Methylene blue wajen gubar nitrate da nitrite a manyan dabbobi

Garken shanu ya shiga gonar dawa da fari ya takura da rana. Zuwa maraice, shanu da dama sun fara tafiya a baya, suna numfashi da sauri, ƙwayoyin lulluɓin jikinsu sun yi duhu, kuma jininsu ya zama ruwan kasa lokacin huda jijiya. Dawakan da ke makiyayar kusa kuwa ba su nuna wata matsala ba. Wannan bambanci ba sa'a ba ne. Ya samo asali ne daga wurin da nitrate yake sauyawa zuwa nitrite, kuma wannan wuri yana ƙayyade duka gano matsalar da shirin maganin kawar da gubar.

Babban batu mai sauƙi ne: nitrate galibi sinadarin da ake farawa da shi ne, nitrite shi ne gubar, kuma methylene blue ga shanun da suka sha nitrate yana magance tasirin nitrite a kan hemoglobin. Duk sauran bayanan wannan maƙala sun samo asali ne daga waɗannan matakai uku.

Nitrate yana zama nitrite a cikin dabba

Nitrate da ke cikin abincin kiwo kansa sinadari ne mai raunin ƙarfin oxidation. Ƙananan halittun rumen, wato babban sashen tumbin dabbobi masu maimaita tauna, suna rage shi a matakai biyu: da farko nitrate zuwa nitrite, sannan nitrite zuwa ammonia. Idan babban adadin nitrate ya shiga lokaci guda, matakin farko yana yin sauri fiye da na biyu. Nitrite yana taruwa, ya shiga jini, sannan ya sauya ƙarfen da ke cikin hemoglobin ta hanyar oxidation daga yanayin ferrous mai ɗaukar oxygen zuwa yanayin ferric. Abin da ake samu shi ne methemoglobin, wanda ba ya iya jigilar oxygen.

Bitar MSD Veterinary Manual kan gubar nitrate da nitrite ta kiyasta cewa nitrite ya fi nitrate guba kusan sau goma, kuma ta bayyana wannan jerin matakai. Tushen da aka saba samu sun haɗa da tsirran abincin kiwo masu tara nitrate kamar oats, gero, ryegrass, masara, sunflower, da dawa, tare da ciyayi kamar pigweed, lambsquarter, kochia, da Johnson grass, cin taki, da tafkuna ko rijiyoyi marasa zurfi da ruwan gudu ya gurɓata. Fari, yawan takin nitrogen, da tsayawar girma bayan yanayin gajimare ko sanyi suna ƙara nitrate a abincin kiwo.

Kason methemoglobin yana da alaƙa da tsananin matsalar, amma alaƙar ba ta da cikakken daidaito; duk da haka tana taimakawa wajen tantance waɗanda suka fi buƙatar kulawar gaggawa. MSD ta danganta alamomin farko kamar saurin bugun zuciya, rauni, rawar jiki, da rashin daidaiton tafiya da methemoglobin kusan kashi 30 zuwa 40; tsananin wahalar numfashi tare da lulluɓin jiki mai ruwan kasa ko shuɗi da kashi sama da kusan 50; sannan mutuwa yawanci da kashi 80 ko fiye. Jini mai ruwan kasa irin na cakulan wanda yake ci gaba da zama ruwan kasa a iska alama ce ta musamman, amma ba ta wannan matsalar kaɗai ba ce. Methemoglobin kuma yana komawa yanayinsa na baya cikin sauri, don haka samfuran da aka ɗauka da jinkiri suna nuna adadi ƙasa da mafi girman da aka kai. Don tabbatarwa, MSD ta fi son gwajin nitrate a plasma kafin mutuwa da ruwan ido bayan mutuwa, tare da binciken abincin kiwo da ruwa. Ƙimomin nitrate sama da kusan 20 ppm ko nitrite sama da 0.5 ppm a samfuran jiki da suka dace galibi suna nuna cewa dabbar ta sha fiye da kima.

