Inqaku
Ikhemistri ye-methylene blue: ulwakhiwo, ifomula, iimpawu namagama
I-methylene blue idla ngokuthetha i-methylthioninium chloride, ityuwa equlethe idayi eyi-organic enomthwalo wombane ovumayo kunye ne-ion ye-chloride enomthwalo ochaseneyo. Ityuwa engenamanzi inefomula ethi C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S nobunzima ngokwefomula obumalunga ne-319.85 g/mol. Amanzi ekristalizayeshini atshintsha ubunzima bento elinganisiweyo ngaphandle kokutshintsha ubunjani be-cation yedayi yayo.
Lo mahluko ucacisa izinto ezininzi ezibonakala ziphikisana kwiikhathalogu zeekhemikhali. Ingxelo inokuchaza ngokuchanekileyo ukuba ityuwa inomthwalo wombane opheleleyo onguziro, ngoxa ichaza idayi njenge-cation. Enye ikhathalogu inokuchaza i-373.90 g/mol kuba into yayo iyi-trihydrate. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa uphawu oluthile, qonda ukuba inani lichaza ntoni.
Amagama achonga amanqanaba ahlukeneyo ento
Ingxelo ye-ChEBI ye-methylene blue ichonga ityuwa ye-chloride, idwelisa i-CAS 61-73-4, kwaye iquka amagama athi methylthioninium chloride, Basic Blue 9, kunye ne-C.I. 52015. Igama layo ngokwenkqubo yokubiza iikhemikhali ngu-3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride.
Igama elithi methylthioninium ngaphandle kwelithi “chloride” lichonga i-cation eyi-organic. Inkcazelo yehayidrethi yongeza omnye umahluko: i-methylene blue chloride enxulumene nomthamo ochaziweyo wamanzi kwinto eqinileyo. Xa ubhala iinkcukacha ezifunekayo zokuthenga, bhala kunye igama elipheleleyo lekhemikhali, ifomula, uhlobo lwehayidrethi nesazisi somboneleli. Musa ukuthembela kwigama lombala kuphela. Uthelekiso lwe-methyl blue needayi ezinamagama afanayo luchaza ukuba kutheni amagama asondeleleneyo enokuchonga iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo.
Funda izakhiwo zeemolekyuli
Ulwakhiwo A: i-cation ye-methylthioninium
Iileyibhile: iisimboli zika-N eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zichonga iiathom ezintathu ze-nitrogen; u-S omthubi uchonga i-sulfur; iiathom ezimbini ze-nitrogen ezingaphandle nganye inamaqela amabini e-methyl. Iziphelo zemigca ezingenaleyibhile kuloo maqela zimele iiathom zekhabhon kunye neeathom zazo ze-hydrogen ezingaboniswanga ngokucacileyo. Amakhonkco amathathu adibeneyo enza isakhelo esisembindini esinenkqubo yeebhondi ezidibeneyo. Lo mzobo womthombo ubonisa enye indlela yokumela umthwalo wombane osesikweni.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-cation kwi-ChEBI lunefomula ethi C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺, umthwalo wombane opheleleyo ongu-+1, nobunzima obuphakathi obuyi-284.408. Iindawo 3 no-7 zinamaqela e-dimethylamino athatha indawo. Uphawu oluvumayo olusesikweni olukwiathom enye emzobeni yindlela yokubala kuloo ndlela yokumelwa; alufanele lutolikwe njengemephu yokusasazeka kwazo zonke ii-elektroni.
Ulwakhiwo B: ityuwa ye-chloride
Iileyibhile: u-Cl⁻ oluhlaza yi-ion ye-chloride enomthwalo ochaseneyo. Ushiywe engadityaniswanga kulwakhiwo lwe-organic ngabom. I-cation enye engu-+1 ne-anion enye engu-−1 zinika iyunithi yefomula engenamthwalo wombane upheleleyo. Yomibini imizobo yolwakhiwo iphinde yaveliswa isuka kwi-ChEBI yaza yaguqulelwa kwi-WebP ngaphandle kokutshintsha iibhondi okanye iileyibhile zeeathom.
Ingxelo ye-PubChem ye-CID 6099 isebenzisa elinye igama ngokwenkqubo yokubiza iikhemikhali nokubekwa okwahlukileyo kweebhondi eziphindwe kabini nomthwalo wombane osesikweni. Ezi ndlela zokumelwa zigcina uqhagamshelwano olufanayo lweeathom. Azibonisi ukuba kukho ihayidrethi eyahlukileyo okanye isithako esongezelelweyo.
