Kafukufuku wa methylene blue: mayesero mwa anthu ndi maphunziro oyesera

Kusaka methylene blue kumabweretsa zolemba za kafukufuku zikwizikwi. Kafukufuku wa m'chidebe cha labotale, wa makoswe, ndi wa anthu odzipereka makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi mmodzi amaoneka pa mndandanda womwewo ngati ali ndi umboni wofanana mphamvu. Sangatengedwe ngati ofanana, ndipo kusiyana kwawo nthawi zambiri n'kumene kumayankha funso limene mwabwera nalo.

Tsambali ndi mndandanda wolozera, osati chigamulo. Limakonza laibulale yogwiritsidwa ntchito ya zolemba 130 za kafukufuku wa methylene blue malinga ndi zinthu zinayi zimene zimasintha zimene zolembazo zingakuuzeni: mlingo umene kuyeserako kunachitikira, gulu lofufuzidwa, njira yoperekera ndi mlingo wake, ndiponso mtundu wa mankhwala amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tebulo losefeka la umboni, lopangidwa kuchokera mu laibulale yomweyi, lilipo limodzi ndi nkhaniyi.

Zimene zilidi mu laibulale iyi

Zolemba 130zi zimachokera ku 1928 mpaka 2026. Zolembedwa khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi ndi za chaka cha 2000 chisanafike. Zaka za m'ma 2010 zinapereka 59, zaka za m'ma 2020 zawonjezera 29 mpaka pano, ndipo zaka za m'ma 2000 zinawonjezera 23.

Kapangidwe ka zolembazi n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwake. Zolemba makumi asanu ndi za kafukufuku wa nyama zamoyo. Makumi atatu mphambu zinayi zimafufuza minofu, maselo, kapena magazi kunja kwa thupi. Zisanu ndi zitatu zimagwiritsa ntchito ma mitochondria olekanitsidwa, zisanu ndi zoyesera pa mamolekyulu kapena zochitika za makemikolo m'zamoyo, ndipo makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi ndi kuwunika kafukufuku wina, ndemanga, kapena mbiri. Zinayi zimapereka methylene blue kwa anthu. Iliyonse mwa zinayizi imafufuza methylene blue mwa anthu odzipereka athanzi kapena akuluakulu athanzi.

Chiwerengerochi sichikutanthauza kuti methylene blue sinayesedwepo mwa odwala; chithandizo chovomerezeka cha methemoglobinemia ndi vuto la ubongo logwirizana ndi ifosfamide chimachokera pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza odwala, komwe laibulale iyi imangokhudza pang'ono. Ndi kufotokoza zimene wowerenga adzapeze pano, ndipo kumasintha mmene zolemba zina zonse ziyenera kuwerengedwera. Kafukufuku wambiri wa nyama ndi maselo umapereka umboni wabwino wa mmene zinthu zimagwirira ntchito. Si umboni wa zimene zimachitika mwa munthu amene wameza kapisozi.

Kafukufuku anayi wa anthu, kuphatikizapo amene zotsatira zake zinapita mosiyana ndi zoyembekezeredwa

Kafukufuku wa anthu wokhala ndi umboni wamphamvu kwambiri mu laibulale iyi umachokera ku gulu limodzi la ofufuza limene limajambula zithunzi za ubongo.

