Imethylene blue yokuyeka ukuphefumla ebuthongweni nokurhona: into ibango ekuya kufuneka liyibonise

Kukho ibango elijikeleza kumaqonga eengxoxo ngokulala, elidla ngokuchazwa ngolu hlobo. Abantu bathi imethylene blue iphucula ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini kwiiseli, kwaye emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa beyithatha bayeka ukurhona, bayeka ukuvuka bephuthaphutha befuna umoya, baza baqalisa ukuphefumla ubusuku bonke ngaphandle kwemaski. Inkcazelo ngendlela elisebenza ngayo eli chiza enxulunyaniswa neli bango ayiqanjwanga. Imethylene blue ngokwenene iyasebenzisana nokudluliselwa kwee-elektroni kwiimitokhondriya. Into eyenziwa yile ngxoxo kukutsiba inyathelo: ukuyeka ukuphefumla ebuthongweni kukusilela komatshini womzimba kwindlela yomoya ephezulu, kwaye ukutshintsha indlela iseli eyisebenzisa ngayo ioksijini akutshintshi ukuba umqala uhlala uvulekile na.

Lo msantsa wahlula izinto ezintathu ekuthethwa ngazo ngokungathi ziyinto enye: imeko, imilinganiselo eyichazayo, kunye namava axeliweyo obusuku obungcono.

Le meko yingxaki yemibhobho yomoya

Xa ulele, izihlunu ezigcina umqala uvulekile ziyakhululeka. Kwabanye abantu indlela yomoya iba mxinwa kangangokuba umoya odlula kuyo wenza izicubu ezithambileyo zingcangcazele, kwaye oko kungcangcazela kukurhona. Kwabanye indlela yomoya ivaleka ngokupheleleyo imizuzwana elishumi okanye ngaphezulu, nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba yiapnea, okanye iba mxinwa kangangokuba ukuhamba komoya kunciphe neoksijini yehle, nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba yihypopnea. Isiganeko siphela xa ukuhla kweoksijini nokunyuka kwekharbon dioksayidi kubangela ukuphaphama okufutshane, izihlunu ziphinde ziqine, indlela yomoya ivuleke, umntu aphinde alale.

Izinto ezichaphazela oku zinxulumene nokwakheka komzimba nokuziphatha. Imilo yomhlathi, isiseko solwimi, umjikelezo wentamo, ukuvuleka kweempumlo, indawo umzimba omi kuyo, utywala, amachiza athomalalisayo nobunzulu bobuthongo zonke zitshintsha ukuba indlela yomoya ivaleka kangaphi. Ichiza elenza iseli iyisebenzise ngenye indlela ioksijini alikho nakweyiphi indawo kolo luhlu. Yiyo loo nto inkcazelo yendlela elisebenza ngayo, nokuba iinxalenye zayo zichaneke kangakanani, ingenakusetyenziswa apha. Yinkcazelo yenkqubo eyahlukileyo.

Oko kubalwa luvavanyo lokulala, noko lungakubalayo

Ipolysomnogram irekhoda ukuhamba komoya empumlweni nasemlonyeni, umzamo wokuphefumla ngeebhanti ezijikeleze isifuba nesisu, ukugcwala kweoksijini egazini ngesivamvo esisemnweni, isandi sokurhona, indawo umzimba omi kuyo, kunye nomsebenzi wombane wobuchopho, ikwasebenzisa amajelo okurekhoda amehlo nezihlunu zesilevu ukuze amanqanaba obuthongo nokuphaphama kubalwe. Uvavanyo lwasekhaya lokuyeka ukuphefumla ebuthongweni luyakunciphisa oku, ngokuqhelekileyo lushiye ukuhamba komoya, umzamo wokuphefumla, umlinganiselo weoksijini nendawo umzimba omi kuyo.

Kula majelo kuvela amanani. Isalathisi seapnea-hypopnea linani leziganeko zeapnea nehypopnea ngeyure yokulala. Isalathisi sokwehla kokugcwala kweoksijini sibala ukwehla kokugcwala ngeyure. Isalathisi sokuphaphama sibala ukuphazamiseka kobuthongo ngeyure. Kunye nezi, uvavanyo luxela ixesha elipheleleyo lokulala, ukusebenza kakuhle kokulala, ixesha elichithwe umntu evukile emva kokuba elele, kunye nexesha elichithwe kwinqanaba ngalinye lobuthongo.

