yana buƙatar bayani game da tsarin barbashin da suka bazu a cikinsa.

Ma'anar sol ta IUPAC tana magana ne kan tsarin colloid mai iya gudana. Ba ta mai da kowane ruwan sinadari na rini mai caji ya zama colloid ba. Haka kuma, dabarar gishiri marar jimillar caji ba ta nufin cewa kowanne daga cikin ion ɗinsa da suka narke ba shi da caji. Da'awa game da cajin barbashi ko ƙarfin zeta tana buƙatar ainihin haɗin da aka shirya da sharuɗɗan ma'auni, ba dabarar ƙwayar sinadari kaɗai ba.

pH, pKa, da rarrabuwar caji suna amsa tambayoyi daban-daban

IUPAC tana bayyana pH ta hanyar aikin ion na hydrogen a cikin ruwan sinadari. Saboda haka, busasshen fodar shuɗin methylene ba shi da pH na ruwa da ke zaman kansa. Bayanin pH mai amfani yana fayyace abin narkarwa, taro, zafin jiki, da tsarin haɗin sinadarai. Ƙara sinadarin daidaita pH zai iya canza pH na ruwan sinadari ba tare da canza asalin sinadarin da aka rubuta a alamar rini ba.

A gefe guda, tsayayyen ƙimar rabuwar acid tana bayyana wani takamaiman daidaito, kuma pKa ita ce logarithm ɗinta mai tushe 10 da aka sauya alamarsa zuwa korau. “pKa na shuɗin methylene” mai amfani dole ne ya bayyana nau'in da ya karɓi proton, nau'in da ya rasa proton, da matsakaicin da suke ciki. Lamba ita kaɗai ba ta bayyana ko tana nufin rinin da aka yi wa oxidation ko wani nau'in sinadari dabam ba. Canja wurin proton da canja wurin electron matakai ne daban-daban; duba ilimin redox na shuɗin methylene da shuɗin leucomethylene don na biyun.

“Mai rarrabuwar caji ko marar ita?” ma yana buƙatar fayyace dalilin tambayar. Chloride na shuɗin methylene sinadari ne na ion, yayin da cation na sinadarin organic ɗinsa yake ɗauke da shimfiɗaɗɗen tsarin carbon. Wannan bayanin ya fi amfani fiye da ba wa dukan sinadarin ƙima guda ta rarrabuwar caji. Kamar yadda bayanin IUPAC kan rarrabuwar caji a abubuwan narkarwa ya bayyana, hulɗar sinadari da abin narkarwa ta dogara da mu'amaloli da dama. Don aikin shiryawa, yi amfani da narkewar da aka auna a cikin abin narkarwar da ake son amfani da shi da kuma sharuɗɗan da ke cikin jagorar narkewa da shirya ruwan sinadari.

Wane yawa ya dace da sauya ma'auni?

Ko da yake 1 g/cm³ ya yi daidai da 1 g/mL, canza naúrar ma'auni ba ya canza abin da aka auna. Yawan daskararren abu ba zai iya sauya milliliters na ruwan sinadari mai ƙarancin taro zuwa grams na wannan ruwan sinadari ba. Yawan foda a dunkule yana amsa wata tambaya dabam domin tsarin taruwar foda yana barin iska tsakanin barbashi.

Don sauyawa daga nauyi-a-kowace-ƙara zuwa nauyi-a-kowace-nauyi, samo yawan ruwan sinadarin da aka gama shiryawa a wani zafin jiki da aka bayyana. Don auna nauyi da molarity, tabbatar da dabarar sinadarin da tushen gwajin ƙimarsa. Daidaita siffar da abin da ake aunawa yana hana kurakuran da ƙara lambobin bayan alamar goma ba zai iya gyarawa ba.