Itheyibhile yeempawu enemithombo
Ubunzima ngokwefomula obungezantsi bulandela umboniso wangaphambili wemonografi ye-USP ye-methylene blue. Imilinganiselo yomzimba yimizekelo evela kwingxelo yorhwebo echaziweyo ye-trihydrate, kwaye iimeko ezikhoyo zemilinganiselo zigciniwe.
| Uphawu | Ixabiso okanye inkcazelo | Isiseko nokutolikwa |
|---|---|---|
| I-cation yedayi | C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺; +1; malunga ne-284.41 g/mol | I-cation kuphela, ngaphandle kwe-chloride namanzi; ChEBI 43830 |
| I-chloride engenamanzi | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S; 319.85 g/mol | Iyunithi yefomula yetyuwa engenamthwalo wombane upheleleyo; USP |
| I-monohydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·H₂O; 337.90 g/mol | Imolekyuli enye yamanzi kwiyunithi nganye yefomula yetyuwa; USP |
| I-trihydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·3H₂O; 373.90 g/mol | Iimolekyuli ezintathu zamanzi kwiyunithi nganye yefomula yetyuwa; USP |
| I-pentahydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·5H₂O; 409.93 g/mol | Iimolekyuli ezintlanu zamanzi kwiyunithi nganye yefomula yetyuwa; USP |
| Imeko yomzimba | Iqinile | Imveliso ye-Merck/Sigma 1.04122, ebhalwe njenge-trihydrate |
| Uxinano oluxeliweyo lwento eqinileyo | 1.757 g/cm³ kwi-22 °C | Imveliso 1.04122; ayiloxinaniso lwesinyibiliko esilungiselelweyo |
| Uxinano oluxeliweyo lomgubo uwonke | 400–600 kg/m³ | Imveliso efanayo; luquka izithuba phakathi kwamasuntswana omgubo |
| I-pH exeliweyo | 3 kwi-20 °C, 10 g/L emanzini | Imveliso efanayo neemeko zesinyibiliko ezichaziweyo |
| Ukunyibilika okudwelisiweyo | 50 g/L | Imveliso efanayo; inkcazelo ebonisiweyo ayichazi iqondo lobushushu |
| Inkcazelo yobushushu | 190 °C, ukubola kweekhemikhali | Imveliso efanayo; ayiloqondo lokunyibilika elikwi-equilibrium elinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwenkcazelo eyongezelelweyo |
| I-pKa | Ifuna isibini se-asidi/isiseko nendawo echaziweyo | Ayinakutshintshaniswa ne-pH yento esebhotileni okanye yesinyibiliko |
Ingxelo yemveliso yomenzi ixhasa imiqolo enxulumene naloo mveliso. Ezi nkcazelo ziluncedo njengeendawo zokuthelekisa, hayi njengeenkcukacha ezimiselweyo zawo wonke umgubo okanye ulwelo olugqityiweyo. Umahluko omncinane kubunzima ngokwefomula phakathi koovimba beenkcukacha unokubangelwa ziindlela zokusebenzisa ubunzima beeathom nokusondeza amanani; leyo yinto eyahlukileyo kumahluko omkhulu ngakumbi obangelwa zihayidrethi.
Kutheni amanzi ehayidrethi etshintsha ubalo
I-millimole enye ye-chloride engenamanzi ecocekileyo ngokupheleleyo inobunzima obuyi-319.85 mg; i-millimole enye ye-trihydrate ecocekileyo ngokupheleleyo inobunzima obuyi-373.90 mg. Nganye iqulethe i-millimole enye yee-cation zedayi. Xa kubalwa ngokwetheyibhile, ubunzima be-trihydrate bumalunga ne-16.9% ngaphezulu kumthamo ofanayo wedayi.
Ngenxa yoko, i-1.000 g/L ye-chloride engenamanzi ecocekileyo ilingana malunga ne-3.13 mmol/L, ngoxa i-1.000 g/L ye-trihydrate ecocekileyo ilingana malunga ne-2.67 mmol/L. Le yimizekelo esekelwe kwifomula, ngaphambi kokulungisa ngokwesiphumo sovavanyo lomxholo wokwenene okanye umthamo wamanzi olinganisiweyo. Sebenzisa isixhobo sokubala i-molarity ye-methylene blue ukuze uhlobo lwekhemikhali olukhethiweyo luhlale lucacile.
Inkcazelo ye-USP ichaza uvavanyo lomxholo ngokusekelwe kwinto eyomisiweyo. Ngoko ke, ipesenti esekelwe kwinto eyomisiweyo nobunzima bomgubo njengoko wamkelwe kufuneka zitolikwe kunye. Amanzi ekristalizayeshini awabobungqina ngokuzenzekelayo bokungcoliseka. Uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha lwe-trihydrate naleyo ingenamanzi luchaza indlela yokufunda ezo leyibhile.
