Inqaku
Unyango lwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue: indlela oluphandwa ngayo
Unyango lwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue luvakala ngathi lunamanyathelo amabini. Qaba idayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uze ukhanyise ngokukhanya okubomvu. Loo ndlela yokucinga ayichanekanga, kwaye ingumthombo wokubhideka okuninzi ngolu nyango. Inkqubo ephandwayo inamacandelo amathathu ekufuneka abekho kwindawo enye ngexesha elinye: isivuseleli sokukhanya sikwimo efunxa ukukhanya, iifotoni ezinobude bamaza obufanelekileyo kwidosi elinganisiweyo, kunye neoksijini yeemolekyuli eyamkela amandla adluliselwayo. Xa kususwa naliphi na icandelo, isiphumo ekuthiwa siyenzeka asisenayo indlela esinokwenzeka ngayo.
Eli nqaku lichaza indlela abaphandi abayichaza ngayo loo nkqubo inamacandelo amathathu, iiparamitha abazilawulayo, nesizathu sokuba ubude bamaza nenani lamandla elipapashiweyo zingaguqulelwa kwinkqubo yokwenza ekhaya. Iziphumo eziphathelele umhlaza zixoxwa kolunye uphononongo lwe-methylene blue nophando lomhlaza, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamazinyo kuhlanganiswe kuphando lwe-photodynamic lomlomo namazinyo. Akukho nanye kwezi ephindwa apha.
Idayi sisivuseleli sokukhanya, hayi into yokufaka umbala
I-methylene blue ifunxa ukukhanya okubomvu ngamandla, incopho yokufunxa ye-monomer ikufuphi no-664 ukuya ku-666 nm, kwaye inomlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu wokufunxa ngokwemole. Elo bhanti lokufunxa sisizathu sokuba izifundo zonyango lwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue zisebenzise imithombo yokukhanya okubomvu, ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu olumalunga no-630 ukuya ku-680 nm. Isibane esisebenza ngaphandle kwelo bhanti sinokubonakala siqaqambile kodwa sinike phantse kungabikho kuvuselelwa kusebenzisekayo. Imigaqo yobude bamaza esemva kolo khetho ichazwe kwinqaku elithi indlela i-methylene blue ekufunxa ngayo ukukhanya okubomvu.
Ukufunxa linyathelo lokuqala kuphela. Idayi evuselelweyo idlulela kwimo ye-triplet ehlala ixesha elide ngakumbi, kwaye ukusuka apho kukho iindlela ezimbini ze-photochemistry. Kwikhemistri yohlobo I, idayi evuselelweyo itshintshiselana ngee-elektroni okanye iiathom zehydrojini kunye nezinto ezikufuphi ezithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo, ize ivelise iiradikali, kuquka ikhemistri ye-superoxide kumanyathelo alandelayo. Kwikhemistri yohlobo II, idayi ekwimo ye-triplet idlulisela amandla ngokuthe ngqo kwioksijini ekwimo yamandla esezantsi, ize ivelise ioksijini ye-singlet. Kwiimeko ezineoksijini, i-methylene blue isebenza ikakhulu njengesivuseleli seoksijini ye-singlet, ngesivuno se-quantum esixelwe sikufuphi no-0.5 emanzini, ngoxa igalelo lohlobo I linyuka okanye lehle ngokwemeko yaloo ndawo. Uphononongo luka-1993 lwe-photochemistry ye-methylene blue nezinto zebhayoloji ezithatha inxaxheba kuyo luchaza zombini ezi ndlela kwaye lubonisa ukuba kutheni ibhalansi yazo ingenakufunyanwa ngokufunda ileyibhile yedayi.
