Mashandiro anoita methylene blue: kutamiswa kwemaelectron, uye kwanoenda maelectron

Bhodhoro rerabhoritari rakavharwa riri patafura ndiyo nzira pfupi uye yakatendeseka yekutanga kutsanangura mashandiro anoita methylene blue. Mvura, glucose, chidimbu che sodium hydroxide, uye dye yakakwana kuita kuti mvura ive yebhuruu yakadzika isingakanganisiki. Mira maminitsi mashoma, bhuruu racho rinopera kusvikira bhodhoro racho raita serine mvura chete. Rizununguse, ruvara runodzoka pakarepo. Zvino runoperazve, uye izvi zvinoramba zvichiitika chero bedzi paine glucose yakagadzirira kupa maelectron uye oxygen yakagadzirira kuagamuchira.

Hapana chachinja pa dye yacho kunze kwehuwandu hwemaelectron airi kutakura. Kana iri oxidised, ibhuruu. Kana iri reduced, haisi. Zvinenge zvimwe zvose zviri mumabhuku ekurapa neekutsvakurudza nezvemolecule iyi zvinobva padanho rimwe chete iroro rinodzokerazve, nokuti molecule inokwanisa kutora maelectron kubva kune mumwe mubatsiri yoapa kune mumwe inoshanda semutakuri, uye mutakuri haaiti chinhu ari oga. Zvainoita zvinoenderana zvachose nezviri kumativi ose enzira yacho.

Mafomu maviri, uye nei maviri acho achikosha

Fomu reoxidised ihurongwa hwemaringi hwakatsetseka, hune positive charge. Chimiro ichocho chakati sandara uye chine charge ndicho chinoita kuti ritutunuke pamusoro penucleic acids, ribatane nezvivako zvine sialic acid pamembrane dzemasero, uye rinyanye kunyudza chiedza chinooneka pakati peinenge 600 ne700 nanometres, chinova chikamu chespectrum chinoonekwa neziso remunhu sebhuruu.

Fomu rereduced rakasiyana. Harina charge, rinonyungudika mumafuta pane mumvura, uye harina ruvara. Ionisation yaro ishoma zvikuru pa pH iri mukati memuviri, iri padanho remaperesenti mashoma. Saka molecule rereduced rinoyambuka membrane yesero nyore kuburikidza nediffusion, uye kana rapinda mukati, uko nharaunda yacho iri more oxidising, rinogona kuitwa reoxidised uye rikaita sokuti ravharirwa mukati. Hurongwa hwemaringi hweoxidised hwakati sandara; hwereduced hunogona kumonyoroka. Migumisiro iyoyo yechimiro, pamwe chete nekushanduka kweruvara pachako, chikamu chenyaya yemafomu maviri aya pachawo, uye zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama mukuenzaniswa kwemethylene blue neleucomethylene blue.

Kugamuchira maelectron

Dye yeoxidised inogona kugamuchira maelectron kubva kune vakawanda vanopa. Glucose iri mubhodhoro rekuratidzira ndeimwe yacho. Mukati mesero, reduced pyridine nucleotides uye zvikamu zvemitochondrial electron transport chain ndezvimwe. Kana methylene blue ikaitwa reduced munyama ine oxygen, cycle yainotanga inoshandisa zvose reducing agent neoxygen, uye inogadzira reactive oxygen species, zvikuru hydrogen peroxide. Dye yacho inobuda mucycle isina kuchinja, yakagadzirira kuitangazve.

Pfungwa yekupedzisira iyi inotsanangura kupokana kunogona kutaridzika sekusangwarira. Methylene blue inotsanangurwa mumabhuku sesese pro-oxidant neantioxidant, uye tsananguro dzose dziri mbiri dzinogona kutsigirwa. Inogona kuderedza kugadzirwa kwesuperoxide nekushanda seartificial electron acceptor, ichitsausa kuyerera kwemaelectron kubva panzvimbo dzeenzyme uko oxygen yaiz otherwise kushandurwa kuita superoxide radicals. Mumaculture emasero echiropa yakaratidzwa kuti inokurudzira phase-2 antioxidant defence enzymes, kusanganisira thioredoxin reductase 1 neNADPH quinone oxidoreductase. Kuti unoona divi ripi pazviviri izvi zvinoenderana nekuti ndeupi mugumo wenjira yekutakura uri kushomeka maelectron panguva iyoyo. Mubvunzo wakaita sekuti "methylene blue iantioxidant here" hauna kuumbwa zvakanaka kusvikira wataura kuti uri kureva musystem ipi, pakoncentration ipi, uye chii chimwe chiripo.

