Yaɗuwar methylene blue da permanganate: abin da gwajin agar ke nunawa

Wani malami ya haƙa ramuka biyu a farantin agar, ya cika ɗaya da rini mai shuɗi, ɗayan kuma da ruwan sinadari mai shunayya, sannan ya ce ɗalibai su lura. Bayan awa ɗaya, zoben shunayyar ya fi faɗi. Ɗaliban sun rubuta cewa permanganate na potassium yana yaɗuwa da sauri fiye da methylene blue saboda nauyinsa ya fi sauƙi.

Rabin wannan magana daidai ne, amma rabin yana iya ruɗarwa, kuma ɓangaren da ke ruɗarwar shi ne mai ban sha'awa. Wannan gwaji darasi ne na yau da kullum kan yaɗuwa, wanda aka bayyana, misali, a wannan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kan yaɗuwa a agar. Amma abin da ɗalibai suke gani ba tasirin nauyin ƙwayoyin sinadari kai tsaye ba ne. Motsin gefen launi ne da ake iya gani ta cikin gel, wanda girman ions, kewaye su da ruwa, mannuwar rini, taro, zafin jiki, da hanyar auna gefen suke tsara shi.

Gefen launin ba shi ne ma'aunin yaɗuwa ba

Yaɗuwa ita ce bazuwar barbashin sinadarin da aka narkar daga inda taronsa ya yi yawa zuwa inda taronsa ya yi ƙasa. Ma'aunin yaɗuwa, wanda yawanci ake rubutawa da D, yana bayyana saurin wannan bazuwa ga wani sinadarin da aka narkar a wani matsakaici da wani zafin jiki.

Farantin da ake amfani da shi a aji ba ya nuna D kai tsaye. Yana nuna iyakar inda launin ya yi rauni har ba a iya ganinsa. Wannan iyaka ta dogara da ƙarfin rinin na shan haske, hasken wurin, saitin ɗaukar hasken kyamara, taron sinadarin da aka saka a ramin, da hukuncin mai riƙe da mastarin aunawa, tare da yaɗuwar kanta.

A kira abin da aka auna a aji da ainihin sunansa: motsin gefen yaɗuwa da ake iya gani. Bayanin lissafi yana danganta matsakaicin murabba'in ƙaura da D ta alaƙoƙi irin waɗanda ake samu a nazarin yaɗuwa bisa dokokin Fick. Amma ƙididdige D yana buƙatar bayanan yadda taro yake a wurare daban-daban a tsawon lokaci, ba diamita ɗaya a ƙarshen darasi ba. Wani binciken aji da aka wallafa ya samo ƙimar yaɗuwar methylene blue a gel kusa da 4.5 sau 10^-10 m^2/s ta hanyar zana jadawalin murabba'in nisa da lokaci, maimakon kwatanta girman wuraren launi na ƙarshe. Hoto guda ɗaya ba zai iya yin wannan aikin ba.

Wannan shi ne ginshiƙin gwajin, sauran abubuwa kuma bayanai ne kan yadda farantin yake wakiltar wannan ginshiƙi daidai.

Ions biyu masu launi, ba ƙwayoyin sinadari biyu ba

Babu ɗaya daga cikin sinadaran da aka narkar da yake tafiya cikin agar a matsayin tsarin sinadarin da aka buga a kwalbar. Dukansu sinadarai ne masu ƙarfi wajen samar da ions, kuma suna rabuwa zuwa ions a ruwa.

Permanganate na potassium (KMnO4, nauyin tsarin sinadari kusan 158.03 g/mol) yana rabuwa zuwa ions na potassium da ions na permanganate. Mai tafiya da launin shunayya shi ne ion na permanganate MnO4^-, mai nauyin kusan 118.94 g/mol, wanda ruwan da ke kewaye da shi ya samar da wani lulluɓi. Chloride na methylene blue (gishiri marar ruwan kristal C16H18ClN3S, kusan 319.85 g/mol) yana rabuwa zuwa chloride da ion na halitta mai cajin tabbatacce da launin shuɗi, MB^+, mai nauyin kusan 284.41 g/mol, wanda shi ma ruwa yake kewaye da shi. Bayanan methylene blue na NIST da bayanan methylene blue na ChEBI sun rubuta waɗannan nau'o'i, kuma bayanin sinadarai da tsarin ƙwayoyin yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa ion mai cajin tabbatacce, gishiri marar ruwa, da nau'o'in da ke ɗauke da ruwan kristal suke buƙatar sunaye dabam-dabam.

Abubuwa uku suna biyo baya.