Yadda methylene blue yake kawar da toshewar

A yanayi na yau da kullum, tsarin NADH da cytochrome b5 reductase yana mayar da mafi yawan methemoglobin zuwa yanayinsa na baya. Methylene blue yana kunna wata hanyar ta biyu wadda galibi rawarta ƙarama ce. NADPH na cikin ƙwayoyin jiki, wanda ake samarwa ta hanyar pentose phosphate, yana wuce electrons ta reductase mai dogaro da NADPH zuwa methylene blue, yana sauya shi zuwa leucomethylene blue. Wannan kuma yana mayar da ƙarfen ferric zuwa hemoglobin mai ƙarfen ferrous. Bitar StatPearls kan yadda wannan yake aiki ta bayyana wannan rawar jigilar electrons.

Wannan aikin sinadarai ɗaya ne kuma yake haifar da babban abin lura. Methylene blue magani ne mai yin redox, ba sinadarin hana oxidation kawai ba. Idan adadinsa ya yi yawa, shi kansa yana aiki a matsayin oxidant, yana sake samar da methemoglobin da kuma cutar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Saboda haka, rashin amsa mai kyau ya kamata ya sa likitan dabbobi ya sake nazarin gano matsalar, ci gaba da shigar sinadarin daga rumen zuwa jini, da yanayin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, maimakon kawai sake ba da adadi mafi yawa. An bayyana tsarin kulawar asibiti gaba ɗaya, ciki har da gano matsalar ta co-oximetry da allura ƙarƙashin kulawa, a methylene blue don methemoglobinemia.

Kwatanta jinsuna da hanyoyin shan gubar

Wannan tebur yana taimakawa wajen yanke shawara. Kowane layi ya haɗa hanyar shan gubar, wurin sauyawar sinadarin, da abin da methylene blue zai iya yi da abin da ba zai iya yi ba.

Dabbobi masu maimaita tauna: shanu, tumaki, da awaki

Shanu su ne jinsin da matsalar ta fi shafa, kuma littattafan shawarwarin aikin kiwo galibi suna sanya su a matsayin rukunin dabbobin kiwo mafi saurin kamuwa. Tumaki da awaki ma suna kamuwa, amma sau da yawa ana bayyana cewa tasirin bai kai na shanu ba, wataƙila saboda suna sarrafa adadin nitrate cikin sauri. A ɗauki wannan jerin a matsayin yanayin da ke taimakawa fahimta, ba wata tabbatacciyar ƙa'idar sinadarai ta jiki ba.

Asarar haihuwa tana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. Shanun da suka tsira daga tsananin methemoglobinemia na dogon lokaci na iya zubar da ciki ko haifar da matattun maruƙa kusan kwanaki 5 zuwa 14 daga baya, abin da ya dace da ƙarancin oxygen ga ɗan ciki. Haihuwar maraki lafiyayye da safe na gaba ba ta tabbatar da cewa gubar ta yi sauƙi ba, kuma zubar da ciki bayan mako guda ba ya tabbatar da cewa an sake shan gubar.

Adadin methylene blue da aka wallafa don shanu ba su yi daidai ba saboda sun fito daga nau'o'in shaidu daban-daban. Bayanin MSD na yanzu ya bayar da 4 zuwa 15 mg/kg ko fiye ta jijiya a hankali, daga magani mai kashi 1 zuwa 2 cikin ruwa, tare da ƙayyade adadi da maimaitawa bisa tsananin matsalar da ci gaba da shigar sinadarin zuwa jini. Ya kuma bayyana a sarari cewa dabbobi masu maimaita tauna ne kawai suke jure adadin da ya fi yawa cikin aminci. Akwai ƙananan gwaje-gwaje da rahotannin kula da dabbobi a fili kusa da wannan bayanin: wani tsohon gwaji a shanu ya gano cewa 1 mg/kg ya isa a yanayin gwajin; aikin nazarin magunguna a tumaki ya tantance 15 mg/kg ta jijiya; gwaje-gwajen awaki sun gwada 1 zuwa 4 mg/kg, inda rukunin 4 mg/kg ya fi samun sakamako mai kyau; kuma rahotannin kula da dabbobi a fili sun bayyana warkewa kusa da 4 mg/kg, da kuma wani yanayi na saniya da ya bambanta sosai kusa da 20 mg/kg. Nazarin yadda jikin tumaki ke sarrafa maganin na 1984 ya nuna wannan rukuni da kyau: yana tallafa wa fahimtar jurewar maganin, ba umarnin amfani da aka amince da shi ba.

