Olee otu methylene blue si arụ ọrụ? Kemistri redox na usoro ọrụ ya

Karama e mechiri emechi nke dị n’elu tebụl ụlọ nyocha bụ ụzọ kacha mkpụmkpụ ma kwụ ọtọ isi kọwaa otú methylene blue si arụ ọrụ. Mmiri, glucose, ntakịrị sodium hydroxide, na dye zuru oke iji mee ka mmiri ahụ bụrụ anụnụ anụnụ miri emi nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha. Chere nkeji ole na ole, anụnụ anụnụ ahụ amalite ịla ruo mgbe karama ahụ yiri karama mmiri nkịtị. Kpagharịa ya, agba ahụ alaghachi ozugbo. Mgbe ahụ ọ ga-apụkwa ọzọ, ọ ga-anọgidekwa na-eme otu a ruo mgbe glucose ka dị njikere inye elektrọn na oxygen ka dị njikere ịnakwere ha.

Ọ dịghị ihe gbanwere n’ime dye ahụ ma e wezụga ọnụọgụ elektrọn ọ na-ebu. Mgbe oxidised, ọ bụ anụnụ anụnụ. Mgbe reduced, ọ bụghị. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị ọzọ niile e dere gbasara molecule a n’akwụkwọ ọgwụgwọ na nyocha na-esite n’otu nzọụkwụ reversible ahụ, n’ihi na molecule nke nwere ike ịnara elektrọn n’aka otu onye mmekọ ma nyefee ya onye ọzọ bụ relay, relay anaghịkwa eme ihe n’onwe ya. Ihe ọ na-eme dabere kpamkpam n’ihe dị n’akụkụ abụọ ya.

Ụdị abụọ, na ihe mere di na nwunye ahụ ji dị mkpa

Ụdị oxidised bụ usoro mgbanaka dị larịị nke nwere positive charge. Ọdịdị dị larịị ma nwee charge a bụ ihe mere o ji ekpokọta n’akụkụ nucleic acids, ihe mere o ji ejikọ na sialylated structures dị na cell membranes, na ihe mere o ji amịkọrọ visible light nke ọma n’etiti ihe dị ka 600 na 700 nanometres, nke bụ akụkụ spectrum anya mmadụ na-agụ dị ka anụnụ anụnụ.

Ụdị reduced dị iche. Ọ nweghị charge, ọ na-agbaze n’abụba kama na mmiri, ọ dịghịkwa agba. Ionisation ya dị nnọọ ala na pH dị n’ime ahụ, ihe dị ka pasent ole na ole. Ya mere molecule reduced ahụ na-agafe cell membrane ngwa ngwa site na diffusion, ma mgbe ọ batara n’ime ya, ebe gburugburu ahụ na-adịkwu oxidising, enwere ike re-oxidise ya ma mee ka ọ dị ka ihe ejidere n’ime cell. Usoro mgbanaka oxidised ahụ dị larịị; nke reduced nwere ike ịgbagọ. Nsonaazụ nhazi ndị ahụ, na mgbanwe agba n’onwe ya, bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ụdị abụọ ahụ n’ụzọ nke ha, a kọwakwara ha nke ọma karịa na ntụnyere methylene blue na leucomethylene blue.

Ịnakwere elektrọn

Dye oxidised ahụ ga-anabata elektrọn site n’aka ọtụtụ ụdị donors. Glucose dị na karama ngosi ahụ bụ otu n’ime ha. N’ime cell, reduced pyridine nucleotides na akụkụ nke mitochondrial electron transport chain bụ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe a reduced methylene blue n’ime tissue nwere oxygen, cycle ọ na-emepụta na-eri ma reducing agent ma oxygen, ma na-emepụta reactive oxygen species, karịsịa hydrogen peroxide. Dye ahụ na-apụta na cycle ahụ n’enweghị mgbanwe, dị njikere ịmalite ya ọzọ.

Isi okwu ikpeazụ ahụ na-akọwa ihe yiri contradiction ma ọ bụghị ya ọ ga-adị ka enweghị nlezianya. A na-akọwa methylene blue n’akwụkwọ sayensị dịka ma pro-oxidant ma antioxidant, nkọwa abụọ ahụ nwekwara ihe ndabere. Ọ nwere ike ibelata mmepụta superoxide site n’ịrụ ọrụ dịka artificial electron acceptor, na-atụgharị ntụgharị elektrọn ka ọ ghara iru enzyme sites ebe oxygen gaara aghọ superoxide radicals. N’ime liver cell cultures, egosila na ọ na-akpali phase-2 antioxidant defence enzymes, gụnyere thioredoxin reductase 1 na NADPH quinone oxidoreductase. N’ime ihu abụọ ahụ nke ị ga-ahụ dabere n’akụkụ relay nke elektrọn na-akọ n’oge ahụ. Ajụjụ dịka "methylene blue ọ bụ antioxidant" ezughị oke ruo mgbe ị kọwara usoro a na-ekwu maka ya, concentration ole, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ya nso.