Kwaolo phononongo luchaza eyona nto kujoliswe kuyo kwiiasidi zenukliyiki. I-guanine inamandla afunekayo e-oxidation asezantsi kunezinye iziseko ze-DNA, ngoko ioksijini ye-singlet iyayenza i-oxidation ngokukhethekileyo, ivelise izinto ezifana ne-8-oxo-deoxyguanosine. Ukungena phakathi kweziseko ze-DNA akuyomfuneko ukuze kwenzeke loo monakalo. Kodwa uphononongo lukwalumkisa ngokuthatha i-DNA njengokuphela komcimbi. I-methylene blue yenza i-oxidation kwiiproteni, kwiilipidi, nakwiinwebu, kwaye eyona nto itshatyalaliswayo kulo naluphi na uvavanyo ixhomekeke kwindawo idayi ehlala kuyo. Ngoko ke, uxinaniso kwisisombululo esingqonge into ephandwayo luphawu olubuthathaka lwedosi efikelela kwinto ekujoliswe kuyo. Abafundi abathelekisa le khemistri iqhutywa kukukhanya neendima ze-redox zedayi xa kungekho kukhanya kufuneka bazahlule ezi zinto zimbini, njengoko kuchaziwe kwindlela i-methylene blue esebenza ngayo kwiiseli.
Ikhompawundi esisiseko sophuhliso, hayi iyeza esele liphuculwe ngokupheleleyo
Umthombo wesibini ophambili luphononongo luka-2005 lophuhliso lwezivuseleli zokukhanya ze-phenothiazinium, oluthatha i-methylene blue njengesakhiwo esisiseko sophuhliso esinobuthathaka obaziwayo, kungekhona njengesivuseleli sokukhanya esele sigqityiwe. Utshintsho oluncinci kwisakhiwo lutshintsha ukutsaleleka kumafutha, ukufunxwa ziiseli, indawo ehlala kuyo ngaphakathi kweeseli, ukuveliswa kweoksijini ye-singlet, ubutyhefu xa kungekho kukhanya, nokuxhathisa ukuncitshiswa ngemichiza. Ukongezwa kwamaqela e-methyl kwi-chromophore, umzekelo, kwandisa ukutsaleleka kumafutha nokuveliswa kweoksijini ye-singlet, kuze kucothise ukuncitshiswa iye kwimo ye-leuco engasebenziyo; kwaye iikhompawundi ezifanayo ezinamaqela e-methyl zibonise ubutyhefu obuphezulu obubangelwa kukukhanya kumalunga no-7.2 J per square cm kumsebenzi ekusekelwe kuwo. Ukutsaleleka ngakumbi kumafutha akuthethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba kungcono, kuba ukugxotha amanzi ngokugqithiseleyo kunciphisa ukunyibilika, kukhuthaza ukudibana kweemolekyuli, kwaye kunokuphazamisa ukumila kwesakhiwo esifunwa yi-photochemistry.
Umba we-leuco ufanele ugxininiswe kuba awubonakali. I-methylene blue eyenziwe i-oxidation iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye ifunxa ukukhanya okubomvu. I-leuco-methylene blue encitshiswe ngemichiza iphantse ingabi nambala kwaye ifunxa kancinci kwakwelo bhanti, ngoko idayi encitshisiweyo ngaphakathi kweeseli okanye kwizicubu ezineoksijini encinci iyasuswa okwethutyana kwinxalenye esebenza ngokukhanya de iphinde yenziwe i-oxidation. Ngoko imeko ye-redox yezicubu itshintsha uxinaniso olusebenzayo lwesivuseleli sokukhanya nokuba uxinaniso olufakiweyo alutshintshi. Imbali yeendlela zokulungiselela, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kwezonyango naselebhu kolu sapho lweedayi, ichazwe kwimbali ye-methylene blue kwezonyango.
