Inqaku
Yintoni ekwisisombululo semethylene blue? Ukufunda izithako
Isisombululo semethylene blue siqulethe idayi enyibilikiswe kulwelo. Ezinye izinto esiziquletheyo zixhomekeke kwindlela esixutywe ngayo. Ezinye iimveliso ziqulethe imethylene blue namanzi kuphela; ezinye ziquka utywala, ikhompawundi yokulungelelanisa i-pH, izithinteli zokonakala, okanye ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo. Amagama athi “isisombululo semethylene blue” awachazi yonke indlela yokwenza umxube.
Funda uluhlu lwezithako kunye noxinaniso nenjongo yokusetyenziswa. Ezi nkcukacha ziphendula imibuzo eyahlukeneyo: yintoni ekhoyo, ingakanani idayi ekhoyo, kwaye imveliso egqityiweyo inikezelwa ukuba yenze ntoni. Uluhlu olufutshane lwezithako alunakuyiphendula yomithathu.
Qala ngedayi nesinyibilikisi
Imethylene blue isenokubhalwa nangegama elithi methylthioninium chloride. Yiyo enika umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka owahlukileyo wale dayi. Amanzi asisinyibilikisi kumxube osekelwe emanzini: lulwelo enyibilikiswa kulo idayi. Igama elithi “aqueous” lichaza umxube osekelwe emanzini, kodwa aliqinisekisi ukuba amanzi kuphela kolwelo olukhoyo okanye ukuba akukho ezinye izithako zongeziweyo.
Uxinaniso lwahlukile kubuni bezithako. Ileyibhile echaza i-1% yobunzima ngokomthamo ithetha i-1 gram yemethylene blue kwi-100 mL yesisombululo sokugqibela, nto leyo elingana ne-10 mg/mL. Ayithethi ukuba umgubo unobunyulu obuyi-1%, okanye ukuba ibhotile iqulethe amanzi ayi-1%. Xa uthelekisa isisombululo semethylene blue esele silungisiwe nomgubo, yahlula ubungakanani bedayi kumthamo opheleleyo wolwelo.
Uthelekiso lwezithako ezikwileyibhile olunamanqaku
Olu thelekiso lulandelayo lusebenzisa iinkcazelo ezimbini zeemveliso ezipapashiweyo nomxube omnye waselabhoratri. Lubonisa indlela amagama afanayo ezithako anokuba ngayo kwiimveliso ezineenkcukacha zobugcisa neenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi mveliso azinakusetyenziswa enye endaweni yenye.
| Umxube | Izinto ezichaziweyo eziwuquletheyo | Indlela yokutolika ezi nkcukacha |
|---|---|---|
| Isisombululo seBlupreme esiyi-1% esisekelwe emanzini | Imethylene blue yomgangatho we-USP namanzi acociweyo; akukho tywala, zinongo, zithambisi zencasa, okanye zithinteli zokonakala zongeziweyo | Zimbini izithako ezichaziweyo. Inkcazelo ye-1% ichaza uxinaniso lwedayi, hayi ubunyulu bolwelo lonke. |
| I-PROVAYBLUE yokutofwa | Imethylene blue eyi-5 mg/mL namanzi okulungiselela iimveliso zokutofwa | Ileyibhile ikwachaza imveliso engenazintsholongwane, ekhutshwa ngomyalelo kagqirha neyokutofwa emthanjeni. Ezo mpawu azinakugqitywa ngokubona nje ukuba kukho idayi namanzi. |
| Idayi yemethylene blue kaLoeffler ekwincwadi yelabhoratri ye-FDA | Imethylene blue, i-ethanol, nesisombululo esingaxinananga sepotassium hydroxide | Idayi exutyelwe ukusetyenziswa elabhoratri. Utywala neemeko ze-alkali ziyinxalenye yendlela yokwenza umxube wekhemikhali yovavanyo, kungekhona ubungqina bokuba zonke izisombululo zemethylene blue zifuna ezi zithako. |
Inkcazelo epapashiweyo yomxube yeBlupreme ichaza izithako ezimbini eziboniswe ngasentla. Le yinkcazelo yendlela imveliso exutywe ngayo. Ayifanele yandiswe ibe libango lokuba akukho naluphi na ungcoliseko olunokubakho nangemilinganiselo emincinane kakhulu, okanye lokuba ukungafaki izongezelelo kuphucula iziphumo zonyango.