Umthwalo wombane awungqini ukuba kukho ikholoyidi
“Umthwalo wombane we-sol ye-methylene blue” udibanisa imibuzo emibini eyahlukileyo. I-ion yedayi inomthwalo ongu-+1. Ukuqonda ukuba ulungiselelo luyi-sol kufuna ulwazi malunga nenkqubo enamasuntswana asasazekileyo.
Inkcazelo ye-IUPAC ye-sol iphathelele inkqubo yekholoyidi elulwelo. Ayenzi sonke isinyibiliko sedayi enomthwalo wombane sibe yikholoyidi. Kananjalo ifomula yetyuwa engenamthwalo wombane upheleleyo ayithethi ukuba ii-ion zayo ezinyibilikileyo nganye azinamthwalo. Ibango malunga nomthwalo wombane wamasuntswana okanye ipotenshiyali ye-zeta lifuna ulungiselelo lokwenene neemeko zomlinganiselo, kungekhona ifomula yemolekyuli kuphela.
I-pH, i-pKa nepolarity ziphendula imibuzo eyahlukileyo
I-IUPAC ichaza i-pH ngokusebenza kwee-ion ze-hydrogen kwisinyibiliko. Ngoko ke, umgubo owomileyo we-methylene blue awunayo i-pH yasemanzini ezimeleyo. Inkcazelo ye-pH eluncedo ichaza isinyibilikisi, uxinaniso, iqondo lobushushu nokwenziwa komxube. Ukongeza isithinteli sotshintsho lwe-pH kunokutshintsha i-pH yesinyibiliko ngaphandle kokutshintsha ubunjani obubhalwe kwileyibhile yedayi.
Ngokwahlukileyo, isigxina sokuqhekeka kwe-asidi sichaza i-equilibrium ethile, kwaye i-pKa yi-logarithm yaso enesiseko esingu-10, ethathwe ngophawu lokuthabatha. “I-pKa ye-methylene blue” enokusetyenziswa kufuneka ichaze uhlobo olufumene iprotoni nolo lulahlekelwe yiprotoni, kwakunye nendawo olukuyo. Inani lodwa alikuxeleli ukuba libhekisa kwidayi ekwimeko ye-oxidation okanye kolunye uhlobo lwekhemikhali. Ukudluliselwa kweprotoni nokudluliselwa kwe-elektroni ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo; jonga ikhemistri ye-redox ye-methylene blue ne-leucomethylene blue malunga nale yokugqibela.
“Ingaba ine-polarity okanye ayinayo?” nawo ngumbuzo ofuna injongo echaziweyo. I-methylene blue chloride yenziwe zii-ion, ngoxa i-cation yayo eyi-organic iqulethe isakhelo esandisiweyo sekhabhon. Le nkcazelo iluncedo ngakumbi kunokunika yonke into ixabiso elinye lepolarity. Njengoko ingxoxo ye-IUPAC ngepolarity yesinyibilikisi ichaza, ukudibana kwesinyibilikisi nento enyibilikayo kuxhomekeke kwiintsebenziswano ezininzi. Kumsebenzi wokulungiselela, sebenzisa ukunyibilika okulinganisiweyo kwisinyibilikisi ekujoliswe kuso kunye neemeko eziku-sikhokelo sokunyibilika nokulungiselela izinyibiliko.
Loluphi uxinano olufanele ukusetyenziswa kuguqulo?
Nangona i-1 g/cm³ ilingana ne-1 g/mL, ukutshintsha iyunithi akutshintshi into elinganisiweyo. Uxinano lwento eqinileyo alunakuguqula iimillilitha zesinyibiliko esixutywe kakhulu zibe ziigram zeso sinyibiliko. Uxinano lomgubo uwonke luphendula omnye umbuzo kuba ukupakishwa kushiya umoya phakathi kwamasuntswana.
Ukuze uguqule ubunzima ngomthamo ngamnye bube bubunzima ngobunzima ngabunye, fumana uxinano lwesinyibiliko esigqityiweyo kwiqondo lobushushu elichaziweyo. Ekulinganiseni ubunzima nasekubaleni i-molarity, qinisekisa ifomula yento nesiseko sovavanyo lomxholo. Ukuthelekisa uphawu nento elinganiswayo kuthintela iimpazamo ezingenakulungiswa kukongeza amanani emva kwesiphumlisi sedesimali.