Mayesero otsata anthu kupita m'tsogolo, ogawa anthu m'magulu mwachisawawa, obisa kwa otenga nawo mbali ndi ofufuza kuti ndani walandira chiyani, komanso oyerekezera ndi mankhwala opanda chinthu chogwira ntchito, analembetsa anthu makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi mmodzi a zaka 22 mpaka 62. Anawapatsa mlingo umodzi wochepa wa methylene blue womwedwa kapena mankhwala opanda chinthu chogwira ntchito. Kuyankha kooneka pa MRI yosonyeza mmene ubongo ukugwirira ntchito kunawonjezeka m'gawo la insular cortex la mbali zonse ziwiri panthawi ya ntchito yofuna kukhala tcheru mosalekeza, komanso m'magawo a prefrontal, parietal, ndi occipital cortex panthawi ya ntchito yokumbukira zinthu kwa kanthawi kochepa. Mayankho olondola pokumbukira zinthu anawonjezeka ndi asanu ndi awiri pa zana, ndipo chiwerengero cha kuthekera chonenedwa chinali .01. Gululi linaonetsanso mu kafukufuku wachiwiri wogawa anthu mwachisawawa, wobisa kwa mbali zonse ziwiri, komanso woyerekezera ndi mankhwala opanda chinthu chogwira ntchito, kuti mlingo umodzi wochepa womwedwa unachepetsa kuyenda kwa magazi mu ubongo m'magawo ogwirira ntchito limodzi yokhudzana ndi ntchitoyo panthawi ya ntchito yolumikiza kuona ndi kuyenda. Panthawi yomweyo, unalimbikitsa kulumikizana kwa magawo okhudzana ndi kuzindikira ndi kukumbukira pamene anthu anali opuma. Malipoti ofalitsidwa ndi PubMed 27351678 ndi PubMed 26961091.

Kafukufuku wachitatu ndi amene tsamba lachidule lingangomusiya mwakachetechete. Ofufuza a ku King's College London anapereka milingo iwiri kudzera m'mtsempha: 0.5 ndi 1 mg pa kilogram mwa anthu, ndi 2 ndi 4 mg pa kilogram mwa makoswe. Methylene blue inachepetsa kuyenda kwa magazi mu ubongo wonse mwa mitundu yonse iwiriyi, inachepetsa liwiro limene ubongo umagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa oxygen mwa anthu, ndipo inachepetsa liwiro limene ubongo umagwiritsa ntchito glucose mwa makoswe. Olembawo anali atayembekezera zotsatira zosiyana ndi zimenezi. Kufotokoza kwawo kofalitsidwa n'kwakuti milingoyi, ngakhale inali yogwirizana ndi imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza odwala, mwina inali pa mbali yotsika ya mphindikira yosonyeza kuyankha kwa thupi ku mlingo mwa njira ya hormesis. Anafotokozanso kuti mwa anthu odzipereka athanzi, amene ubongo wawo umagwiritsa ntchito zinthu mwachibadwa, panali mwayi wochepa woti pakhale kusintha kwabwino. Zolembazo zili pa PubMed 36803299.

Kafukufuku wachinayi akuonetsa kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa mitundu ya zamoyo. M'maselo a chiwindi cha makoswe komanso mwa makoswe amoyo, methylene blue inawonjezera kusinthidwa kwa ethanol yolembedwa chizindikiro kukhala carbon dioxide kudzera mu oxidation ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu pa zana ndi makumi atatu pa zana, motsatira ndondomekoyi. Mwa anthu odzipereka athanzi, amene anapatsidwa mlingo wopangidwa motsatira njira yoperekera yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa vuto la ubongo loyambitsidwa ndi ifosfamide, sinasinthe chilichonse chimene chikanayezedwa: mmene ethanol imayendera, kusinthidwa ndi kutuluka m'thupi sikunasinthe, ndipo kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha lactate poyerekeza ndi pyruvate, komwe kukanasonyeza kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wa redox m'maselo, sikunaoneke. Kuyesera mwa makoswe ndi kuyesera mwa anthu kunapereka zotsatira zosiyana, ndipo kwa anthu sikunapezeke kusintha. Onani PubMed 11022014.

Theka la kafukufuku wopereka milingo kwa anthu mu laibulale iyi limanena zotsatira zimene sizikugwirizana ndi zimene anthu ambiri amanena. Mayesero a kukumbukira ndi kuika chidwi ndi oyenera kuwerengedwa onse pa chifukwa chimenechi, ndipo chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kubisa amene walandira chiyani m'mayesero amenewa ndi vuto lina lapadera.