Inkcazelo yokumisela i-PROVAYBLUE ibonisa ukuba kutheni inkcazelo yemveliso egqityiweyo ibalulekile. Ichaza ukungabikho kweentsholongwane, ukutofwa emthanjeni, uxinaniso nokupakishwa, ukongeza kwizithako. Ibhotile eqhelekileyo equlethe imethylene blue namanzi ayifaneleki ukutofwa ngenxa nje yokuba amagama ezithako zayo afana nalawo akolu luhlu.
Indlela yokwenza idayi kaLoeffler ye-FDA ibonisa ingxaki eyahlukileyo: igama ledayi eliqhelekileyo linokufihla umxube ongaqhelekanga. Kumsebenzi waselabhoratri, jonga zonke iinkcukacha zobugcisa zekhemikhali yovavanyo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isisombululo esilula esisekelwe emanzini endaweni yayo.
Ingcaciso yemisebenzi yezithako
Sebenzisa le ngcaciso ukufaka amanqaku kwileyibhile. Isithako sinokuba nemisebenzi engaphezu komnye; umenzi kufuneka acacise indima yaso xa ileyibhile ingayichazi.
| Igama elikwileyibhile | Umsebenzi kumxube | Umbuzo oluncedo wokulandela |
|---|---|---|
| Imethylene blue | Idayi echaziweyo okanye into esebenzayo, kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yemveliso | Luthini uxinaniso lwayo, kwaye ichazwe ikweyiphi imo yekhemikhali? |
| Amanzi okanye amanzi acociweyo | Isinyibilikisi okanye ulwelo oluthwala ezinye izithako | Zeziphi iimfuno zomgangatho wamanzi nemigaqo yolawulo lwemveliso egqityiweyo esebenzayo? |
| I-ethanol | Isinyibilikisi okanye isinyibilikisi esincedisayo; injongo yayo ixhomekeke kumxube | Ngaba utywala bufakwe ngenjongo, kwaye bukoluphi uxinaniso? |
| Isithinteli sokonakala | Sithintela ukukhula kweentsholongwane kumxube | Ngaba ukusebenza kwaso kuqinisekisiwe kule mveliso ithile? |
| Isilondolozi se-pH okanye isilungelelanisi se-pH | Sigcina okanye sitshintsha ubumuncu okanye ubukho be-alkali | Ngaba kukho uluhlu lwe-pH oluchaziweyo lwenjongo yokusetyenziswa? |
| Isinongo okanye isithambisi sencasa | Sitshintsha iimpawu eziviwa zizivamvo | Ngaba zonke izithako zixeliwe, kuquka nezo zibalulekileyo kubantu abanovakalelo kuzo? |
| Isithako esisebenzayo esongeziweyo | Songeza esinye isenzo esijoliswe kwiinkqubo zomzimba okanye esifana nesamayeza | Singakanani, kwaye bubuphi ubungqina obuphathelele ukudityaniswa kwezithako? |
Kumayeza, igama elithi “excipient” lithetha isithako esingeyiyo into esebenzayo, esiqukelwe ngenjongo ethile. Ingcaciso ye-European Medicines Agency yezithako ezincedisayo ikwabonisa umahluko oluncedo: isithako esichazwa njengesingasebenziyo sisenokuba nefuthe kwiimeko ezithile. “Esingasebenziyo” akuthethi ukuba asinakubaluleka kuye wonke umntu okanye kuso nasiphi na isicelo.
