Isihloko
Ukwelashwa kwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue: indlela okucwaningwa ngayo
Ukwelashwa kwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue kuzwakala kuyizinyathelo ezimbili. Faka udayi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukhanyise ngokukhanya okubomvu. Lowo mbono awulungile, futhi yiwo oyimbangela yokudideka okuningi ngalokhu kwelashwa. Inqubo ecwaningwayo inezingxenye ezintathu okufanele zihlangane endaweni efanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo: isizweli sokukhanya sisesimweni esikwazi ukumunca ukukhanya, ama-photon anobude begagasi obufanele ngomthamo olinganisiwe, nomoya-mpilo oyimolekyuli ozokwamukela amandla adluliswayo. Uma kususwa noma iyiphi yalezi zingxenye, umphumela okuthiwa uyenzeka awusenayo indlela yokwenzeka.
Lesi sihloko sichaza indlela abacwaningi abaluchaza ngayo lolu hlelo olunezingxenye ezintathu, ukuthi yimaphi amapharamitha abawalawulayo, nokuthi kungani ubude begagasi nenani lamandla okushicilelwe kungenakuguqulwa kube inqubo yasekhaya. Imiphumela yomdlavuza ikwi-buyekezo elihlukile le-methylene blue nocwaningo lomdlavuza, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelashwa kwamazinyo kuqoqwe ocwaningweni lwe-photodynamic lomlomo namazinyo. Akukho kulokhu okuphindwayo lapha.
Udayi uyisizweli sokukhanya, hhayi into yokufaka umbala nje
I-methylene blue imunca kakhulu ukukhanya okubomvu, kanti inani eliphakeme lokumunca le-monomer liseduze no-664 kuya ku-666 nm futhi ikhono lokumunca ngokwemoli liphezulu kakhulu. Lelo banga lokumunca yilo elenza izifundo zokwelashwa kwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue zisebenzise imithombo ebomvu, ngokuvamile ebangeni elicishe libe ngu-630 kuya ku-680 nm. Isibani esingaphandle kwalelo banga singabonakala sikhanya kakhulu kodwa silethe cishe kungabikho ukuvuswa okusebenzisekayo. Imithetho yobude begagasi eyenza kukhethwe lokhu ichazwe ku-ndlela i-methylene blue emunca ngayo ukukhanya okubomvu.
Ukumunca kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Udayi ovusiwe udlulela esimweni se-triplet esihlala isikhathi eside, bese kusuka lapho kuba nezindlela ezimbili zamakhemikhali abangelwa ukukhanya. Ekhemistri yohlobo I udayi ovusiwe ushintshisana ngama-electron noma ama-athomu e-hydrogen nezinto eziseduze ezibamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, bese ukhiqiza ama-radical, kuhlanganise namakhemikhali e-superoxide ezinyathelweni ezilandelayo. Ekhemistri yohlobo II udayi osesimweni se-triplet udlulisela amandla ngokuqondile emoyeni-mpilo osesimweni samandla esiphansi, bese ukhiqiza umoya-mpilo we-singlet. Ezimweni ezinomoya-mpilo i-methylene blue isebenza ikakhulukazi njengesizweli esikhiqiza umoya-mpilo we-singlet, ngesivuno se-quantum esibikiwe esiseduze no-0.5 emanzini, kanti igalelo lohlobo I liyakhuphuka noma lehle kuye ngendawo elikuyo. Ukubuyekezwa kwango-1993 kwamakhemikhali e-methylene blue abangelwa ukukhanya lapho ihlangana nezinto zebhayoloji kuchaza zombili lezi zindlela futhi kubonisa ukuthi kungani ibhalansi yazo ingenakutholakala ngokufunda ilebula likadayi.
