Inqaku
Imethylene blue, imethylfolate kunye nemethyl-B12: iikhompawundi neendima ezahlukeneyo
Imethylene blue ayiyomethylfolate okanye imethyl-B12. Imethylfolate luhlobo lwevithamini B9; imethyl-B12 yimethylcobalamin, uhlobo lwevithamini B12. Zithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo enye yekhemistri yezinto eziphilayo. Imethylene blue yidayi eyenziwe ngokwenziwa nesetyenziswa njengeyeza, enekhemistri eyahlukileyo. Ayisosondlo esinikezela ngeqela lemethyl, kwaye ayithathi ndawo yayo nayiphi na kwezi vithamini.
La magama afanayo enza ibango elingenabungqina livakale linokuthenjwa: ukuba into iqulethe igama elithi “methyl,” mhlawumbi iphucula “ukufakwa kwamaqela emethyl.” Igama lekhemikhali alinakungqina loo msebenzi. Imibuzo efanelekileyo yeyokuba yintoni eyenziwa yimolekyuli kwinkqubo ethile yekhemistri nokuba eso senzo sinenzuzo ebonakalisiweyo kumntu ocinga ukuyisebenzisa.
Thelekisa ubunjani ngaphambi kokuthelekisa iinzuzo
IPubChem ichaza imethylene blue njengemethylthioninium chloride, idayi yephenothiazinium. Iphepha lenkcazelo leNIH ngefolate lichaza imethylfolate njenge-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, edla ngokushunqulelwa ngokuthi 5-MTHF. Iphepha lenkcazelo leNIH ngevithamini B12 lahlula imethylcobalamin kwezinye iintlobo zeB12. Le nkcazelo yobunjani bazo icacisa uthelekiso olungezantsi.
| Umbuzo | Imethylene blue | Imethylfolate | Imethyl-B12 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yintoni? | Imethylthioninium chloride, idayi eyenziwe ngokwenziwa | I-5-MTHF, uhlobo lwefolate | Imethylcobalamin, uhlobo lweB12 oluqulethe icobalt |
| Ngaba yivithamini? | Hayi | Luhlobo lwevithamini B9 | Luhlobo lwevithamini B12 |
| Indima efanelekileyo kwikhemistri yezinto eziphilayo | Inokwamkela ize idlulisele ii-electron ngekhemistri yeredox | Inikezela ngeqela lemethyl kwinkqubo yemethionine synthase | Sisixhobo esincedisayo esibotshelelwe kwi-enzyme, esithatha inxaxheba ekudluliseleni elo qela kwihomocysteine |
| Nguwuphi umahluko obalulekileyo? | Ukusebenza njengeyeza kwahlukile ekubuyiseleni isondlo esinqongopheleyo | Ikhemistri yefolate yahlukile kwikhemistri yeB12 | Isixhobo esincedisayo asiyiyo i-enzyme ngokwayo |
| Yintoni engangqinwa ligama layo? | Indima njengento ethatha indawo yefolate okanye njengonyango lokufakwa kwamaqela emethyl | Ukuba wonke umntu ufuna olu hlobo lukhethekileyo lwefolate | Ukuba olu hlobo lwesongezelelo lolona lufanelekileyo kuyo yonke ingxaki enxulumene neB12 |
Olu luthelekiso lwemisebenzi, aluluhlu olubeka enye ngaphezu kwenye. Imveliso ayinakuthatha indawo yesondlo ngenxa nje yokuba zombini zichazwa ngamagama afana nelithi “amandla” okanye “impilo yengqondo.” Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ebanzi ngobunjani nokusetyenziswa kwayo, jonga ukuba yintoni imethylene blue.
Yintoni kanye kanye eyenziwa yifolate neB12 kunye
Imetabolism yekhabhoni enye idlulisa iiyunithi zekhabhoni enye kwiinkqubo zekhemistri ezinxibeleleneyo. Iyunithi yekhabhoni ibotshelelwe kwimolekyuli eyithwalayo; ayijikelezi ngokukhululekileyo “njengesikhuthazi sokufakwa kwamaqela emethyl.”
I-enzyme yeMTHFR iguqula i-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate ibe yi-5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Amagama abonakala efana apha abhekisa kwiintlobo ezimbini zefolate. Akukho nalunye oluyimethylene blue.