Game da shawarar likitan dabbobi kan methylene blue don methemoglobinemia a tumaki, fahimtar da za a yi amfani da ita ita ce babu adadi guda da ya dace da kowane yanayi. Ci gaba da samar da nitrite a rumen yana nufin dabbar da take murmurewa na iya sake tabarbarewa yayin da ƙarin nitrite yake shiga jini. Shi ya sa MSD take danganta maimaitawa da ci gaba da shan gubar, ba jadawali tabbatacce ba. Kulawar tallafi tana gudana tare: mu'amala da dabbar ba tare da damuwa mai yawa ba don rage buƙatar oxygen, cire ta daga abinci da ruwan da ake zargi, samar da abincin maye mai aminci, da lura da isar jini ga ƙwayoyin jiki. Methylene blue da ake ba da shi ta allura yana haifar da tsokanar nama a wurin, don haka tabbatar da shigar allura cikin jijiya da ba da shi a hankali suna da muhimmanci. Haka kuma, a sa ran sauyin launin kyallen jiki, fitsari, da na'urorin auna bayanai. Iyakokin rinaye da feshi a aikin likitan dabbobi suna ba da mahallin fahimtar ƙuntatawar da ta shafi jinsuna gaba ɗaya.

Dawakai suna da nasu yanayi

Dawakai suna yin fermentation na fiber a bayan hanji maimakon a rumen. Ƙananan halittun cecum suna iya sauya nitrate, amma wannan sauyawar ta yi ƙasa sosai da ta shanu, don haka manyan dawakai galibi ba sa saurin kamuwa da gubar nitrate ta abincin kiwo kamar shanu. Nitrite da ya riga ya samu yana kauce wa wannan kariyar kuma yana ci gaba da zama haɗari.

Tsarin zaɓen maganin kawar da gubar ma yana sauyawa. A wani sanannen nazarin kwatanta daidaitawar methemoglobin a jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, methylene blue ya ƙara mayar da methemoglobin zuwa yanayinsa na baya a ƙwayoyin jinin mutane, amma ba a na dawaki ba (nazarin jajayen ƙwayoyin jinin dawaki). Littattafan nazarin guba a dawakai kuma suna bayyana methylene blue kansa a matsayin abin da ke haifar da lalacewar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ta oxidation tare da ƙwayoyin Heinz da eccentrocytes, kuma suna gargaɗi game da amfani da shi a matsalolin oxidation kamar gubar red maple. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan bayanai da ya tabbatar da cewa maganin ba zai taɓa taimaka wa wani doki ba, amma tare suna hana kuskuren da aka saba yi na rage adadin tsarin shanu bisa nauyin doki kawai. Doki da ake zargin yana da methemoglobinemia ta nitrite yana buƙatar gano matsalarsa, gano oxidant ɗin, da tantance haɗari na musamman, ba jadawalin adadin magani na dabbobi masu maimaita tauna ba.

Dabbobin gida da kifayen akwatin kifaye suna nuna dalilin da ya sa daidaitawa bisa nauyi ba ta aiki

Kuliyoyi suna nuna wannan gargaɗin sosai. Hemoglobin na kuliyoyi yana da matuƙar saurin sauya tsarin furotin saboda oxidation, kuma yawan methylene blue ko maimaita ba da shi yana samar da ƙwayoyin Heinz da lalacewar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini maimakon warkewa. Karnuka ba sa da rauni kamar kuliyoyi, amma har yanzu ana lissafa su cikin jinsuna masu saurin samun lahani a nazarce-nazarcen kwatanta. Hanyoyin da dabbobin gida suke shan oxidants ma sun bambanta, domin magunguna, sinadarai, da abubuwan da aka haɗiye su ne suka fi yawa, maimakon nitrate na makiyaya.

Kifaye kuwa suna nuna wani tsari daban gaba ɗaya. Nitrite yana shiga ta ƙofofin numfashinsu, don haka abin da za a fara sarrafawa shi ne sinadaran ruwa, musamman gogayya da chloride da cire nitrite, kafin kowane magani. Ana ƙayyade methylene blue ga kifaye a matsayin adadinsa a ruwan jiƙawa, tare da la'akari da jinsin kifi, tsawon lokaci, zafin ruwa, da tasirin tacewar ruwa ta halittu. An bayyana wannan tsarin a jiƙawa da methylene blue da maganin tanki. Ba za a sauya ƙimar mg a kowace lita na ruwan jiƙawa zuwa ƙimar mg a kowace kg ta jijiya ga maraki ba, kuma ba za a ɗauki tsarin maraki a tsarma shi a tanki ba.