Lokho kubuyekezwa kubuye kuqambe into eyinhloko eqondiswa kuyo kuma-nucleic acid. I-guanine inamandla aphansi kakhulu okwenza i-oxidation phakathi kwama-base e-DNA, ngakho umoya-mpilo we-singlet uyenza i-oxidation kuqala, wakhe imikhiqizo efana ne-8-oxo-deoxyguanosine. Ukungena kukadayi phakathi kwezingqimba ze-DNA akudingekile ukuze kwenzeke lowo monakalo. Kodwa ukubuyekezwa kubuye kuxwayise ngokuthatha i-DNA njengokuphela kwendaba. I-methylene blue yenza i-oxidation kumaprotheni, ama-lipid nolwelwesi, kanti into okuqondiswa kuyo ebangela ukufa ocwaningweni ngalunye incike ekutheni udayi utholakala kuphi. Ngakho ukugxila kwawo oketshezini oluzungezile kuyinkomba ebuthakathaka yomthamo ofinyelela lapho kuhloswe khona. Abafundi abaqhathanisa le khemistri eqhutshwa ukukhanya nemisebenzi kadayi ye-redox ebumnyameni kufanele bakugcine kuhlukene, njengoba kuchazwe endleleni i-methylene blue esebenza ngayo kumaseli.
Inhlanganisela eyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa, hhayi umuthi osulungiselelwe kahle kakhulu
Umthombo wesibili oyisisekelo ukubuyekezwa kwango-2005 kokuthuthukiswa kwezizweli zokukhanya ze-phenothiazinium, okubheka i-methylene blue njengesakhiwo sokuqala esinobuthakathaka obaziwayo, hhayi njengesizweli sokukhanya esesiphelele. Izinguquko ezincane esakhiweni zishintsha ukuthambekela kwayo ekuhlanganeni namafutha, ukungena kumaseli, indawo etholakala kuyo ngaphakathi kwamaseli, ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo we-singlet, ubuthi ebumnyameni nokumelana nokuncishiswa kwamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufaka amaqembu e-methyl ku-chromophore kukhulisa ukuthambekela ekuhlanganeni namafutha nokukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo we-singlet futhi kubambezela ukuncishiswa ibe yisimo se-leuco esingasebenzi; izinhlanganisela ezifanayo ezifakwe amaqembu e-methyl zakhombisa ubuthi obukhulu obubangelwa ukukhanya cishe ku-7.2 J per square cm emsebenzini okusekelwe kuwo. Ukuthambekela okwengeziwe ekuhlanganeni namafutha akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi kungcono, ngoba ukungahlangani namanzi ngokweqile kunciphisa ukuncibilika, kukhuthaza ukunqwabelana futhi kungahlanekezela ukuma kwesakhiwo okudingwa amakhemikhali abangelwa ukukhanya.
Indaba yesimo se-leuco idinga ukugcizelelwa ngoba ayibonakali. I-methylene blue eyenziwe i-oxidation iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi imunca ukukhanya okubomvu. I-leuco-methylene blue encishisiwe icishe ingabi nambala futhi imunca kabi kulelo banga elifanayo, ngakho udayi oncishiswe ngaphakathi kwamaseli noma ezicutshini ezinomoya-mpilo omncane uyasuswa okwesikhashana eqoqweni elisebenza ngokukhanya kuze kube wenziwa i-oxidation futhi. Ngakho isimo se-redox sezicubu sishintsha ukugxila kwesizweli sokukhanya esisebenzayo ngisho noma ukugxila okufakiwe kungashintshi. Umlando wokwakhiwa kwezinhlanganisela, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwasekuqaleni kwalolu hlobo lodaya kwezokwelapha naselabhorethri, uchazwe ku-mlando we-methylene blue kwezokwelapha.