Kupfuudza maelectron

Kana dye yacho yangobata electron yakawedzerwa, zvinhu zvitatu zvakasiyana zvikuru zvinogona kuitika, asi zvinowanzotsanangurwa pasi pemusoro mumwe chete. Hazvifaniri kudaro.

Inogona kupfuudza electron kune metal centre. Muenzaniso wakajeka zvikuru ndewehaemoglobin yakaitwa oxidised kubva kuferrous state kuenda kuferric state. Kana iri muchimiro ichocho haigoni kutakura oxygen. Mumasero matsvuku eropa, enzyme inoita kuti dye ive reduced, uye dye iyoyo yereduced yobva yapa maelectron kuoxidised haem iron pasina enzyme, ichidzorera haemoglobin inoshanda uye ichidzorera dye kufomu rayo reoxidised. Dye yacho haipedzwi neizvi; inoramba ichitenderera mucycle. Mamiriro ekiriniki akavakirwa pareaction iyi inyaya yechipatara, uye tsananguro yemethylene blue mumethemoglobinemia inotsanangura mashandisirwo ayo uye nei ichitariswa zvakanyanya.

Chinyorwa chakajeka pamusoro pezvakaverengwa: mareview maviri pakavakirwa chinyorwa chino haatauri reducing cofactor imwe chete padanho reenzyme, rimwe richiti NADH uye rimwe NADPH. Kusawirirana uku kuriko zvechokwadi uye hakuna kugadziriswa mumabviro aripo pano, saka tsananguro yakachengeteka ndeyekutaura basa rinoitwa nechikamu chimwe nechimwe pane kusarudza zita rimwe chete recofactor.

Inogona kupfuudza energy, kana electron, kuoxygen, kana paine chiedza. Nzira iyi inongovapo kana paine illumination. Dye yakaiswa muexcited state inosvika patriplet state, uye kubva ipapo nzira mbiri dzinogona kuitika. Yekutanga, excited dye inodyidzana zvakananga nemolecule iri pedyo, ichitora hydrogen kana kutamisa electron, izvo zvinogadzira radicals; kana ikaita reaction nemvura nenzira iyi inogadzira hydroxyl radicals. Yechipiri, excitation energy inopfuudzwa kuoxygen pachayo, ichigadzira singlet oxygen, mhando ine electrophilicity yakanyanya inoparara mukati memicroseconds uye inowanzogamuchirwa senzira huru iyo methylene blue yakavhenekerwa nayo inokuvadza masero emicrobes. Reactions nemalipids nemapeptides zviri pacell envelope, pamwe neguanine bases muDNA, ndezvimwe zvezvakanyorwa kuti zvinoitika.

Mhedzisiro inoshanda yenzira iyi ndeyekuti illumination inoshandura nhamba nemagrades akawanda. Mudata rakaunganidzwa naWainwright naCrossley, methylene blue ichishandiswa kupokana nePseudomonas aeruginosa ine minimum bactericidal concentration yeinenge 500 micromolar murima, uye inenge 25 micromolar pasi pedose rechiedza re12 joules per square centimetre. Kupokana neimwe strain yeStaphylococcus aureus, values dzemurima nedzepasi pechiedza dzose dziri 5 micromolar. Nemamwe mashoko, kuti molecule iyi inganzi antimicrobial zvachose hazvisi zvemolecule chete; zvine chekuita nemolecule pamwe chete nechiedza.

Inogona kushanda yakananga paenzyme site, pasina nzira yekutakura. Methylene blue inooxidise ferrous iron yakasungwa kunitric oxide synthase, izvo zvinodzima enzyme yacho. Inovhara soluble guanylate cyclase, uye pakati pe1 ne10 micromolar ndiyo routine laboratory concentration inoshandiswa pachinangwa ichocho. Inodzivisa monoamine oxidase type A ine IC50 pakati pe27 ne180 nanomolar, uye iyi ndiyo mechanism iri shure kweinteraction yakanyatsoratidzwa neserotonin reuptake inhibitors uye chikonzero nei drug interactions dzemethylene blue dziri chikamu chadzo pachadzo.