Nantsi inxalenye ebalulekileyo ekuvavanyeni naliphi na ibango lonyango. Nganye kula manani ilinganisa into eyenzekileyo ngobusuku obuthile. Akukho nalinye elilinganisa ukutyekela kwendlela yomoya ekuweni ivaleke. Oko kutyekela kuqikelelwa ngokusekelwe kobo busuku, kwaye olo qikelelo luthembeke kuphela kangangokuba obo busuku bumele ubusuku obuqhelekileyo.

Amanani eziganeko nawo akazinzanga. Umntu ochitha ixesha elininzi lobusuku elele ngecala uya kuba neziganeko ezimbalwa ezibalwayo. Indawo umzimba omi kuyo, inqanaba lobuthongo, ukuvaleka kweempumlo, ukusela utywala kutshanje, ukutshintsha kobunzima bomzimba, uhlobo lwesivamvo sokuhamba komoya nemithetho yokubala zonke zitshintsha isiphumo, kwaye ubusuku bokuqala kwilabhoratri budla ngokuba bubi kunobesibini. Nokuba ibango lonyango lifuna ntoni na enye, lifuna uyilo olukwaziyo ukumelana nento yokuba ubusuku obubini obulandelelanayo kumntu omnye ongafumani nyango bunokunika iziphumo ezingavumelaniyo.

Ubusuku obungcono abululo utshintsho olulinganisiweyo

Iimpawu ezikhokelela abantu ekuthatheni amanyathelo zizimvo zabo: ukurhona kwehlile, ukuphefumla ngokuphuthaphutha kuyekile, ndilele ngcono, ndinamandla angakumbi. La ngamava okwenene, kodwa akwayimilinganiselo engachanekanga yokuvaleka kwendlela yomoya.

Isikali Sokozela se-Epworth sicela umntu ukuba abeke umlinganiselo wamathuba okuba ozele kwiimeko ezisibhozo zemihla ngemihla. Isalathisi Somgangatho Wokulala sasePittsburgh sibuza ngenyanga edlulileyo. Zombini yingxelo yomntu ngesiqu sakhe, nto leyo ezenza kube lula ukuzizalisa nokuba iziphumo zazo zitshintshe ngaphandle kokuba ingxaki esisiseko itshintshe. Abantu bafuna unyango xa beziva bekwimeko embi kakhulu, ngoko umlinganiselo wokuqala sele utyekele kwicala elibi, kwaye olandelayo udla ngokubonakala ungcono ngenxa yaloo nto kuphela. Nabani na owaziyo ukuba ufumene unyango ulindela ukuphucuka.

Kukho iindlela ezithile ubusuku obunokuba ngcono ngazo ngaphandle kotshintsho kwindlela yomoya. Ukuphaphama okuphazamisa ubuthongo kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokwehla okukhulu kokugcwala kweoksijini, kwaye ubusuku bobuthongo obunzulu buba neziganeko ezimbalwa ezinjalo. Umntu oye wachitha ubusuku elele ngecala uba neziganeko ezimbalwa ezibalwayo. Akukho nanye kwezi ebubuxoki; sisizathu esiqhelekileyo sokuba iingxelo ezisekelwe kumava omntu nezifundo ezibala iziganeko zingavumelani.

Apho imethylene blue isebenza khona ngokwenene

Imethylene blue yidayi yeredox. Yamkela kwaye inikezele ngee-elektroni, kwaye ingazithwala ukusuka kwiindawo zekhonkco lokuthuthwa kwee-elektroni ukuya kwicytochrome c. Kwiimitokhondriya zobuchopho ezikhutshiweyo, yandisa ukuveliswa kwe-ATP yaza yabuyisela umahluko wamandla ombane kwinwebu xa ikhomp­leksi I okanye ikhomp­leksi III yayithintelwe. Kwiiseli zesibindi zeempuku yakhusela iiseli ezazithintelwe ukuthutha ii-elektroni ngamachiza amabini, kwaye kwiiseli zeastrocyte ezazivinjelwe ukufumana iglucose neoksijini yaphucula ukuphefumla kweeseli.