Ithebula locwaningo: yini eguqukayo nokuthi kusho ukuthini
Ithebula elingezansi liyithuluzi lokuqhathanisa elakhelwe lesi sihloko. Umugqa ngamunye uyisici esisodwa sokwelashwa okufanele izifundo zisibike. Funda umugqa ukusuka kwesobunxele uye kwesokudla ukuze ubone ukuthi kungani ukushintsha isethingi eyodwa kushintsha incazelo yazo zonke ezinye.
| Isici esiguqukayo | Lokho izifundo ezikubikayo | Kungani sishintsha umphumela |
|---|---|---|
| Inhlanganisela yesizweli sokukhanya | Udayi ongaboshiwe emanzini, oketshezini lukasawoti noma ku-buffer; i-ethanol ne-Cremophor njengoketshezi oluthwala udayi emsebenzini wezilwane; ama-liposome, izinhlayiya ze-polymer noma izithwali ze-cyclodextrin emsebenzini wokuhlola | Uketshezi oluthwala udayi nesithwali kushintsha ukungena, indawo udayi otholakala kuyo nokungena udlule izithiyo ezifana nesakhiwo se-biofilm noma izicubu zesimila |
| Ukugxila okufakiwe | Izifundo kubantu zokulwa namagciwane zibika cishe u-0.0003 kuya ku-0.06 M ngezikhawu ezingu-1 kuya ku-5 minute phakathi kokufakwa komuthi nokukhanyisa; umsebenzi wezimila ezilwaneni uhlanganisa izibonelo eziseduze no-500 micrograms per mL ngaphakathi kwesimila | Ukugxila okuphezulu kuyo yonke inhlanganisela kungakhulisa ukwakheka kwama-dimer eduze no-590 nm futhi kunciphise ukusebenza okukhiqizayo kwe-monomer kumakhemikhali abangelwa ukukhanya, ngakho ukuphinda ukugxila kabili akusho ukuthi umphumela uzophindeka kabili |
| Isikhawu phakathi komuthi nokukhanya | Imizuzu ezinqubweni zokulwa namagciwane ngokufaka udayi endaweni; eside futhi sincike koketshezi oluthwala udayi kumamodeli ezimila | Isikhawu sinquma ukuthi udayi ukuphi lapho ukukhanya kufika, okuyikho okunquma into eyinhloko yebhayoloji okuqondiswa kuyo |
| Ubude begagasi | Ngokuvamile cishe u-630 kuya ku-680 nm | Kufanele buhambisane nebanga lokumunca le-monomer; uketshezi olunama-dimer amaningi lushintsha ukumunca okusebenzayo |
| I-irradiance | Imibiko yokulwa namagciwane kubantu isukela cishe ku-50 kuya ku-750 mW per square cm; izifundo zamanxeba ezilwaneni ngokuvamile ziku-100 mW per square cm noma ngaphansi | I-irradiance ephezulu ingaqeda umoya-mpilo wendawo ngokushesha kunokuba ukugeleza kwegazi kuwubuyisele, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle nakuba i-fluence ebhaliwe ifana |
| I-fluence | Imibiko yokulwa namagciwane kubantu isukela cishe ku-6 kuya ku-18 J per square cm esikhathini esingu-8 seconds kuya ku-10 minutes; izifundo zamanxeba ezilwaneni zisukela cishe ku-12 kuya ku-360 J per square cm | Amandla aphelele ngaphandle kwe-irradiance, isikhathi nokuma kwendawo ayisilinganiso somthamo esingaphelele |
| Ukuba khona komoya-mpilo | Akuvamile ukulawulwa ngokuqondile; kuthathwa ngokubheka uhlobo lwezicubu, izinga le-fluence nokuhlukaniswa kokukhanyisa kube izingxenye | Ikhemistri yohlobo II isebenzisa umoya-mpilo, ngakho amasethingi okukhanya afanayo anganikeza imiphumela ehlukile ezindaweni ezigelezelwa kahle yigazi uma ziqhathaniswa nezingenawo umoya-mpilo owanele |
| Okuhlosiwe nesimo socwaningo | Amamodeli okutheleleka kwesikhumba namanxeba, amamodeli e-biofilm yomlomo, amasistimu e-carcinoma ne-melanoma akhuliswe elabhorethri, izimila kumagundane, imibiko yomlando yezimila zesikhumba | Ukuma kwendawo, ukujula, ukuziphatha kokukhanya nomonakalo umzimba ongawubekezelela kwehluka kakhulu kangangokuthi izinombolo zokulwa namagciwane azisoze zadluliselwa ngokwezibalo emsebenzini wezimila |
Amabanga angenhla angamabanga abonwe ezifundweni, hhayi inqubo enconywayo. Lowo mehluko yiwona umgomo wethebula. Ububanzi bemithamo yokukhanya ebikiwe ngokwabo buwubufakazi bokuthi awukho umthamo wokukhanya we-methylene blue ongadluliselwa kwezinye izimo. Umongo ohlobene waselabhorethri ngomsebenzi we-biofilm ovuswa ukukhanya utholakala ku-methylene blue ekulweni nama-biofilm, kanti imininingwane ebanzi ngesikhumba nokwelashwa ngokukhanya itholakala ezintweni eziyisisekelo zokuzwela kwesikhumba ekukhanyeni nomthamo wokukhanya.