“Za anthu” zimakhudza zinthu ziwiri zosiyana

Kupatula kafukufuku anayi wopereka milingo, zolemba khumi zimafufuza zinthu zochokera m'thupi la munthu kunja kwa thupi, ndipo mawu achidule amakonda kuziphatikiza m'gulu lomwelo.

Gulu limodzi linasunga minofu ya mafuta yokhudzana ndi mtima ndi mitsempha, yotengedwa kwa odwala makumi awiri mphambu asanu panthawi ya opaleshoni ya mtima, m'malo oyenera ndi methylene blue ya 0.1 micromolar kwa maola makumi awiri mphambu anayi. Kupangidwa kwa ma enzyme a monoamine oxidase kunachepa, monganso zizindikiro za kuwonongeka koyambitsidwa ndi oxidation (PubMed 39167271). Uwu ndi umboni wabwino wakuti minofu ya munthu imayankha methylene blue. Si umboni wa zimene mlingo umachita mwa munthu wamoyo, chifukwa mu kuyeserako palibe chimene chinayendetsedwa m'magazi, kusinthidwa ndi thupi, kapena kutulutsidwa m'thupi.

Kusiyanitsa komweku kumakhudzanso khungu. Maselo a fibroblast a khungu la anthu, otengedwa kwa opereka athanzi ndi kwa odwala progeria, anayankha bwino ku methylene blue kuposa ku zinthu zina zingapo zoteteza ku oxidation, pa kuchulukana kwa maselo komanso kuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa maselo. Komanso, chitsanzo cha khungu la munthu chopangidwanso cha mbali zitatu sichinaonetse kuyabwa kapena kukwiya ngakhale pamene kuchuluka kwa methylene blue kunali kwakukulu (PubMed 28559565). Umenewo ndi umboni wamphamvu ndithu wokhudza mankhwala opaka pakhungu, koma si mayesero mwa anthu. Pamene umboni wokhudza khungu umathera ndi nkhani yoyenera kuwerengedwa limodzi ndi imeneyi.

Pamene zolemba za mu laibulale iyi zimatsutsana

Zoyesera ziwiri zochitidwa mosamala zimapereka zotsatira zosiyana pa njira yogwirira ntchito imene yakhala ikubwerezedwa m'malemba ambiri ofotokoza kafukufuku wa ena.

Yoyamba imanena kuti methylene blue ingathebe kupereka ma electron ku cytochrome c ndi kupititsa patsogolo kupuma kwa ma mitochondria amene apatsidwa zinthu zoletsa complex III. Izi zinayesedwa pa ma mitochondria a makoswe, mbewa, ndi nkhumba za ku Guinea (PubMed 33669457). Yachiwiri imanena kuti methylene blue sidutsa njira ina yopewera kutsekedwa kwa complex III ndi antimycin m'ma mitochondria a ubongo wa mbewa (PubMed 30734287). Zonse ziwiri zinafalitsidwa, zonse ziwiri zinagwiritsa ntchito njira zolimba za kafukufuku, ndipo laibulale iyi siyithetsa kusiyanaku. Kufotokoza kulikonse kumene kumasonyeza kuti njira yodutsira pambali pa kutsekedwaku ndi yotsimikizika kumakhala kwanyalanyaza kusagwirizana kumene kulipobe. Mapu a zimene methylene blue imakhudza m'maselo ndi pamene kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira zogwirira ntchito kumayenera kukhala.