Inyefe elektrọn n’ihu

Ozugbo dye ahụ jidere elektrọn ọzọ, ihe atọ dị nnọọ iche nwere ike ime na-esote, a na-akọwakarịkwa ha niile n’okpuru otu isiokwu. E kwesịghị ime otu ahụ.

Ọ nwere ike inyefe elektrọn ahụ na metal centre. Ihe atụ kacha doo anya bụ haemoglobin nke oxidised site na ferrous state gaa ferric state. N’ọnọdụ ahụ, ọ nweghị ike ibu oxygen. N’ime red cells, enzyme na-reduce dye ahụ, mgbe ahụ dye reduced ahụ na-enye oxidised haem iron elektrọn n’enweghị enzyme, na-eweghachi haemoglobin na-arụ ọrụ ma na-eme ka dye ahụ laghachi n’ụdị oxidised ya. A naghị eri dye ahụ n’usoro a; ọ na-agagharị na cycle. Ọnọdụ clinical dabere na reaction a bụ isiokwu ụlọ ọgwụ, na nkọwa methylene blue na methemoglobinemia na-akọwa otú e si eji ya na ihe mere a ji elekọta ya nke ọma.

Ndetu kwụ ọtọ gbasara ihe a gụrụ: reviews abụọ e ji wuo isiokwu a anaghị akpọ otu reducing cofactor ahụ maka nzọụkwụ enzyme, otu na-ekwu NADH ebe nke ọzọ na-ekwu NADPH. Esemokwu ahụ dị n’ezie ma a ka edozibeghị ya n’ime sources dị ebe a, ya mere nkọwa kacha nchebe bụ ịkọ ọrụ akụkụ ọ bụla na-arụ kama ịhọrọ otu aha cofactor.

Ọ nwere ike inyefe energy, ma ọ bụ elektrọn, na oxygen, ma ọ bụrụ na ìhè dị. Route a dị naanị n’okpuru illumination. Dye excited ahụ na-eru triplet state, sitekwa n’ebe ahụ mechanism abụọ nwere ike ime. Na nke mbụ, dye excited ahụ na-emekọrịta ozugbo na molecule dị ya nso, na-anara hydrogen ma ọ bụ na-enyefe elektrọn, nke na-emepụta radicals; mgbe ọ na-eme reaction na mmiri n’ụzọ a, ọ na-emepụta hydroxyl radicals. Na nke abụọ, a na-enyefe excitation energy ahụ n’onwe oxygen, na-emepụta singlet oxygen, species nwere electrophilicity dị elu nke na-agbaji n’ime microseconds, nke a na-anabatakarị dịka route bụ isi nke illuminated methylene blue si emebi microbial cells. Reactions na cell envelope lipids na peptides, yana guanine bases dị na DNA, so n’ihe e dere na ha na-eme.

Nsonaazụ bara uru nke route a bụ na illumination na-agbanwe ọnụọgụ ahụ n’ọkwa ọtụtụ orders of magnitude. N’ime data Wainwright na Crossley chịkọtara, methylene blue megide Pseudomonas aeruginosa nwere minimum bactericidal concentration dị ihe dị ka 500 micromolar n’ọchịchịrị, na ihe dị ka 25 micromolar n’okpuru light dose nke 12 joules per square centimetre. Megide otu strain nke Staphylococcus aureus, values n’ọchịchịrị na n’okpuru illumination bụcha 5 micromolar. N’ikwu ya n’ụzọ ọzọ, ma molecule ahụ ọ̀ ga-agụ dị ka antimicrobial ma ọlị abụghị naanị property nke molecule ahụ; ọ bụ property nke molecule tinyere ìhè.

Ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ozugbo na enzyme site, na-enweghị relay. Methylene blue na-oxidise ferrous iron jikọtara na nitric oxide synthase, nke na-eme ka enzyme ahụ kwụsị ịrụ ọrụ. Ọ na-egbochi soluble guanylate cyclase, na n’etiti 1 na 10 micromolar bụ concentration a na-ejikarị eme nke ahụ n’ụlọ nyocha. Ọ na-egbochi monoamine oxidase type A nwere IC50 n’etiti 27 na 180 nanomolar, nke bụ mechanism dị n’azụ interaction a maara nke ọma na serotonin reuptake inhibitors na ihe mere drug interactions nke methylene blue ji bụrụ category nke ya.