Kungani izinombolo zamandla ezifanayo zinganikeza imiphumela ehlukile yebhayoloji
Kunezinhlobo ezine zokudideka eziphindayo noma nini lapho amapharamitha ashicilelwe ecashunwa ngaphandle komongo wawo.
Okokuqala, i-fluence ayiwona umthamo. Ukuchayeka okubili okunobude begagasi obufanayo nenani elifanayo lama-J per square cm kuyahluka uma okunye kwenziwa ngokushesha kanti okunye kancane, ngoba ukuphela komoya-mpilo, ukulungiseka komonakalo ngesikhathi sokuchayeka nokufiphala kukadayi okubangelwa ukukhanya konke kuncike ezingeni nasesikhathini. Ukubika amandla ngaphandle kwe-irradiance nesikhathi sokuchayeka kushiya ucwaningo lungachazwanga ngokwanele.
Okwesibili, indlela ukukhanya okuziphatha ngayo ezicutshini ishintsha isethingi yesibani. Ukumuncwa, ukuhlakazeka, ukuma kwendawo engaphezulu nokuhlakazeka okubuyela emuva kusho ukuthi i-fluence ngaphakathi kwezicubu ingahluka kakhulu enanini elilinganiswe embotsheni yesibani; kwezinye izimo umehluko ungasondela ekuphindekeni kabili ngokwemibhalo yezilinganiso zemithamo kwezokwelapha. Inombolo ekopishwe ephepheni locwaningo ichaza ukuma kwendawo kwalelo phepha, hhayi konke ukuma kwezindawo.
Okwesithathu, indawo udayi otholakala kuyo inquma okuhlosiwe. Udayi one-charge evumayo usabalalela olwelesini, kuma-mitochondria, kuma-lysosome, ezingxenyeni ezingaphandle zamagciwane noma esakhiweni esingaphandle kwamaseli kuye ngenhlanganisela, i-charge, ukuthambekela ekuhlanganeni namafutha, isikhawu nezicubu. Ukubuyekezwa kwango-1993 kwamakhemikhali abangelwa ukukhanya kubhala ngomonakalo kuma-nucleic acid, amaprotheni, ama-lipid, ulwelwesi, izitho ezincane zamaseli, amagciwane angama-virus, amagciwane angama-bacteria, amaseli ezilwane ezincelisayo namasistimu ezimila; yilokho kanye okwenza inhlanganisela efanayo kadayi nokukhanya ikwazi ukubulala ngezindlela ezihlukile ezimweni ezihlukile.