Xa ufunda iinkcukacha, umfanekiso uyatshintsha. Kwezo mitokhondriya zobuchopho, imethylene blue yandisa ukuveliswa kwehydrogen peroxide yaza yandisa ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini xa zingasebenzi, ngoxa ingazange itshintshe ukuphefumla okuvuselelwa yi-ADP. Ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini eninzi xa imitokhondriyoni ingasebenzi akuthethi ukuveliswa kwamandla amaninzi. Kwiimitokhondriya ezikhutshwe kwisibindi seempuku ezinkulu, ukwanda koxinaniso kwehlisa imilinganiselo yolawulo lokuphefumla kwaza kwabangela ukudumba, nto leyo ababhali abayichaza njengokwahlukana kweenkqubo ze-oxidative phosphorylation. Imethylene blue ayenzi nje ukuphefumla kusebenze kakuhle ngakumbi; itshintsha ukudityaniswa kokusetyenziswa kweoksijini nokuveliswa kwe-ATP, kwicala elixhomekeke kuxinaniso.

Inkcazelo eqhelekileyo, yokuba imethylene blue ithintela ukudluliselwa kwemiqondiso yenitric oxide, nayo ayilula njengoko idla ngokubaliswa. Kwiiseli ezikhuliswe elabhoratri zezihlunu ezigudileyo zemithambo yemiphunga, ukuthintelwa kokuqokelelana kwecyclic GMP okubangelwa zii-nitrovasodilator nayinto yokukhulula izihlunu evela kwi-endothelium kwaphinda kwenzeka ngokuvelisa isuperoxide, kwaye imethylene blue nayo yavelisa isuperoxide. Kwiiseli ze-endothelium ezikhuliswe elabhoratri ezazingenayo iglucose, uxinaniso olungaphezu kwe-5 micromolar malunga lwandisa uxinzelelo lweeoksidanti ngaphakathi kwiiseli. Uphononongo loncwadi lwenzululwazi ngempendulo kumlinganiselo wechiza luchaza le ndlela njengehormesis: imilinganiselo ephakathi yandisa umsebenzi wecytochrome oxidase, kwaye imilinganiselo ephezulu iyawunciphisa. Icala lesiphumo liyaguquka njengoko umlinganiselo wechiza unyuka.

Eminye imilinganiselo emibini ibonisa into efanayo. Ezinjeni, imethylene blue yatshintsha umlinganiselo welactate nepyruvate egazini lemithambo, umqondiso wemeko yeredox yezicubu, yaza yashiya umthamo wegazi elimpontshwa yintliziyo, isantya sokubetha kwentliziyo noxinzelelo lwegazi lemithambo zingatshintshanga phantse kwaphela. Kumavolontiya angabantu awayenikwe imethylene blue ngomthambo, ukuhamba kwegazi kuyo yonke ingqondo kwehla endaweni yokunyuka, nto leyo ekunzima ukuyidibanisa nembono yokuba ichiza lizisa ioksijini eninzi engqondweni.

Utshintsho lwebhayokhemistri olunokulinganiswa olungenalo utshintsho oluhambelanayo ekusebenzeni yindlela ibango ekufuneka liyoyise, hayi ubungqina bokuba sele liqinisekisiwe.

Iingxoxo ezintathu ezingawuvaliyo umsantsa

Eyokuqala imalunga neempumlo. Impumlo evalekileyo ikhokelela abantu ekuphefumleni ngomlomo, kwaye ukuphefumla ngomlomo kwenza ukurhona kube kubi ngakumbi, ngoko kuyahenda ukunyanga iimpawu zeempumlo uze ulindele ukuba yonke ingxaki iphucuke. Ukuvuleka kweempumlo yenye yezinto ezinegalelo ekuphefumleni okuphazamisekileyo ebuthongweni. Akukuko ukuwa kwendlela yomoya ivaleke. Ukuvaleka ekuyekeni ukuphefumla ebuthongweni kwenzeka emva kwenkalakahla ethambileyo nakwisiseko solwimi, emva kweempumlo kwindlela yomoya, kwaye akukho nto kuphando olupapashiweyo ngemethylene blue ebonisa ukuba ivula ezo ndawo.