Kwinkqubo yemethionine synthase, iqela lemethyl elivela kwi-5-MTHF lidlula kwisixhobo esincedisayo seB12 sale enzyme liye kwihomocysteine, livelise imethionine. Ngoko ke ifolate neB12 zinemisebenzi enxibeleleneyo kodwa eyahlukileyo: enye inikezela ngeqela, enye ithatha inxaxheba ekulidluliseleni. Imethionine inokuthi emva koko isetyenziswe ukwenza i-S-adenosylmethionine, okanye i-SAM, enikezela ngamaqela emethyl kwezinye iinkqubo ezininzi zekhemistri.
Olu landelelwano lukwacacisa ukuba kutheni “amaqela emethyl amaninzi ngakumbi” kungesosizathu sipheleleyo sonyango. Indlela yokusebenza kwekhemistri yezinto eziphilayo ibandakanya izinto ezisetyenzwa zii-enzyme, ii-enzyme ngokwazo, izixhobo ezizincedisayo nolawulo. Ukubonisa apho isondlo sithatha khona inxaxheba akungqini ukunqongophala kwaso, unobangela wophawu, okanye inzuzo yokongeza esinye.
IB12 inolunye uhlobo olusebenzayo, iadenosylcobalamin, oluxhasa inkqubo eyahlukileyo ye-enzyme ebandakanya imethylmalonyl-CoA. Ukubiza imethylcobalamin ngokuthi “yiB12 esebenzayo” akuthethi ukuba kuphela kohlobo lweB12 oluluncedo. Uthelekiso lweNIH lweentlobo zeB12 ezikwizongezelelo alungqini ukuba kukho uhlobo olungcono ngokubanzi kumntu wonke.
Kutheni imethylene blue ingenakuthatha indawo yenkqubo yokufakwa kwamaqela emethyl
Inkcazelo yokumisela iPROVAYBLUE inika umzekelo ocacileyo wokusebenza kwemethylene blue kwiredox. Xa kunyangwa imethemoglobinemia efunyenwe kamva, imethylene blue yamkela ii-electron ize ibe yileucomethylene blue ngenkqubo exhomekeke kwiNADPH. Olu hlobo olwamkele ii-electron lunceda ukuguqula intsimbi ekwihemoglobin isuke kwimeko yeferric iye kwimeko yeferrous. Le yikhemistri yokudluliselwa kwee-electron, hayi ukunikezelwa kweqela lemethyl kwihomocysteine.
Ulwakhiwo lwemethylene blue luqulethe amaqela emethyl. Ubukho bawo abenzi ukuba la maqela asebenziseke kwindlela yefolate/B12. Ibango lokuba “ingumnikezeli wemethyl” lifuna ubungqina benkqubo yokudluliselwa eyenzeka ngokwenene; ukwalatha kwigama okanye kulwakhiwo lwayo akwanelanga.
Ngokunjalo, isiphumo seMTHFR asibonisi ukuba imethylene blue idlula inkqubo engasebenzi kakuhle okanye iphucula isiphumo sempilo esinxulumene nayo. Ileyibhile yechiza ingqina ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwimethemoglobinemia efunyenwe kamva, hayi ekunyangeni iinguqu eziqhelekileyo zeMTHFR. Ubungqina obubanzi ebantwini beenzuzo zemethylene blue bufuna ukuvavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo kwisiphumo ngasinye.
Oko isiphumo seMTHFR sikuxelela kona noko singakuxeleli kona
IMTHFR yijini, kwaye into eveliswa yiyo yi-enzyme. Iinguqu eziqhelekileyo ezifana neC677T zahlukile kwiinguqu ezinqabileyo ezibangela isifo esinzima esizuzwa ngemfuza. Ingxelo yemfuza ejoliswe kubathengi ayifanele idibanise ezi ndidi zibe libango lokuba “inkqubo yokufakwa kwamaqela emethyl yomntu yonakele.”
Inkcazelo yeCDC ngeenguqu eziqhelekileyo zeMTHFR ithi abantu abanazo ezi nguqu banako ukusebenzisa ifolic acid emizimbeni yabo. Inguqu eqhelekileyo iyodwa ayisosizathu sokuyiphepha. Inkcazelo yeCDC yezonyango nayo ayicebisi ukutshintsha ubungakanani befolate ethathwayo ngokusekelwe kuphela kuhlobo lwemfuza yeMTHFR.