Okwesine, umoya-mpilo uyinto esetshenziswayo iphele. Amazinga aphezulu e-fluence angashesha kunokubuyiselwa komoya-mpilo ngokusabalala nangokugeleza kwegazi, adale ukushoda kwesikhashana komoya-mpilo phakathi nokuchayeka. Uma lokho kwenzeka, ukwengeza ukukhanya okwengeziwe kwengeza umphumela omncane noma kungangezi nhlobo umphumela wohlobo II. Ukuhlukanisa ukukhanyisa kube izingxenye nokusebenzisa i-irradiance ephansi kuyacwaningwa ngokwengxenye njengezimpendulo kulo mkhawulo; yingakho nemikhawulo yokuphepha nokuba khona komoya-mpilo ezicutshini kufanele kube sezindinganisweni zokuphepha nokugadwa kwezokwelapha, hhayi encwadini yesibani.
Inqubo eholwa uchwepheshe wezokwelapha, hhayi iresiphi yasekhaya
Ukwelashwa okucwaningwayo kwenziwa lapho ukuxilonga, ukukala umthamo nokugadwa kuhlangene khona. Kufanele kube nomuntu oqinisekisa ukuthi indawo elimele iyini nokuthi ijule kangakanani, akhethe inhlanganisela nesikhawu phakathi komuthi nokukhanya esifanele lokho okuhlosiwe, alinganise umthombo wokukhanya endaweni echaziwe enokuma okuchaziwe, futhi aqaphe isikhumba, amehlo, ubuhlungu nokusabela kwezicubu zendawo. Ukubuyekezwa kokuthuthukiswa kwe-phenothiazinium okusekelwe kukho kubheka wonke lo mkhakha njengokulungiselela ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo nokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, hhayi njengodayi ohlanganiswe nokukhanya okubomvu okuvamile.
Ukulingisa ekhaya kwehluleka kuzo zonke izici ezilawulwayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izibani zabathengi azivamile ukubika i-irradiance elinganisiwe ngokobude begagasi ebangeni lokwelashwa. Ukugxila kukadayi okufakiwe akusho lutho ngesabelo se-monomer noma indawo etholakala kuyo ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Ukuba khona komoya-mpilo ezicutshini akwaziwa futhi kuyashintsha ngesikhathi sokuchayeka. Alikho kulawa mabanga acashuniwe eligunyaza inqubo yasekhaya, futhi lesi sihloko asinikeli ngenhloso iresiphi esebenzisekayo. Abafundi abahlola ikhwalithi yobufakazi jikelele kufanele basebenzise indlela yokufunda ucwaningo lwe-methylene blue ngaphambi kokufinyelela eziphethweni ngephepha elilodwa, kanti abafundi abafuna ukwazi ngezindlela zokukhanya kuphela ngaphandle kwesizweli sokukhanya kufanele baqale ku-kwelashwa ngokukhanya okubomvu ngaphandle kwesizweli sokukhanya.
Lokho lesi sihloko esingakuqinisekisi
Asiqinisekisi ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue kwelapha ngokuphelele noma yisiphi isimo sesikhumba, kuqeda noma yikuphi ukutheleleka noma kwelapha noma yisiphi isimila. Ukubuyekezwa kwezindlela zokusebenza okucashunwe lapha kwalinganisa amakhemikhali abangelwa ukukhanya futhi kwaqhathanisa izakhiwo zodayi; akuzange kunqume ukugxila noma i-fluence yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Amabanga amapharamitha acashunwe ngenhla avela emibikweni yabantu engafani nakumamodeli ezilwane anezinto okuhloswe kuzo, ukujula, izinhlanganisela namaphuzu okuphela ahlukile, futhi akunakuthathwa isilinganiso sawo kwakhiwe umhlahlandlela. Ubufakazi obuqondene nezimila, kuhlanganise nemikhawulo yemibiko yokuqala yezokwelapha nge-basal cell carcinoma, i-Kaposi sarcoma ne-melanoma, buhlolwa ngokwehlukana eqoqweni locwaningo lomdlavuza. Imibuzo yobumsulwa neyokutholakala kwezinto ezisezingeni lelabhorethri ihlukile endabeni yokwelashwa futhi ibhekwa ku-ndlela yokukhetha umkhiqizo we-methylene blue.