Eyesibini yingxoxo yeemitokhondriya, eyona idla ngokusetyenziswa. Ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini ngokusebenzayo ngakumbi ziiseli yinkcazelo emalunga nemetabolism yezicubu. Iapnea yinkcazelo emalunga nokuhamba komoya. Ngexesha lesiganeko sokuvaleka, ioksijini egazini lemithambo iyehla kuba umoya uyekile ukuhamba, hayi kuba iiseli ziyekile ukuyisebenzisa. Ukuthutha ii-elektroni ngcono ngaphakathi kwimitokhondriyoni akuvuli kwakhona ipharynx evalekileyo, kwaye ukuba imethylene blue yandisa ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini xa kungekho msebenzi ngoxa ishiya ukuphefumla okudityaniswe nokuveliswa kwamandla kungatshintshanga, umbuzo ewuphakamisayo ngobusuku obuneoksijini ephantsi umalunga nemfuno, hayi ukubonelelwa.

Eyesithathu libali lamava omntu. Umntu ozama imethylene blue akanako ukwenza uvavanyo kuye engazi ukuba ufumana luphi unyango, kwaye kweli chiza ingxaki inzima ngendlela engaqhelekanga: yidayi enombala oqaqambileyo. Umchamo uba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye nokubila neenyembezi zinokuba njalo. Imethylene blue ikwayinto enamandla ethintela imonoamine oxidase A ngendlela enokubuyiselwa umva, nto leyo etshintsha indlela amathumbu aphatha ngayo ii-amine ezisekutyeni xa ithathwa ngomlomo, kwaye inemingcipheko ebhaliweyo yokusebenzisana namayeza achaphazela iserotonin. Isiphumo esivuselelayo esinjalo sinokutolikwa ngokulula njengokulala ngcono ngaphandle kokuba kukho utshintsho kwindlela yomoya.

Akukho nanye kwezi ephikisa ukuba umntu akachananga ngobuthongo bakhe. Zibonisa ukuba ingxelo yobusuku obungcono kufuneka ibe nomlinganiselo ecaleni kwayo ngaphambi kokuba ibe libango ngeapnea.

Oko ibango ekuya kufuneka likubonise

Xa libekwe ngokucacileyo, ibango elithembekileyo libonakala ngolu hlobo.

1. Ukuxilongwa okuqinisekiswe luvavanyo lokulala olubale iziganeko ngaphambi kokuqala konyango, kuchazwe nobuzaza bemeko, ukuze kubekho into yokuthelekisa.
2. Iqela lolawulo eliqhutywa ngaxeshanye, abantu babelwe kulo ngokungenamkhethe. Ngenxa yokuba amanani eziganeko etshintsha ngokwawo, uthotho lweziphumo zangaphambi nasemva konyango olungenalo iqela lolawulo alunako ukwahlula isiphumo sonyango kolo tshintsho. Uyilo apho abathathi-nxaxheba betshintshiselana phakathi konyango nolawulo luyathandeka, kodwa luzisa ezalo iingxaki: umbala womchamo ngumqondiso ocacileyo wexesha lonyango umthathi-nxaxheba akulo.
3. Ingxelo ecacileyo yokufihlwa kokuba ngubani ofumana luphi unyango. Uvavanyo lwento enombala obonakalayo kufuneka luchaze indlela oluyisingathe ngayo into yokuba abathathi-nxaxheba banokubona ukuba bakweliphi iqela, kwaye iplacebo enombala wedayi ofanayo yenye indlela yokwenza oko.
4. Isiphumo esiphambili esilinganiswayo esingaxhomekekanga kwizimvo: utshintsho kwiziganeko ngeyure, okanye kwisalathisi sokwehla kokugcwala kweoksijini, xa kuthelekiswa nomlinganiselo wokuqala. Amanqaku emibuzo afanele abe kuluhlu lweziphumo ezizezesibini, apho anokuxelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ngaphandle kokuba athwale ibango.
5. Ubusuku obaneleyo oburekhodiweyo bokumelana nokwahluka kobusuku ngobunye, nto leyo edla ngokuthetha ubusuku obungaphezu kobunye kwimeko nganye.
6. Ukuthotyelwa konyango kulinganiswe kunokuba kuthathwe njengokuqinisekileyo.
7. Ingxelo yokhuseleko efanele iqela labantu abavavanywayo, eliquka abantu abathatha amayeza achaphazela iserotonin.
8. Isicwangciso seziphumo nohlalutyo esimiselwe ngaphambi kokuqokelelwa kwedatha.