Itheyibhile yezifundo: izinto ezitshintshayo nentsingiselo yazo
Le theyibhile ingezantsi sisixhobo sothelekiso esenziwe ngokukhethekileyo kweli nqaku. Umqolo ngamnye uyiparamitha enye yonyango ekufuneka izifundo ziyixele. Funda umqolo ngamnye ukuze ubone ukuba kutheni ukutshintsha useto olunye kutshintsha intsingiselo yazo zonke ezinye.
| Iparamitha | Into exelwa zizifundo | Isizathu sokuba itshintshe isiphumo |
|---|---|---|
| Indlela yokulungiselela isivuseleli sokukhanya | Idayi ekhululekileyo emanzini, kwisisombululo setyuwa, okanye kwisisombululo esigcina i-pH izinzile; izithwali ze-ethanol ne-Cremophor kumsebenzi wezilwanyana; iiliposome, amasuntswana epolima, okanye izithwali ze-cyclodextrin kumsebenzi wovavanyo | Isinyibilikisi nesithwali zitshintsha ukufunxwa, indawo ehlala kuyo idayi, nokungena ngaphaya kwemiqobo efana nematrix ye-biofilm okanye izicubu zethumba |
| Uxinaniso olufakiweyo | Izifundo zabantu ezichasene neentsholongwane zixela malunga no-0.0003 ukuya ku-0.06 M, kukho ixesha lokulinda elingu-1 ukuya ku-5 minute phakathi kokufakwa kweyeza nokukhanyiswa; umsebenzi wamathumba ezilwanyaneni uquka imizekelo ekufuphi no-500 micrograms per mL efakwe ngaphakathi kwethumba | Uxinaniso oluphezulu kwisisombululo siphela lunokwandisa ukudibana kweemolekyuli zibe ziidimer kufuphi no-590 nm luze lunciphise i-photochemistry esebenzayo ye-monomer, ngoko ukuphinda kabini uxinaniso akuyomfuneko ukuba kuphinde kabini isiphumo |
| Ixesha phakathi kokufakwa kweyeza nokukhanyiswa | Imizuzu kwiinkqubo zokuthintela iintsholongwane ngokufaka iyeza kumphezulu; ixesha elide ngakumbi nelixhomekeke kwisithwali kwiimodeli zamathumba | Eli xesha ligqiba ukuba idayi ikweyiphi indawo xa ukukhanya kufika, nto leyo egqiba eyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo ngokwebhayoloji |
| Ubude bamaza | Ngokuqhelekileyo malunga no-630 ukuya ku-680 nm | Kufuneka budibane nebhanti lokufunxa le-monomer; izisombululo ezineedimer ezininzi zitshintsha ukufunxa okusebenzayo |
| Amandla okukhanya afika kwiyunithi yendawo ngexesha | Iingxelo zabantu zokuchasana neentsholongwane zisusela malunga no-50 ukuya ku-750 mW per square cm; izifundo zamanxeba ezilwanyaneni zidla ngokuba ku-100 mW per square cm okanye ngaphantsi | Amandla okukhanya aphezulu anokuphelisa ioksijini yaloo ndawo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ukuhamba kwegazi kuyibuyisela, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle nangona i-fluence echaziweyo ifana |
| I-fluence | Iingxelo zabantu zokuchasana neentsholongwane zisusela malunga no-6 ukuya ku-18 J per square cm kwithuba le-8 seconds ukuya ku-10 minutes; izifundo zamanxeba ezilwanyaneni zisusela malunga no-12 ukuya ku-360 J per square cm | Amandla ewonke ngaphandle kwamandla okukhanya afika ngexesha, ixesha, nokumila kwendawo abonisa idosi engachazwanga ngokupheleleyo |
| Ubukho beoksijini | Ayifane ilawulwe ngokuthe ngqo; iqikelelwa ngokohlobo lwezicubu, izinga le-fluence, nokwahlulwa kokukhanyiswa kube ngamaxesha | Ikhemistri yohlobo II isebenzisa ioksijini, ngoko useto lokukhanya olufanayo lunokunika iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwizinto ezijoliswe kuzo ezinegazi elihamba kakuhle xa zithelekiswa nezo zineoksijini encinci |
| Into ekujoliswe kuyo neemeko | Iimodeli zosulelo lwesikhumba namanxeba, iimodeli ze-biofilm yomlomo, iinkqubo ze-carcinoma ne-melanoma ezikhuliswe elebhu, amathumba kwiimpuku, iingxelo zembali zamathumba esikhumba | Ukumila kwendawo, ubunzulu, indlela yokuhamba kokukhanya, nomonakalo onyamezelekayo kwisidalwa esinyangwayo zahluka kakhulu kangangokuba amanani okuchasana neentsholongwane akanakuze adluliselwe ngokobungakanani kumsebenzi wamathumba |
Olu luhlu lungasentla luluhlu olubonwe kwizifundo, hayi inkqubo ecetyiswayo. Loo mahluko yeyona njongo yale theyibhile. Ububanzi beedosi zokukhanya ezixeliweyo bubodwa bububungqina bokuba akukho dosi yokukhanya ye-methylene blue enokudluliselwa kuzo zonke iimeko. Umxholo onxulumene nomsebenzi waselebhu nge-biofilm evuselelwa kukukhanya uvela kwinqaku elithi i-methylene blue ngokuchasene nee-biofilm, kwaye imvelaphi ebanzi yesikhumba nonyango lokukhanya ichazwa kwiziseko zovakalelo lwesikhumba ekukhanyeni nedosi yokukhanya.