Uhlobo lwemfuza alungomlinganiselo wesondlo. Nehomocysteine ayisiso “isilinganiso sokufakwa kwamaqela emethyl” esipheleleyo: ifolate ephantsi, iB12 ephantsi nokusebenza kwezintso zinokuyichaphazela. Uvavanyo kufuneka ludibanise isiphumo esithile nemeko yesondlo yomntu, iimpawu zakhe nezinye izinto ezifunyenweyo. Obo bungqina abunakuthatyathelwa indawo kukuthelekisa igama lejini negama lemveliso.
Isichazi samagama adla ngokubhidaniswa
| Igama | Intsingiselo | Ukubhideka okuqhelekileyo okufanele kuphetshwe |
|---|---|---|
| Iqela lemethyl | Ikhabhoni ebotshelelwe kwiihydrogen ezintathu, ebhalwa ngokuthi CH₃, ebotshelelwe ngaphakathi kwimolekyuli | Ubukho balo abenzi ikhompawundi ngokuzenzekelayo ibe ngumnikezeli kwiinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo |
| Umnikezeli wemethyl | Imolekyuli enikezela ngeqela lemethyl kwinkqubo ethile yekhemistri | Le ndima kufuneka ichazwe ngokunxulumene nenkqubo ethile yekhemistri |
| Ukufakwa kweqela lemethyl | Ukongezwa kweqela lemethyl kwimolekyuli | Asingomsebenzi omnye womzimba wonke onomgangatho omnye “ofanelekileyo” kubo bonke |
| Ifolate | Usapho lwevithamini B9 | Ifolic acid ne-5-MTHF ziintlobo ezahlukileyo |
| MTHFR | Igama lejini nesishunqulelo semethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase | Ayisosishunqulelo semethylene blue |
| Isixhobo esincedisayo se-enzyme | Icandelo elingeyoprotein elifunekayo ukuze i-enzyme isebenze | IB12 incedisa i-enzyme; ayiyomethionine synthase ngokwayo |
| Iredox | I-oxidation ne-reduction ezidityanisiweyo, ezibandakanya ii-electron | Ukudluliselwa kwee-electron nokudluliselwa kweqela lemethyl ziinkqubo ezahlukileyo |
| Imethyl blue | Idayi enegama layo elahlukileyo | Jonga uthelekiso lweedayi eziluhlaza ezinamagama afanayo ngaphambi kokufaka enye endaweni yezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zekhemistri elabhoratri |
Kutheni lo mahluko utshintsha isigqibo sempilo
Ifolate neB12 azinakutshintshiselwana nokuba uvavanyo lwegazi lubonisa into efanayo xa kukho ukunqongophala kwenye yazo. INIH icacisa ukuba ukuthatha ifolate eninzi kunokuphucula ianemia ebangelwa kukunqongophala kweB12 ngaphandle kokunyanga umonakalo wayo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Ngoko ke ukunyanga into ebizwa ngokuthi “yingxaki yokufakwa kwamaqela emethyl” kunokuphoswa yeyona meko ikhoyo.
Imethylene blue izisa eminye imiba eyahlukileyo efuna ingqalelo. Ileyibhile yayo yokumiselwa ibandakanya isilumkiso esinzima sokusebenzisana nezinye izinto okunokubangela iserotonin syndrome, kwaye ayivumelekanga kubantu abanokunqongophala kweG6PD ngenxa yomngcipheko wehemolysis. Ukuyidibanisa neevithamini akuzisusi ezo mpawu zayo. Amabango ngeziphumo kwizithunywa zemithambo-luvo okanye ngokudityaniswa neendlela zeNAD+ afuna ubungqina bawo bendlela yokusebenza nobezonyango.
Xa uvavanya ibango, chonga ikhompawundi kanye, inkqubo yekhemistri ekucetywa ukuba yenzeke, imeko ekujongwene nayo nesiphumo esilinganisiweyo ebantwini. Ukuba inkcazelo isuka ngqo kwigama elifanayo iye kwingcebiso yonyango, ubungqina obufunekayo abukho.