Mtundu wa mankhwala, ndi tsatanetsatane amene zolemba zimasiya

Methylene blue si chinthu chimodzi chokha m'malemba a kafukufuku amenewa. Zolemba zimatchula methylene blue, methylthioninium chloride, methylthioninium ya mtundu wolandira ma electron, ndi mankhwala ofanana ndi phenothiazinium monga toluidine blue. Mitundu inayiyi singatengedwe ngati yofanana m'thupi. Mayesero a matenda a Alzheimer's ndi chitsanzo choonekera kwambiri cha zimenezi, chifukwa mbali ina ya pulogalamuyo inagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wolandira ma electron, umene umayamwidwa m'thupi mosiyana, m'malo mwa utoto wa mtundu wotaya ma electron.

Pafupifupi palibe mwa zolemba 130zi chimene chimanena muyezo wa zinthu zimene chinagwiritsa ntchito. Zigawo zofotokoza njira za kafukufuku zimangotchula wopereka zinthu n'kuthera pomwepo. Utoto wodetsa minofu kuti ioneke poyang'aniridwa, chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera mu labotale, ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito cha muyezo wa mankhwala ochizira zonse zingalembedwe kuti methylene blue pa chikalata choitanitsa zinthu. Koma zimasiyana makamaka pa zonyansa zimene zimakhala nazo. Azure B, zitsulo zolemera, ndi zotsalira za zosungunulira ndi zimene zimapezeka kawirikawiri. Wowerenga amene akufuna kuyerekezera kafukufuku ndi malonda sangathe kutero popanda satifiketi ya zotsatira za kusanthula. Chimenecho ndi chifukwa chofunika kwa wowerenga chosonyeza kuti miyezo ndi yofunika, funso lililonse la kukoma kapena mlingo lisanabwere. Ogulitsa ambiri amene amati zinthu zawo zimagwirizana ndi chikalata cha muyezo wa USP amangoyesa zitsulo zolemera ndipo amatenga zimenezo ngati zofunikira zonse za muyezowo. Blupreme imayesa zofunikira zonse za muyezowo, kuphatikizapo kutsimikizira kuti chinthucho ndi choyenera, kuyeza kuchuluka kwake, zonyansa za organic, zotsalira za zosungunulira, zonyansa za ma element, zotsalira chinthucho chikawotchedwa, malire a tizilombo, ndi ma endotoxin a mabakiteriya, ndipo imafalitsa zotsatira zake.

Kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo

Tebulo la umboni limalemba zolemba zonse 130 ndi chaka chake, magazini ya kafukufuku, mtundu wa kafukufuku, komanso zinthu zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtundu wa kafukufuku umafotokoza mlingo umene kuyeserako kunachitikira, womwe ndi mbali imene imasintha mofulumira kwambiri mukamapukusa tsambalo. Mzere wa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ulipo kuti muthe kuona ngati kugawa maguluwo n'kolondola. Zili choncho chifukwa zolemba zosakaniza milingo, monga zimene zimayesa kunja kwa thupi kaye zisanatsimikizire zotsatira m'thupi lamoyo, zimangopatsidwa mlingo umene ukulamulira kafukufukuyo, osati ina. Mukhoza kusefa malinga ndi mtundu wa kafukufuku, kusaka mitu, magazini, ndi mitundu ya zamoyo, komanso kusanja malinga ndi chaka kapena mutu. CSV ya deta yomweyi ili mufoda yomweyo.

Mukasankha cholembedwa cha kafukufuku, luso lovuta kwambiri n'kuchiwerenga: kuzindikira chitsanzo chimene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, chimene anayerekezera nacho, chotsatira chimene anayeza, nthawi yake, ndi kusatsimikizika kumene olemba akuvomereza. Mmene mungawerengere cholembedwa chimodzi cha kafukufuku wa methylene blue chimafotokoza zimenezi, ndipo mndandanda uno ukuletsa dala kufika pamenepo.

Kuti muone zimene kafukufuku wa anthu amathandizira, chotsatira ndi chotsatira, chidule cha umboni wa anthu ndi poyambira pabwino kwambiri. Tsambali limayankha funso locheperapo: ndi mitundu iti ya kafukufuku imene ilipo, ndipo pali ingati ya mtundu uliwonse.