Kutheni amanani afanayo amandla enokunika iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji
Kukho izinto ezine eziphinda zibhidaniswe xa iiparamitha ezipapashiweyo zicatshulwa ngaphandle komxholo wazo.
Okokuqala, i-fluence ayiyodosi. Ukukhanyiswa kabini ngobude bamaza obufanayo nange-J per square cm efanayo kuyahluka xa okunye kuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kuze okunye kuhanjiswe kancinci, kuba ukuphela kweoksijini, ukulungiswa komonakalo ngexesha lokukhanyiswa, nokuphulukana kwedayi nombala ngenxa yokukhanya konke kuxhomekeke kwizantya nexesha. Ukuxela amandla ngaphandle kwamandla okukhanya afika ngexesha nexesha lokukhanyiswa kushiya uvavanyo lungachazwanga ngokwaneleyo.
Okwesibini, indlela ukukhanya okuhamba ngayo kwizicubu iyalutshintsha useto lwesibane. Ukufunxwa, ukusasazwa kokukhanya, ukumila komphezulu, nokusasazwa okubuyela ngasemva kuthetha ukuba i-fluence engaphakathi kwezicubu inokwahluka kakhulu kwixabiso elilinganisiweyo kumngxuma wokuphuma kokukhanya wesibane; kwezinye iimeko umahluko usenokusondela ekuphindweni kabini ngokoncwadi lokulinganiswa kweedosi kwezonyango. Inani elikhutshelwe kwiphepha lophando lichaza ukumila kwendawo yelo phepha, hayi konke ukumila kweendawo.
Okwesithathu, indawo idayi ehlala kuyo igqiba into ekujoliswe kuyo. Idayi enentlawulo yombane elungileyo yahlulelana phakathi kweenwebu, ii-mitochondria, ii-lysosome, izigqubuthelo zeebhaktheriya, okanye imatrix engaphandle kweeseli, ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela elungiselelwe ngayo, kwintlawulo yombane, ekutsalelekeni kumafutha, kwixesha lokulinda, nakwizicubu. Uphononongo lwe-photochemistry luka-1993 lubhala ngomonakalo kwiiasidi zenukliyiki, kwiiproteni, kwiilipidi, kwiinwebu, kumalungu angaphakathi kweeseli, kwiintsholongwane eziyivirusi, kwiibhaktheriya, kwiiseli zezilwanyana ezanyisayo, nakwiinkqubo zamathumba; yiyo kanye loo nto indibaniselwano enye yedayi nokukhanya inokubulala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
Okwesine, ioksijini iyasetyenziswa ize iphele. Amazinga aphezulu e-fluence anokudlula isantya sokubuyiselwa kweoksijini ngokusasazeka nangokuhamba kwegazi, aze abangele ukunqongophala kweoksijini okwethutyana phakathi kokukhanyiswa. Xa oko kusenzeka, ukongeza ukukhanya kungeza isiphumo esincinci kakhulu okanye kungongezi nasiphi na isiphumo sohlobo II. Ukwahlulwa kokukhanyiswa kube ngamaxesha kunye namandla okukhanya asezantsi kuphandwa ngokuyinxenye njengendlela yokujongana nalo mqobo; yiyo loo nto imida yokhuseleko nobukho beoksijini kwizicubu bufanele ukuba kwimigangatho yokhuseleko nokongamela kwezonyango, kungekhona kwincwadi yemiyalelo yesibane.