Nzira nhatu idzi dzakasiyana pamakemikari adzo. Kudzisanganisa dzose kuita chirevo chimwe chete chekuti methylene blue inoshanda neredox cycling ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei zvinyorwa zvakawanda pamusoro payo zvichiita sezvine chivimbo asi panguva imwe chete zvisina kujeka.

Misiyano mina inosarudza kana chirevo chemamechanism chine zvachinoreva

Fomu ripi. Dye yereduced haigoni kungotsiviwa nedye yeoxidised. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition inoratidza dambudziko iri: muin vitro incubation yakareba, methylene blue inoramba ichiiswa mureduced state zvishoma nezvishoma kusvikira yava kufomu rayo risina ruvara, uye inhibition yacho inoderera, nokuti molecule rereduced haridzivisi enzyme iyoyo. Assay inomhanya kwenguva yakareba zvekuti inoshandura fomu icharatidza effect isina kusimba uye inokurudzira tsananguro isiri iyo.

Concentration ipi. Laboratory range yesoluble guanylate cyclase inhibition i1 kusvika 10 micromolar. Kubvisa glutamate-mediated transmission mumarat hippocampal slices kwakatora 5 kusvika 50 micromolar. Toxic effects mucell culture dzinonzi dzinoonekwa pamusoro pe100 micromolar. Izvi hazvisi experiment imwe chete, uye mechanism yakasimbiswa pa50 micromolar haiiti kuti ibve yawanikwa otomatiki kumurwere ane plasma concentration iri chikamu chidiki cheizvozvo.

Nzira ipi. Absolute oral bioavailability iri paanenge 72 per cent, uye terminal plasma half-life iri 5 kusvika 7 hours. Oral administration inogadzira concentrations dzakakwira muintestine nechiropa; intravenous administration inogadzira concentrations dzakakwira muuropi. Nzira ndiyo inosarudza kuti ndeipi tissue inosangana nemaelectron.

Model ipi, uye magetsi aive akabatidzwa here. Zvizhinji zvemabhuku emamechanism zvine cell culture nerodent work, uye in vitro results pamolecule iyi zvinoenderana nekusangana nechiedza, membrane potential uye redox state yemasero, nokuti mwenje wemikrosikopu wakatokwana kuiphotosensitise. Pakati pe65 ne85 per cent yedose yakapihwa inoitwa reduced kusvika kufomu risina ruvara mumasero matsvuku eropa neperipheral tissue. Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi chiri pakati pemechanism yakajeka mundiro yerabhoritari nechirevo pamusoro pemunhu.

Nei mubvunzo wepurity uri mubvunzo wechemistry

Illumination inodemethylate methylene blue. Product yekutanga iAzure B, yozoteverwa neAzure A, yozoteverwa nethionin, uye light intensity yakakwira inogadzira breakdown yakawanda kupfuura yakaderera. Molecule ine usefulness yayo pakukwanisa kugamuchira nekupa maelectron, saka likely degradation products dzayo ihama dzepedyo dzemakemikari dzinoramba dziri musolution imwe chete. Composition yezviri mumudziyo haisi cosmetic detail.

Ndicho chikonzero conformance to the USP specification chiri bvunzo ine zvazvinoreva kumutengi. Product isingasviki pairi idye, uye dye ine impurities, kusanganisira Azure B, heavy metals neresidual solvents, izvo munhu ari kuimedza asingadi. Mumwe musungo ndewemutengesi anoedza heavy metals chete obva aratidza result yacho sokunge kuti full compliance. Blupreme yakabatana nemugadziri wemishonga wemethylene blue uye inoedza full specification: identity, purity, organic impurities, residual solvents, elemental impurities, residue on ignition, microbial limits uye bacterial endotoxins. Gwaro rekuongororwa murabhoritari riri shure kwebatch imwe neimwe rinoburitswa, uye kusarudza supplier kunonyanya kuva nyaya yekutarisa kana gwaro iroro riripo uye kuti rinofukidza chii.

Reversible couple imwe chete. Nzira dzinoverengeka dzinobuda mairi. Nzira ndiyo inosarudza kuti chirevo chinogona kurevei.