Ubutabire bw'ubururu bwa methylene: imiterere, fomula, ibiranga n'amazina

Ubururu bwa methylene busanzwe busobanura methylthioninium chloride, umunyu urimo irangi rikomoka ku binyabutabire bya karubone rifite chariji y'amashanyarazi pozitifu, hamwe n'iyoni ya chloride ifite chariji iyirwanya. Umunyu udafite amazi ufite fomula C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S n'uburemere bushingiye kuri fomula bugera kuri 319.85 g/mol. Amazi ari muri kristali ahindura uburemere bw'ikintu gipimwa ariko ntahindure ubwoko bwa katyoni y'irangi irimo.

Iryo tandukaniro risobanura ibintu byinshi bishobora gusa n'ibivuguruzanya mu rutonde rw'ibinyabutabire. Inyandiko ishobora kuvuga neza ko umunyu ufite chariji rusange ya zeru, kandi igasobanura ko irangi rifite chariji pozitifu. Urundi rutonde rushobora gutanga 373.90 g/mol kubera ko ikintu ruvugaho ari trihydrate. Mbere yo gukoresha agaciro k'ikiranga runaka, banza umenye icyo uwo mubare usobanura.

Amazina agaragaza ibice bitandukanye by'ikinyabutabire

Inyandiko ya ChEBI ku bururu bwa methylene igaragaza umunyu wa chloride, igatanga CAS 61-73-4, kandi ikarondora amazina methylthioninium chloride, Basic Blue 9 na C.I. 52015. Izina ryawo rikurikiza uburyo bwemewe bwo kwita ibinyabutabire ni 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride.

Izina methylthioninium ridafite “chloride” rigaragaza katyoni ikomoka ku binyabutabire bya karubone. Izina rigaragaza amazi muri kristali ryongeraho irindi tandukaniro: chloride y'ubururu bwa methylene ihujwe n'ingano y'amazi yagenwe mu kintu gikomeye. Mu bisabwa ku kinyabutabire kigurwa, andika hamwe izina ryacyo ryuzuye, fomula, ubwoko bushingiye ku mazi ari muri kristali n'ikirango gitangwa n'ukigurisha. Ntukishingikirize gusa ku ijambo rivuga ibara. Igereranya rya methyl blue n'andi marangi afite amazina asa risobanura impamvu amazina yegeranye ashobora kugaragaza ibinyabutabire bitandukanye.

Soma imiterere ya molekile

Imiterere A: katyoni ya methylthioninium

Ibirango: ibimenyetso N by'ubururu bigaragaza atome eshatu za azote; S y'umuhondo igaragaza sulufure; buri atome ya azote yo ku mpande ifite amatsinda abiri ya methyl. Impera z'imirongo zitanditseho ikirango muri ayo matsinda zigaragaza atome za karubone hamwe na atome za hidurojene zitagaragajwe ariko zumvikanamo. Impeta eshatu zifatanye zikora urufatiro rwo hagati rufite amasano akurikirana asangiye ikwirakwira rya elegitoroni. Iki gishushanyo cy'inkomoko cyerekana bumwe mu buryo bwo kwerekana chariji yemewe mu gushushanya.

Imiterere ya katyoni muri ChEBI ifite fomula C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺, chariji rusange +1 n'uburemere mpuzandengo 284.408. Ku myanya 3 na 7 hari amatsinda ya dimethylamino asimbura atome. Ikimenyetso cya chariji pozitifu cyashyizwe kuri atome imwe mu gishushanyo ni uburyo bwo kubara chariji muri ubwo buryo bwo kwerekana imiterere; ntigikwiye gufatwa nk'ikarita y'ikwirakwira ryose rya elegitoroni.

Imiterere B: umunyu wa chloride

Ibirango: Cl⁻ y'icyatsi ni iyoni ya chloride ifite chariji irwanya iya katyoni. Yagaragajwe nk'idafatanye n'imiterere ikomoka ku binyabutabire bya karubone ku bushake. Katyoni imwe ya +1 n'aniyoni imwe ya −1 bitanga igice kimwe cya fomula kidafite chariji rusange. Ibishushanyo byombi by'imiterere byakuwe muri ChEBI bihindurwa WebP nta guhindura amasano cyangwa ibirango bya atome zabyo.

Inyandiko ya PubChem ya CID 6099 ikoresha irindi zina rikurikiza uburyo bwemewe bwo kwita ibinyabutabire, ikanashyira amasano abiri na chariji yemewe mu gushushanya ahandi hatandukanye. Ubu buryo bwo kwerekana imiterere bugumana uko atome zihujwe. Ntibugaragaza ko harimo ubundi bwoko bufite amazi muri kristali cyangwa ikindi kigize uruvange cyongeweho.

Imbonerahamwe y'ibiranga ifite amasoko

Uburemere bushingiye kuri fomula buri hano bukurikiza incamake y'inyandiko yihariye ya USP ku bururu bwa methylene. Ibipimo by'ibiranga bifatika ni ingero zavuye mu nyandiko y'ubwoko bwa trihydrate bugurishwa bwagenwe, kandi uburyo ibipimo byafatiwemo bwabonekaga bwagumishijwe.

Inyandiko y'igicuruzwa y'uwagikoze ishyigikira imirongo yihariye kuri icyo gicuruzwa. Aya makuru ni ingingo zifasha kwifashishwa, si ibisabwa kuri buri fu cyangwa buri ruvange rw'amazi rwamaze gutegurwa. Itandukaniro rito hagati y'uburemere bushingiye kuri fomula bwo mu bubiko bw'amakuru rishobora no guterwa n'uburyo bwemewe bwo kugena uburemere bwa atome no kwegeranya imibare; icyo ni ikibazo gitandukanye n'itandukaniro rinini cyane riterwa n'amazi ari muri kristali.