Inkqubo ekhokelwa yingcali yezonyango, hayi iresiphi yasekhaya
Unyango oluphandwayo lunikezelwa apho ukuxilongwa, ukulinganiswa kweedosi, nokongamela zikhoyo kunye. Umntu kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba yintoni indawo eyonakeleyo nokuba ifikelela kubunzulu obungakanani, akhethe indlela yokulungiselela nexesha phakathi kokufakwa kweyeza nokukhanyiswa ezihambelana naloo nto kujoliswe kuyo, alungelelanise umthombo wokukhanya kwindawo echaziweyo enokumila okuchaziweyo, aze abeke iliso kwisikhumba, emehlweni, kwiintlungu, nakwindlela izicubu zaloo ndawo ezisabela ngayo. Uphononongo lophuhliso lwe-phenothiazinium ekusekelwe kulo lubeka eli candelo liphela njengokuphuculwa konxulumano phakathi kwesakhiwo nomsebenzi phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo, kungekhona njengedayi edityaniswe nokukhanya okubomvu nje.
Ukulinganisa oku ekhaya kuyasilela kuzo zonke iiparamitha ezilawulwayo ngaxeshanye. Izibane zabathengi azifane zixele amandla okukhanya ngokwamaza alungelelaniswe ngomlinganiselo kumgama wonyango. Uxinaniso lwedayi efakiweyo aluchazi nto ngenxalenye ye-monomer okanye indawo idayi ehlala kuyo ngaphakathi kweeseli. Ubukho beoksijini kwizicubu abaziwa kwaye buyatshintsha ngexesha lokukhanyiswa. Akukho naluphi na uluhlu olucatshuliweyo oluvumela inkqubo yasekhaya, kwaye eli nqaku ngenjongo aliniki nayiphi na iresiphi enokusetyenziswa. Abafundi abavavanya umgangatho wobungqina ngokubanzi kufuneka basebenzise indlela yokufunda isifundo se-methylene blue ngaphambi kokwenza izigqibo ngalo naliphi na iphepha elinye, kwaye abafundi abanomdla kwiindlela ezisebenzisa ukukhanya kuphela ngaphandle kwesivuseleli sokukhanya kufuneka baqale ngonyango lokukhanya okubomvu ngaphandle kwesivuseleli sokukhanya.
Into elingayiqinisekisiyo eli nqaku
Aliqinisekisi ukuba unyango lwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue lunyanga ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na imeko yesikhumba, luphelisa naluphi na usulelo, okanye lunyanga naliphi na ithumba. Uphononongo lweendlela zokusebenza olucatshulwe apha lwalinganisa i-photochemistry lwaza lwathelekisa izakhiwo zeedayi; aluzange lumisele uxinaniso okanye i-fluence yokusetyenziswa kwezonyango. Uluhlu lweeparamitha ezicatshulwe ngasentla luvela kwiingxelo zabantu nakwiimodeli zezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinezinto ekujoliswe kuzo, ubunzulu, iindlela zokulungiselela, nemilinganiselo yokugqibela eyahlukeneyo, kwaye akunakuthathwa umndilili wazo ukuze zenziwe isikhokelo. Ubungqina obujoliswe kwiintlobo zamathumba, kuquka imida yeengxelo zokuqala zezonyango nge-basal cell carcinoma, i-Kaposi sarcoma, ne-melanoma, buvavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo kwingqokelela yophando lomhlaza. Imibuzo yobunyulu nokufumaneka kwezinto ezikumgangatho waselebhu yahlukile kunyango kwaye ixoxwa kwindlela yokukhetha imveliso ye-methylene blue.