Routes atọ ndị a dị iche n’usoro kemistri. Ịkọkọta ha niile ka ha bụrụ otu claim na methylene blue na-arụ ọrụ site na redox cycling bụ isi ihe mere ọtụtụ ihe e dere banyere ya ji ada dịka ihe nwere ntụkwasị obi ma n’otu oge ahụ enweghị nkọwa zuru oke.

Ọdịiche anọ na-ekpebi ma okwu gbasara mechanism ọ̀ pụtara ihe

Ụdị nke ọ bụ. Dye reduced ahụ abụghị otu ihe a ga-eji dochie dye oxidised ahụ. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition na-egosi ọnyà ahụ: n’ime ogologo in vitro incubation, a na-reduce methylene blue nwayọọ nwayọọ ruo n’ụdị ya na-enweghị agba, inhibition ahụ amalitekwa ịla n’iyi, n’ihi na molecule reduced ahụ anaghị egbochi enzyme ahụ. Assay a na-agba ogologo oge ruo n’ókè ọ gbanwere ụdị molecule ahụ ga-akọ effect dị ntakịrị ma mee ka mmadụ nye nkọwa na-ezighi ezi.

Concentration ole. Laboratory range maka soluble guanylate cyclase inhibition bụ 1 ruo 10 micromolar. Iwepụ glutamate-mediated transmission n’ime rat hippocampal slices chọrọ 5 ruo 50 micromolar. A na-akọ toxic effects n’ime cell culture n’elu 100 micromolar. Ndị a abụghị otu experiment, mechanism e kwadoro na 50 micromolar apụtaghị ozugbo na ọ na-eme otu ihe ahụ n’ahụ patient onye plasma concentration ya bụ naanị akụkụ pere mpe nke ọnụọgụ ahụ.

Route nke ọ bụ. Absolute oral bioavailability dị ihe dị ka 72 per cent, terminal plasma half-life bụkwa 5 ruo 7 hours. Oral administration na-emepụta concentrations dị elu n’ime intestine na liver; intravenous administration na-emepụta concentrations dị elu n’ime brain. Route na-ekpebi tissue nke elektrọn ga-ezute.

Model nke ọ bụ, nakwa ma ọkụ ọ̀ gbanyere. Ọtụtụ n’ime mechanistic literature bụ cell culture na rodent work, in vitro results gbasara molecule a na-adaberekwa na light exposure, membrane potential na redox state nke cells, n’ihi na microscope lamp zuru ezu iji photosensitise ya. N’etiti 65 na 85 per cent nke administered dose na-reduced gaa n’ụdị na-enweghị agba n’ime red cells na peripheral tissue. Variable ọ bụla n’ime ndị a dị n’etiti mechanism doro anya n’ime dish na claim gbasara mmadụ.

Ihe mere ajụjụ purity ji bụrụ ajụjụ kemistri

Illumination na-demethylate methylene blue. Product mbụ bụ Azure B, mgbe ahụ Azure A, mgbe ahụ thionin, light intensity dị elu na-emepụtakwa breakdown karịa nke dị ala. Ya mere molecule nke uru ya dabere n’ike ịnakwere ma nye elektrọn bụkwa molecule nke likely degradation products ya bụ close chemical relatives na-anọgide n’otu solution ahụ. Composition nke ihe dị n’ime container abụghị cosmetic detail.

Ọ bụ ya mere conformance na USP specification ji bụrụ test bara uru nye buyer. Product nke na-emezughị ya bụ dye, dye nwekwara impurities, gụnyere Azure B, heavy metals na residual solvents, nke onye na-aṅụ ya achọghị. Ọnyà ọzọ bụ seller nke na-anwale naanị heavy metals ma na-egosi result ahụ dịka full compliance. Blupreme esorola pharmaceutical manufacturer nke methylene blue rụkọọ ọrụ ma na-anwale full specification: identity, purity, organic impurities, residual solvents, elemental impurities, residue on ignition, microbial limits na bacterial endotoxins. A na-ebipụta akwụkwọ laboratory testing dị n’azụ batch ọ bụla, na ịhọrọ supplier bụkarị okwu gbasara ịchọpụta ma akwụkwọ ahụ ọ dị na ihe ọ na-ekpuchi.

Otu reversible couple. Ọtụtụ routes na-apụta na ya. Route ahụ na-ekpebi ihe claim ahụ nwere ike ịbụ. :::