Na farko, kwatanta 158 da 320 yana rage girman ainihin bambancin tsakanin ions masu launin. Wannan saboda nau'in shunayya mai kusan 119 g/mol ya fi ion mai cajin tabbatacce na shuɗi mai kusan 284 g/mol ƙanƙanta sosai, kuma dukansu suna ɗauke da lulluɓin ruwa da ke ƙara girman da suke nunawa yayin motsi.

Na biyu, ions na methylene blue masu cajin tabbatacce suna manne wa abubuwa. Suna haɗuwa bibbiyu da kuma cikin manyan taruka yayin da taro yake ƙaruwa, kuma suna manne a saman agar. An ruwaito mannuwar ƙwaya guda da kuma haɗin ƙwayoyi biyu a binciken mannuwar rini a saman agar. Rinin da ya manne yana tsayawa wuri ɗaya. Yana ba gel launi ba tare da tura gefen yaɗuwar gaba ba.

Na uku, foda na sinadarin gwaji da aka fi amfani da shi yana ɗauke da ruwan kristal, don haka gram ɗaya da aka auna yana ƙunshe da ruwa a cikin kristal ɗin. Kwatancin nau'in mai ruwan kristal uku da nau'in marar ruwa yana nuna yadda hakan yake sauya taron molar. Don yin kwatanci mai adalci a aji, a shirya ruwan sinadaran da taron molar iri ɗaya na gishiran, sannan a rubuta nau'in daskararren sinadarin da aka yi amfani da shi.

Dalilin da ya sa ƙarancin nauyi ba ya nufin ƙarin sauri a nan

A cikin ruwaye masu ƙarancin taron sinadari, samfurin Stokes-Einstein ya fi nauyi dacewa a matsayin bayanin farko. A cikinsa, ƙimar yaɗuwa tana bin zafin jiki da aka raba da danko da radius na barbashin yayin motsi a ruwa. Ƙaramin girman barbashin tare da ruwan da ke kewaye da shi shi ne ke ba shi fifiko. Ƙarancin nauyi sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da ƙaramin girma a cikin iyalin sinadarai ɗaya, don haka sauƙin nauyi yana iya zama kamar shi ne bayani. Alaƙa ce kawai, ba hanyar da aikin yake faruwa ba.

Dokar Graham, wadda ta ce saurin fitar gas ta ƙaramin rami yana bin kishiyar tushen murabba'in nauyin molar, ba ita ce ke tafiyar da abin da ke faruwa a wannan faranti ba. Asalin lissafinta yana cikin ka'idar motsin ƙwayoyin gas, wanda aka taƙaita a wannan bayanin OpenStax kan fitar gas ta ƙaramin rami da yaɗuwar gas. Ruwaye suna ƙara juriya daga danko, kewaye barbashi da ruwa, tasirin siffa, da cunkoso. Gel kuma yana ƙara tsarin ramukan ciki, karkacewar hanyoyin tafiya, mannuwar sinadari a saman wani abu, da hulɗar caji da polymer.

Lambobin suna nuna bambancin. Idan aka yi amfani da dokar Graham ga 158 da 320, tana hasashen rabon sauri na kusan 1.42. Ƙimomin yaɗuwa da aka auna a ruwa mai ƙarancin taron sinadari suna nuna wani abu dabam: permanganate kusa da 1.6 zuwa 1.8 sau 10^-9 m^2/s, yayin da methylene blue yake kusa da 4.5 zuwa 5 sau 10^-10 m^2/s, wato rabon da ya fi kusa da 3 ko 4. Nauyi kaɗai ba zai iya samar da wannan rabo ba. Girman barbashin tare da ruwan da ke kewaye da shi, taruwar ƙwayoyi, da mannuwarsu ga gel su ne ke bayyana sauran bambancin.

A ɗauki ra'ayin cewa mai sauƙin nauyi ya fi sauri a matsayin samfurin da yake da sharuɗɗa: barbashi masu siffar ƙwallo, babu mannewa, babu taruwa, kuma yanayi iri ɗaya. Farantin ba ya cika aƙalla biyu daga cikinsu.

Yadda za a yi kwatanci mai adalci

Wannan gwaji yana iya samun matsala kamar yadda manhaja take samun matsala: ginshiƙin ra'ayin daidai ne, amma hanyar sauya ra'ayin zuwa aunawa tana cike da tarkuna. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan yana sauya sakamakon ba tare da sauya wata halayyar ƙwayoyin sinadarin ba.