Impamvu amazi ari muri kristali ahindura imibare

Milimole imwe ya chloride idafite amazi, itunganye, ipima 319.85 mg; milimole imwe ya trihydrate itunganye ipima 373.90 mg. Buri imwe irimo milimole imwe ya katyoni z'irangi. Uhereye ku mbonerahamwe, uburemere bwa trihydrate buri hejuru hafi 16.9% ku ngano imwe y'irangi.

Bityo, 1.000 g/L ya chloride idafite amazi kandi itavanze ihwanye na hafi 3.13 mmol/L, naho 1.000 g/L ya trihydrate itavanze igahwana na hafi 2.67 mmol/L. Izi ni ingero zishingiye kuri fomula, mbere yo gukosora imibare hakurikijwe igipimo nyacyo cy'ibikubiye mu kinyabutabire cyangwa ingano y'amazi yapimwe. Koresha igikoresho cyo kubara molarite y'ubururu bwa methylene kugira ngo ubwoko bw'ikinyabutabire wahisemo bugaragare neza.

Igisobanuro cya USP gitanga igipimo cy'ibikubiye mu kinyabutabire hashingiwe ku cyumishijwe. Bityo, ijanisha rishingiye ku cyumishijwe n'uburemere bw'ifu uko yakiriwe bigomba gusobanurwa hamwe. Amazi ari muri kristali si gihamya ihita yemeza ko harimo umwanda. Igereranya rirambuye rya trihydrate n'ubwoko budafite amazi risobanura uko ibyo byanditse ku birango bisomwa.

Chariji ntiyemeza ko ikintu ari koloide

“Chariji ya sol y'ubururu bwa methylene” ihuza ibibazo bibiri bitandukanye. Iyoni y'irangi ifite chariji +1. Kumenya niba uruvange rwateguwe ari sol bisaba amakuru ku buryo uduce twarwo dukwirakwijwemo.

Igisobanuro cya IUPAC cya sol kivuga uruvange rwa koloide rushobora gutemba. Ntikigira buri muti w'irangi rifite chariji koloide. Kandi fomula y'umunyu idafite chariji rusange ntisobanura ko buri iyoni yawo yashonze na yo idafite chariji. Kuvuga chariji y'uduce cyangwa potensiyeli ya zeta bisaba uruvange nyirizina rwateguwe n'uburyo ibipimo byafatiwemo, aho gushingira kuri fomula ya molekile yonyine.

pH, pKa na polari bisubiza ibibazo bitandukanye

IUPAC isobanura pH ishingiye ku bikorwa bya iyoni za hidurojene mu muti. Bityo, ifu yumye y'ubururu bwa methylene ntifite pH yo mu mazi yihariye. Amakuru ya pH afite akamaro agaragaza igishongesho, ingano y'ikinyabutabire mu muti, ubushyuhe n'ibigize uruvange. Kongeramo uruvange rugabanya ihindagurika rya pH bishobora guhindura pH y'umuti bidahinduye ubwoko bw'irangi bwanditse ku kirango.

Mu buryo butandukanye, konstante yo gutandukana kwa aside isobanura uburinganire bwihariye, kandi pKa ni logaritimu yayo ku shingiro rya 10 yafashwe mu buryo bwa negatifu. “pKa y'ubururu bwa methylene” ishobora gukoreshwa igomba kuvuga ubwoko bwafashe porotoni n'ubwayitanze, hamwe n'aho biri. Umubare wonyine ntukubwira niba uvuga irangi ryakorewe okisidasiyo cyangwa ubundi bwoko bw'ikinyabutabire. Ihererekanya rya porotoni n'ihererekanya rya elegitoroni ni inzira zitandukanye; reba ubutabire bwa redox bw'ubururu bwa methylene na leucomethylene blue ku byerekeye irya elegitoroni.

“Kifite polari cyangwa ntigifite polari?” na cyo gisaba intego isobanutse. Chloride y'ubururu bwa methylene igizwe na iyoni, mu gihe katyoni yayo ikomoka ku binyabutabire bya karubone irimo urufatiro rugari rwa karubone. Ibyo bisobanuro bifite akamaro kurusha guha ikinyabutabire cyose igipimo kimwe cya polari. Nk'uko ibisobanuro bya IUPAC kuri polari y'igishongesho bibivuga, uko igishongesho gikikiza ibinyabutabire bishingira ku mikoranire myinshi. Mu gutegura imiti, koresha ubushobozi bwo gushonga bwapimwe mu gishongesho uteganya gukoresha n'uburyo busobanurwa mu mabwiriza y'ubushobozi bwo gushonga no gutegura imiti.

Ni ubuhe bucucike bukoreshwa mu guhindura ibipimo?

Nubwo 1 g/cm³ ihwanye na 1 g/mL, guhindura igipimo ntibihindura icyapimwe. Ubucucike bw'ikintu gikomeye ntibushobora gukoreshwa mu guhindura mililitiro z'umuti ufite ikinyabutabire gike mo garama z'uwo muti. Ubucucike bw'ifu irunze busubiza ikindi kibazo, kuko uko uduce twayo turunze bisiga umwuka hagati yatwo.

Mu guhindura igipimo cy'uburemere kuri buri ngano y'umwanya mo icy'uburemere kuri buri buremere, shaka ubucucike bw'umuti wamaze gutegurwa ku bushyuhe bwagaragajwe. Mu gupima uburemere no kubara molarite, genzura fomula y'ikinyabutabire n'ishingiro ry'igipimo cy'ibikubiyemo. Guhuza ikiranga n'ikintu kirimo gupimwa birinda amakosa adashobora gukosorwa no kongera imibare nyuma y'akadomo.