Iphepha lomsebenzi onokulizalisa xa uvavanya naliphi na ibango elithile liqukiwe kweli nqaku: iphepha lomsebenzi lokuthelekisa iziphumo. Le fayile ye-HTML ezimeleyo ikwasebenza ngaphandle kweintanethi xa igcinwe yaza yavulwa kwisikhangeli.

Ukuba uvavanyo beluxela ukwehla okubalulekileyo kweziganeko ngeyure kubantu abanesifo esiqinisekisiweyo, oko bekuya kuba sisiphumo esimangalisayo, kwaye bekuya kufuna inkcazelo yendlela into esebenza ekudluliselweni kwee-elektroni efikelele ngayo kwipharynx.

Ufundo olunxulumeneyo kolu ngcelele: ubungqina ngemethylene blue nokulala, obugubungela ukuphuthelwa nexesha lokuthatha imilinganiselo yechiza, kunye nengxoxo efanayo ngemethylene blue kwiCOPD neoksijini ephantsi. Amaphepha amabini abalulekile ukuba usebenzisa oku ngokwenene: into eyenziwa yimethylene blue kwimilinganiselo yeoksijini kusetyenziswa ukubetha kwemithambo nakuvavanyo lwaselabhoratri, kuba idayi esegazini itshintsha oko kuxelwa zezinye izixhobo, kunye noluhlu lwemibuzo yokubuza ingcali yezonyango ngemethylene blue.

Omakwenziwe endaweni yoko, kunye nento enye ekufanele ukuyijonga

Akukho nto ingentla esisizathu sokuyeka unyango loxinzelelo lomoya olugcina indlela yomoya ivulekile okanye sokungayi kuvavanyo lokulala lokuxilonga. Ezo zihlala zingumgangatho ekuthelekiswa nawo, kwaye ubusuku kumatshini buvelisa imilinganiselo engenakuveliswa sisongezelelo.

Ukuba uthatha imethylene blue ngesinye isizathu kwaye ulala kakubi, yenza ubuthongo bulinganiswe kunokuba buqikelelwe. Cela amanani: zingaphi iziganeko ngeyure, isalathisi sokwehla kokugcwala kweoksijini, lingakanani ixesha elichithwe ukugcwala kweoksijini kungaphantsi kwamashumi alithoba epesenti, kunye nesalathisi sokuphaphama. Leyo milinganiselo yeyona unyango ekufuneka luyitshintshe.

Into enye umthengi anokuyiqinisekisa ngokwenene ngumxholo wemveliso. Ucoceko ngumahluko phakathi kwento ehambelana neemfuno ezichaziweyo kwipharmacopeia naleyo ingahambelaniyo nazo, kwaye indlela esebenzayo yokufikelela kolona coceko luphezulu lukhoyo kukuhambelana nemonografi ye-United States Pharmacopeia yemethylene blue. Abathengisi abaninzi ababanga oko kuhambelana bavavanya kuphela iintsimbi ezinzima baze baphelele apho. Blupreme isebenza nomenzi wamachiza, ivavanya zonke iimfuno ezichaziweyo, kuquka ukuqinisekiswa kwesazisi, ucoceko, ukungcola okuvela kwimixube ye-organic, izinyibilikisi ezishiyekileyo, ukungcola kwee-elementi, intsalela emva kokutshiswa, imida yeentsholongwane kunye nee-endotoxin zeebhaktheriya, ize ipapashe isatifikethi esipheleleyo sohlalutyo sebhetshi. Loo maxwebhu akuxelela into ekule nto. Awakuxeleli ukuba le nto inyanga ukuyeka ukuphefumla ebuthongweni.