Isihloko
Ikhemistri ye-methylene blue: isakhiwo, ifomula, izici namagama
I-methylene blue ngokuvamile isho i-methylthioninium chloride, usawoti oqukethe udayi ophilayo oneshaji ephozithivu ne-ayoni ye-chloride ephikisa leyo shaji. Usawoti ongenamanzi unefomula ethi C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S nesisindo sefomula esilinganiselwa ku-319.85 g/mol. Amanzi ayingxenye yesakhiwo sekristalu ashintsha isisindo sento ekaliwe ngaphandle kokushintsha ubunjalo bekhathiyoni yayo kadayi.
Lo mehluko uxazulula izinto eziningana ezibonakala ziphikisana kumakhathalogi amakhemikhali. Irekhodi lingabika ngokufanele ukuthi ishaji ephelele kasawoti inguziro, libe lichaza udayi njengoneshaji yekhathiyoni. Elinye ikhathalogi lingabika u-373.90 g/mol ngoba into yalo iyi-trihydrate. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isici esithile, thola ukuthi inombolo ichaza ini.
Amagama akhomba amazinga ahlukene ento
Irekhodi le-methylene blue ku-ChEBI likhomba usawoti we-chloride, libala i-CAS 61-73-4, futhi lihlanganisa amagama athi methylthioninium chloride, Basic Blue 9 no-C.I. 52015. Igama lawo ngokohlelo lokuqamba amakhemikhali lithi 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride.
Igama elithi methylthioninium ngaphandle kwelithi “chloride” likhomba ikhathiyoni ephilayo. Ukubizwa nge-hydrate kwengeza omunye umehluko: i-methylene blue chloride ehlobene nenani elishiwo lamanzi entweni eqinile. Emibandeleni yokuthenga, bhala ndawonye igama eligcwele lekhemikhali, ifomula, uhlobo lwe-hydrate nesihlonzi somhlinzeki. Unganciki egameni lombala kuphela. Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-methyl blue nabanye odayi abanamagama afanayo kuchaza ukuthi kungani amagama acishe afane engakhomba amakhemikhali ahlukene.
Funda izakhiwo zamamolekhuli
Isakhiwo A: ikhathiyoni ye-methylthioninium
Amalebula: izimpawu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zika-N zikhomba ama-athomu amathathu e-nitrogen; u-S ophuzi ukhomba isibabule; i-athomu ngayinye kulawo amabili angaphandle e-nitrogen ithwele amaqembu amabili e-methyl. Iziphetho zemigqa ezingenamalebula kulawo maqembu zimelela ama-athomu ekhabhoni kanye nama-hydrogen awo angaboniswanga. Izindandatho ezintathu ezihlangene zakha uhlaka oluphakathi olunamabhondi axhumene ngokulandelana. Lo mdwebo womthombo ubonisa indlela eyodwa yokumela ishaji ye-formal.
Isakhiwo sekhathiyoni ku-ChEBI sinefomula ethi C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺, ishaji ephelele engu-+1, nesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-284.408. Izindawo 3 no-7 zithwele amaqembu e-dimethylamino axhunywe esakhiweni. Uphawu lwe-formal oluphozithivu ku-athomu eyodwa emdwebeni luyindlela yokubala ishaji kulokho kumelwa; akufanele luhunyushwe njengebalazwe lokusabalala okuphelele kwama-electron.
Isakhiwo B: usawoti we-chloride
Amalebula: u-Cl⁻ oluhlaza uyii-ayoni ye-chloride ephikisa ishaji yekhathiyoni. Uboniswe engaxhunyiwe esakhiweni esiphilayo ngamabomu. Ikhathiyoni eyodwa engu-+1 ne-anayoni eyodwa engu-−1 zinikeza iyunithi yefomula engenashaji. Yomibili imidwebo yezakhiwo ithathwe ku-ChEBI yaguqulelwa ku-WebP ngaphandle kokushintsha amabhondi noma amalebula ama-athomu.
Irekhodi le-PubChem le-CID 6099 lisebenzisa elinye igama ngokohlelo lokuqamba amakhemikhali nokubekwa okuhlukile kwamabhondi aphindwe kabili neshaji ye-formal. Lezi zindlela zokumela zigcina ukuxhumana okufanayo kwama-athomu. Azifakazeli ukuthi kukhona i-hydrate ehlukile noma isithako esengeziwe.