Dabbobin da ake samar da abinci daga gare su suna ƙara shawarar ƙa'ida

Babu umarnin amfani na yau da kullum da FDA ta amince da shi don methylene blue a matsayin maganin kawar da guba ga shanu, tumaki, ko awaki. FDA ta lissafa methylene blue ga waɗannan jinsuna a matsayin sinadarin magani a dunƙule da aka gabatar domin amfani a magungunan kawar da guba ga dabbobin abinci, wanda a yanzu yake ƙarƙashin nazari (shafin FDA kan haɗa magunguna). Wannan matsayi ne a jerin masu jiran nazari, ba amincewa ba, kuma ba lokacin jira kafin amfani da madara ko nama ba.

Saboda haka, a Amurka, amfani da shi yana gudana ta hannun likitan dabbobi ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden amfani da magani ba bisa umarnin lakabinsa ba. Dokar Bayyana Amfani da Magungunan Dabbobi tana buƙatar ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin likitan dabbobi, mai dabbar, da dabbar. Ga dabbobin abinci kuma, tana buƙatar tsawaitaccen lokacin jira mai goyon bayan kimiyya kafin amfani da kayayyakin dabbar, tare da tantance dabbar da matakan kariya daga ragowar magani. Wani nazarin ragowar magani na zamani a shanu takwas lafiyayyu da aka ba 6 mg/kg na methylene blue da aka haɗa ta jijiya ya lissafa lokutan jira daga nazarin na kwanaki 5 ga madara da kwanaki 6 ga nama (nazarin yadda jikin shanu ke sarrafa maganin da lokacin jira). Waɗannan lambobi sun shafi tsarin wannan nazarin ne. Ba lokacin jira da FDA ta amince da shi ba ne, kuma shawarar yanzu game da ragowar magani a dabbar da aka yi wa magani ya kamata ta fito daga likitan dabbobi mai kula da ita da hanyoyin samun bayani irin su FARAD.

Ƙa'idodin Turai sun fi tsauri a matakin sinadarin kansa. Sinadarai masu aikin magani ga jinsunan da ake samar da abinci daga gare su galibi suna buƙatar a rubuta musu iyakar ragowar magani ko a ba su makamanciyar rarrabuwa ƙarƙashin tsarin ragowar magani na EU (jagorar EMA kan ragowar magani). Haka kuma, tantancewar EU ta tattauna methylene blue cikin sinadaran da ba a yi wa rajista don amfani a dabbobin abinci ba. A bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ba a ba izinin amfani da shi na yau da kullum a dabbobin abinci a EU ba, maimakon ƙirƙirar wani rukuni na haramci. Dawakan da za su iya shiga jerin samar da abinci suna buƙatar irin wannan binciken kafin kowane amfani ƙarƙashin tsarin cascade.

Taƙaitaccen jerin matakan yanke shawara ga likitan dabbobi mai kula

A tabbatar da methemoglobinemia kuma a nemo oxidant ɗin lokaci guda: jini mai ruwan kasa tare da sauyin lulluɓin jiki, saurin bugun zuciya, da wahalar numfashi suna nuni da ita, yayin da gwajin nitrate a plasma ko ruwan ido, da gwajin abincin kiwo da ruwa suke nuni da tushen matsalar. A fara cire hanyar shan gubar, domin methylene blue da aka ba yayin da sinadarin yake ci gaba da shiga jini daga rumen yana magance alamar matsalar ne yayin da rumen yake ci gaba da samar da abin da ya haifar da ita. A zaɓi tsarin da ya dace da jinsin kafin ƙayyade adadin: dawakai ba za su iya ɗaukar adadin methylene blue na dabbobi masu maimaita tauna ba, kuliyoyi suna buƙatar mafi tsananin taka-tsantsan game da oxidation, kuma kifaye suna buƙatar gyaran ruwa tare da tsarin jiƙawa daga amfani da ƙuntatawa a kiwon halittun ruwa. A ba da shi a hankali ta jijiya tare da tabbatar da shigar allura da kyau, a lura da sake tabarbarewa da lalacewar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, sannan a rubuta matsayin madara da nama ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ragowar magani na yankin kafin dabbar ta koma jerin samar da abinci.