Oko kuthethwa ngokwenene kukungabi natywala nokungabi nazithinteli zokonakala
Umxube ongenatywala awubandakanyi utywala obufakwe ngabom njengolwelo oluthwalayo, ngokwenkcazelo yomenzi wawo. Oku akuthathi indawo yovavanyo lwesithako lokukhangela iintsalela zezinyibilikisi. Intsalela evela ekwenzeni imveliso nesinyibilikisi esifakwe ngabom ziindidi ezahlukeneyo, ezivavanywa ngeerekhodi ezahlukeneyo.
Ngokufanayo, ukungabi nazithinteli zokonakala kuchaza ukhetho lwendlela yokwenza umxube. Akuqinisekisi ukungabikho kweentsholongwane, ukusebenza okungcono, okanye ukuzinza okungenamda. Nobukho besithinteli sokonakala abuqinisekisi umgangatho ophantsi. Umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba ingaba umxube ogqityiweyo uyazifezekisa na iimfuno ezijoliswe kuwo.
Isikhokelo se-FDA ngezithinteli zokonakala ekwenzeni amayeza sahlula uvavanyo lokusebenza kwesithinteli sokonakala kumlinganiselo wobungakanani baso. Sikwatsho ukuba izithinteli zokonakala azimele zithathe indawo yeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokwenza iimveliso. Ukubhala nje isithinteli sokonakala kuluhlu akunakubonisa ukuba iintsholongwane zilawulwa ngokwaneleyo.
Ixesha imveliso ehlala ifanelekile ngalo lifuna ubungqina obahlukileyo. I-FDA ichaza ukuba imihla yokuphelelwa kwamayeza ixhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zokuzinza neemeko zokugcina ezikwileyibhile. Musa ukusebenzisa ixesha lokugcina lolunye uphawu kuba zombini zidwelisa amanzi nemethylene blue. Jonga ipakethe yemveliso ngokwayo kunye nemiyalelo yokugcina neyexesha lokuhlala ifanelekile engqamene naloo mveliso, kuquka nayiphi na imiyalelo yasemva kokuvula.
Imixube yezithako ezininzi ifuna uthelekiso olwahlukileyo
Masithi enye imveliso iqulethe imethylene blue emanzini, ngoxa enye ikwaqulethe icaffeine neencindi ezininzi zezityalo. Nokuba uxinaniso lwemethylene blue kuzo luyafana, umahluko phakathi kwezi mveliso awukho kwindlela ezivezwa ngayo kuphela. Ifuthe elixelwe emva kokusebenzisa umxube alinakuthi ngokuzenzekelayo libangelwe yimethylene blue. Ezinye izithako, ubungakanani bazo, ukusebenzisana kwazo, neemeko zokusetyenziswa zisengaba ziingcaciso ezinokwenzeka.
Lo mda ukwasebenza kwiimpawu ezingafunekiyo. Ingxelo yamava ekhankanya kuphela isithako esiphambili ishiya ngaphandle inkcazelo enokubaluleka. Ukuze ugqirha okanye usokhemesti ahlole oko umntu achanabeke kuko, gcina lonke uluhlu lwezithako, ubungakanani bazo, inombolo yebhetshi, amaxesha, nezinye iimveliso ezisetyenzisiweyo. Funa icebiso lezonyango xa uneempawu, kunokuba uvavanye into ekuthiwa izibangele ngokuphinda uzichanabe kuyo.
Olu thelekiso lukwabalulekile xa utshintsha phakathi kweelekese ezithambileyo ezihlafunwayo namathontsi olwelo okanye kweekhepsuli, iipilisi nolwelo. Thelekisa umxube opheleleyo ngokweyunithi echaziweyo, kungekhona isithako kuphela esibalaseliswe kwileyibhile engaphambili.
Ngaphambi kokukhetha imveliso, chonga zonke izithako zayo, uxinaniso, injongo yokusetyenziswa, namaxwebhu axhasayo. Nganye kwezi iphendula umbuzo owahlukileyo. Uluhlu lwezithako sisiqalo solo hlolo, hayi isiphelo salo.