Ithebula lezici elinemithombo
Izisindo zefomula ezingezansi zilandela ukubuka kuqala umbhalo we-USP we-methylene blue. Izilinganiso zezici ezibonakalayo ziyizibonelo ezivela kurekhodi le-trihydrate ethile ethengiswayo, kanti izimo ezitholakalayo zokulinganisa zigcinwe njengoba zinjalo.
| Isici | Inani noma incazelo | Isisekelo nendlela yokuhumusha |
|---|---|---|
| Ikhathiyoni kadayi | C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺; +1; cishe 284.41 g/mol | Ikhathiyoni kuphela, ngaphandle kwe-chloride namanzi; ChEBI 43830 |
| I-chloride engenamanzi | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S; 319.85 g/mol | Iyunithi yefomula kasawoti engenashaji; USP |
| I-monohydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·H₂O; 337.90 g/mol | Imolekhuli yamanzi eyodwa ngeyunithi ngayinye yefomula kasawoti; USP |
| I-trihydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·3H₂O; 373.90 g/mol | Amamolekhuli amanzi amathathu ngeyunithi ngayinye yefomula kasawoti; USP |
| I-pentahydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·5H₂O; 409.93 g/mol | Amamolekhuli amanzi amahlanu ngeyunithi ngayinye yefomula kasawoti; USP |
| Isimo esibonakalayo | Okuqinile | Umkhiqizo we-Merck/Sigma 1.04122, onelebula elithi trihydrate |
| Ukuminyana kwento eqinile okubikiwe | 1.757 g/cm³ ku-22 °C | Umkhiqizo 1.04122; akukhona ukuminyana kwesisombululo esilungisiwe |
| Ukuminyana kwempushana enqwabelene okubikiwe | 400–600 kg/m³ | Umkhiqizo ofanayo; kuhlanganisa izikhala phakathi kwezinhlayiya zempushana |
| I-pH ebikiwe | 3 ku-20 °C, 10 g/L emanzini | Umkhiqizo ofanayo nezimo zesisombululo ezishiwo |
| Ukuncibilika okubalwe | 50 g/L | Umkhiqizo ofanayo; imininingwane ebonisiwe ayisho izinga lokushisa |
| Imininingwane yokushisa | 190 °C, ukubola kwamakhemikhali | Umkhiqizo ofanayo; akulona izinga lokuncibilika esimweni sokulingana elingenayo imibandela |
| I-pKa | Idinga ipheya echaziwe ye-asidi/isisekelo nendawo okwenzeka kuyo | Ayinakushintshaniswa ne-pH yokuphakathi ebhodleleni noma yesisombululo |
Irekhodi lomkhiqizo lomkhiqizi lisekela imigqa ephathelene ngqo nomkhiqizo. Le mininingwane iwusizo njengezinkomba, hhayi njengemibandela yazo zonke izimpushana noma uketshezi oluqediwe. Umehluko omncane phakathi kwezisindo zefomula ezisezinqolobaneni zedatha ungabuye uveze izindlela ezihlukene zokusebenzisa izisindo zama-athomu nokusondeza izinombolo; lokho kuwudaba oluhlukile kunomehluko omkhulu kakhulu obangelwa i-hydrate.
Kungani amanzi asesakhiweni eshintsha ukubala
I-millimole eyodwa ye-chloride engenamanzi emsulwa ngokwefomula inesisindo esingu-319.85 mg; i-millimole eyodwa ye-trihydrate emsulwa ngokwefomula inesisindo esingu-373.90 mg. Ngayinye iqukethe i-millimole eyodwa yamakhathiyoni kadayi. Uma kubalwa kusetshenziswa ithebula, isisindo se-trihydrate sikhulu cishe ngo-16.9% uma inani likadayi lifana.
Ngakho-ke, u-1.000 g/L we-chloride emsulwa engenamanzi uhambisana cishe no-3.13 mmol/L, kanti u-1.000 g/L we-trihydrate emsulwa uhambisana cishe no-2.67 mmol/L. Lezi yizibonelo ezisekelwe kufomula, ngaphambi kokulungisa ngokwemiphumela yangempela yokuhlolwa kobumsulwa noma inani lamanzi elilinganisiwe. Sebenzisa isibali sokugxila kwe-methylene blue ngama-mole ukuze uhlobo lwekhemikhali olukhethiwe luhlale lucacile.