A yi amfani da agar daga shiri guda da aka zuba zuwa kauri ɗaya, abin haƙa rami guda, ƙarar ruwa iri ɗaya, taron molar iri ɗaya, da taron sinadari mai ƙaranci da zai rage taruwar methylene blue kuma ya hana launin yin tsananin da zai hana bambance ƙarfinsa. A haƙa aƙalla ramuka uku na maimaita gwaji ga kowane sinadarin da aka narkar, tare da tazarar da za ta hana gefunan yaɗuwar haɗuwa. A rufe farantan, a ajiye su a kwance, sannan a kiyaye zafin jiki ya kasance ɗaya, domin binciken rini a agar yana nuna dogaro mai ƙarfi da zafin jiki da taron sinadari. A ayyana lokacin sifili a matsayin lokacin cika rami, sannan a ayyana gefen kafin aunawa: ƙa'idar gano gefen launi a hoto da aka saita tana da kyau fiye da iyakar da aka tantance da ido, saboda shuɗi da shunayya suna da iyakokin gani dabam-dabam. A rubuta diamita biyu masu kusurwar dama da juna ga kowane wurin launi, sannan a sauya su zuwa matsakaicin radius, domin rikita radius da diamita yana gurɓata duk wani jadawalin murabba'in nisa da ninki huɗu.

Lakabi: ɓangaren hagu yana nuna radius da aka auna daga sama, daga gefen rami zuwa gefen launi ga kowane gefen yaɗuwa; ɓangaren dama yana nuna yankewar agar da zurfin rami da zoben sauyin taro zuwa waje; bayanin alamu yana lissafa abubuwan da aka kiyaye su ɗaya (kason agar, kauri, taron molar na rini, ƙarar ruwa, girman rami, zafin jiki, lokacin sifili, haske).

A lura da abubuwan da suke kama da yaɗuwa alhali ba ita ba ce. Ruwan da ya zube ya bazu a saman agar yana kama da yaɗuwa mai sauri, kuma an rubuta wannan a matsayin sakamakon ƙarya da kan faru a ƙananan ramukan agar. Permanganate sinadari ne mai ƙarfin haifar da oxidation, kuma hulɗarsa da ƙananan ragowar abubuwan halitta na iya cinye shi, wanda zai dakatar da gefen yaɗuwarsa ko ya kawar da launinsa. Methylene blue yana shiga halayen redox kuma launinsa na iya dusashewa ƙarƙashin haske ko yanayin reduction; bayanin sinadaran redox na methylene blue da nau'insa marar launi bayan reduction yana bayyana wannan hali.

Taƙaitaccen bayani kan ruwan narkarwa: ramukan biyu a gwajin da aka saba yi suna amfani da ruwa. Idan wata hanyar gwaji ta sauya ruwan narkarwar, a fara duba jagorar narkewa da shirya ruwan sinadari, domin narkewa da taruwar ƙwayoyi suna sauyawa da matsakaicin da suke ciki.

Takardar lura ta aji

A kwafi wannan tebur cikin littattafan rubutu ko a buga layi ɗaya ga kowane rami. Tebur ɗaya ga kowane faranti yana tabbatar da sahihin bin bayanan maimaita gwaji.

Don nazari, a zana jadawalin murabba'in matsakaicin radius da lokacin da ya wuce ga kowane rami, sannan a kwatanta gangaren layukan, tare da bayyana yadda aka ayyana gefen a gefen jadawalin. Idan aka nuna dukkan layuka shida tare da bambancinsu, ɗalibai za su ɗauki bambancin a matsayin bayanan gwaji maimakon abin kunya.

Tsaro wani ɓangare ne na hanyar gwajin: a sa safar hannu da abin kare ido, domin methylene blue yana barin tabo a fata da tufafi, kuma permanganate sinadari ne mai haifar da oxidation wanda yake barin tabo da kawo tsokanar fata ko ido. Kada a bari ruwan sinadaran ya shiga baki, a yi aiki a kan tire, sannan a zubar da farantan da ruwayen ta hanyar makarantar ta kula da sharar sinadarai maimakon zuba su cikin magudanar ruwa.

Maganar da ta cancanci a rubuta

A ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayin agar, taron sinadari, da zafin jiki, gefen yaɗuwar permanganate da ake iya gani yawanci yana faɗaɗa da sauri fiye da gefen methylene blue. Wannan ya yi daidai da permanganate yana da ƙimar yaɗuwa mai tasiri da ta fi girma, musamman saboda ion ɗinsa tare da ruwan da ke kewaye da shi ya fi ƙanƙanta sosai, kuma ba ya taruwa ko manne wa agar kamar yadda methylene blue yake yi. Nauyin ƙwayoyin sinadari yana da alaƙa da wannan bambancin girma a nan, amma nauyi kaɗai ba ya ƙayyade saurin yaɗuwa a ruwaye ko gel.

Ajin da ya rubuta wannan magana ya koyi abubuwa biyu: wata gaskiya game da ions biyu masu launi, da ɗabi'ar tambayar abin da gwaji yake aunawa kafin amincewa da abin da yake kamar yana faɗa.