Incazelo ye-USP iveza ukuhlolwa kobumsulwa ngesisekelo sento eyomisiwe. Ngakho-ke iphesenti elisekelwe entweni eyomisiwe nesisindo sempushana njengoba yamukelwe kudinga ukuhunyushwa ndawonye. Amanzi ayingxenye yesakhiwo sekristalu awabobufakazi bokungcola ngokuzenzakalela. Ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe kwe-trihydrate naleyo engenamanzi kuchaza indlela yokufunda lawo malebula.
Ishaji ayifakazeli ukuthi into iyi-colloid
“Inani leshaji ye-sol ye-methylene blue” lihlanganisa imibuzo emibili ehlukene. I-ayoni kadayi ineshaji engu-+1. Ukuthi ingxube elungisiwe iyi-sol yini kudinga ulwazi ngesistimu yezinhlayiya ezisabalele kuyo.
Incazelo ye-IUPAC ye-sol iphathelene nesistimu ye-colloid ewuketshezi. Ayenzi zonke izisombululo zikadayi oneshaji zibe ama-colloid. Futhi ifomula kasawoti engenashaji ayisho ukuthi ama-ayoni awo ancibilikile awanashaji ngawodwana. Isitatimende ngeshaji yezinhlayiya noma amandla kagesi e-zeta sidinga imininingwane yengxube elungisiwe nezimo zokulinganisa, hhayi ifomula yemolekhuli kuphela.
I-pH, i-pKa ne-polarity ziphendula imibuzo ehlukene
I-IUPAC ichaza i-pH ngomsebenzi wama-ayoni e-hydrogen esisombululweni. Ngakho-ke impushana eyomile ye-methylene blue ayinayo i-pH yasemanzini ezimele. Imininingwane ye-pH ewusizo isho isincibilikisi, ukugxila, izinga lokushisa nokwakheka kwengxube. Ukwengeza isilawuli se-pH kungashintsha i-pH yesisombululo ngaphandle kokushintsha ubunjalo obubhalwe kulebula likadayi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani elingaguquki lokuhlukana kwe-asidi lichaza isimo esithile sokulingana, futhi i-pKa iyi-logarithm yalo enesisekelo esingu-10 eshintshwe uphawu yaba negethivu. “I-pKa ye-methylene blue” esebenzisekayo kufanele isho uhlobo olufakwe iphrothoni nolususwe iphrothoni, kanye nendawo okwenzeka kuyo. Inombolo eyodwa iyodwa ayikutsheli ukuthi ibhekisela kudayi osesimweni se-oxidation noma kolunye uhlobo lwekhemikhali. Ukudluliselwa kwephrothoni nokudluliselwa kwe-electron kuyizinqubo ezihlukene; bheka ikhemistri ye-redox ye-methylene blue ne-leucomethylene blue ukuze ufunde ngalena yokugcina.
“Inayo i-polarity noma ayinayo?” nakho kudinga injongo ecacisiwe. I-methylene blue chloride yakhiwe ngama-ayoni, kanti ikhathiyoni yayo ephilayo iqukethe uhlaka lwekhabhoni olunwetshiwe. Leyo ncazelo iwusizo kakhulu kunokunika yonke into isilinganiso esisodwa se-polarity. Njengoba ingxoxo ye-IUPAC nge-polarity yezincibilikisi ichaza, ukusebenzisana nesincibilikisi kuncike ekuxhumaneni okuningi. Emsebenzini wokulungisa izisombululo, sebenzisa ukuncibilika okulinganisiwe esincibilikisini esihlosiwe nezimo eziku-mhlahlandlela wokuncibilika nokulungisa izisombululo.
Yikuphi ukuminyana okufanele kusetshenziswe ekuguquleni izilinganiso?
Nakuba u-1 g/cm³ elingana no-1 g/mL, ukushintsha iyunithi akushintshi lokho okulinganisiwe. Ukuminyana kwento eqinile akukwazi ukuguqula amamililitha esisombululo esingagxilile abe amagremu aleso sisombululo. Ukuminyana kwempushana enqwabelene kuphendula omunye umbuzo ngoba ukunqwabelana kushiya umoya phakathi kwezinhlayiya.
Ukuze uguqule isisindo ngevolumu sibe isisindo ngesisindo, thola ukuminyana kwesisombululo esiqediwe ezingeni lokushisa elishiwo. Ekukaleni isisindo nasekubaleni ukugxila ngama-mole, qinisekisa ifomula yento nesisekelo sokuhlolwa kobumsulwa. Ukufanisa isici nento elinganisiwe kuvimbela amaphutha angenakulungiswa ngokwengeza izindawo zamadesimali.