Dalilin da ya sa gwajin tantance adadin shuɗin methylene zai iya nuna sama da 100%

Sakamakon gwajin tantance adadin shuɗin methylene na 101.0% sakamakon binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje ne da aka bayar a rahoto. Ba yana nufin cewa abu mai nauyin 100 g ya ƙunshi 101 g na shuɗin methylene a zahiri ba. Don fassara shi, gano abin da aka auna, nauyin abin da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai rabawa, da yadda dakin gwaje-gwajen ya lissafa sakamakon.

Ma’anar shuɗin methylene ta USP ta ƙayyade zangon sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi daga 97.0% zuwa 103.0%, wanda ake lissafawa bisa nauyin busasshen abu. Waɗannan iyakokin karɓuwa ne na wani takamaiman gwaji. Ba ikirarin cewa tsarki zai iya haura 100% a zahiri ba ne, kuma ba zangon rashin tabbas na kowane aunawa a dakin gwaje-gwaje ba ne.

Fara da mai rabawa

Sakamakon da aka lissafa bisa yanayin abin lokacin da aka karɓe shi ya shafi abin a wannan yanayin, har da ruwansa. Sakamakon da aka lissafa bisa nauyin busasshen abu yana cire nauyin da aka rasa a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan busarwa daga mai rabawa. Yana nuna adadin sinadarin da ake gwadawa idan aka kwatanta da abin da ya rage.

Waɗannan kalmomi suna buƙatar kulawa. Babin USP kan asarar nauyi yayin busarwa ya bayyana aunawar a matsayin abubuwa masu iya ƙafe da aka cire a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa. Asarar nauyi yayin busarwa ba lallai ta zama aunawar ruwa kaɗai ba. Wasu abubuwa masu iya ƙafe ma na iya taimakawa wajen wannan asara. Yi amfani da ainihin hanyar gwaji da tushen bayar da sakamakon da ke kan takardar shaidar.

Don yin sauƙaƙƙen gyaran lissafi, idan sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi da na asarar nauyi yayin busarwa sun shafi abu ɗaya kuma sinadarin da ake gwadawa bai ɓace ba:

Sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi bisa nauyin busasshen abu (%) = sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi bisa yanayin abin lokacin karɓa (%) × 100 / 100 − asarar nauyi yayin busarwa (%)

Juyawa zuwa ɗayan tushen lissafin shi ne:

Sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi bisa yanayin abin lokacin karɓa (%) = sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi bisa nauyin busasshen abu (%) × 100 − asarar nauyi yayin busarwa (%) / 100

Kada a sake amfani da wannan gyaran kan sakamakon da aka riga aka bayar bisa nauyin busasshen abu.

Misalin lissafi: samfurin gwaji ɗaya, kaso biyu masu inganci

A ɗauka cewa samfurin gwaji na hasashe mai nauyin 100 g ya ƙunshi 88 g na shuɗin methylene, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin chloride marar ruwa, 10 g na ruwa, da 2 g na wasu daskararrun abubuwa marasa iya ƙafe. A ɗauka cewa matakin busarwa yana cire ruwan daidai ba tare da rasa ko sauya rinin ba. Waɗannan adadi ne na koyarwa, ba sakamakon wani rukunin samar da kaya ba.

Kasoshin busasshen abin sun haɗu sun zama 100%. Ƙarin sakamakon gwajin bai cire sauran daskararrun abubuwan ba, kuma bai ƙara adadin rinin ba. Ya sauya kwatancen ne daga dukkan samfurin da aka karɓa zuwa ɓangaren busasshen abin.

A ɗaya ɓangaren, rahoton da ya nuna sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi na 99.0% bisa nauyin busasshen abu da asarar nauyi yayin busarwa na 12.0% yana nuni da sakamakon gwajin bisa yanayin lokacin karɓa na 99.0 × 0.88 = 87.12%, bisa sharuddan da hanyar gwajin ta dogara a kansu. Kwatanta wannan 87.12% kai tsaye da sakamakon wani mai samarwa na 99.0% bisa nauyin busasshen abu zai zama kwatanta adadi masu tushe daban-daban.

Ruwa kuma na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na tsarin lu’ulu’un sinadarin mai ɗauke da ruwa. Bambanci tsakanin shuɗin methylene trihydrate da wanda ba ya ɗauke da ruwa yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa nauyin dabarar sinadari da tushen lissafin gwajin tantance adadi dole su dace. Alamar da ke nuna nau’in ɗaukar ruwa ba ta maye gurbin sakamakon aunawar ruwa ko busarwa na takamaiman rukunin samarwa ba.

Dalilin da ya sa sakamakon gwajin da aka bayar zai iya haura 100%

Ingantaccen lissafin nauyin busasshen abu tare da aunawa marasa kuskure ba zai iya mayar da ainihin kason nauyi zuwa sama da 100% ba. Sakamakon da ya haura wannan iyaka yana fitowa ne daga yadda aka samu kimantawar gwajin, ciki har da rashin tabbas na aunawa, yiwuwar karkacewar sakamako, ko matsalar bayar da rahoto ko lissafi.

Sanarwar hukuma ta USP kan gyaran Satumba 2023 ta bayyana gwajin tantance adadi wanda ke kwatanta siginar samfurin daga kromatografiyar ruwa da ta ma’aunin kwatance. Wannan tantancewa ce da aka daidaita da ma’auni, ba rarrabawa da auna nauyin kowane abu a cikin foda a zahiri ba. Ƙimar da aka sanya wa ma’aunin kwatance, auna nauyi, tsarmawa, siginar na’ura, da gyaran lissafi na busarwa duk na iya shafar kimantawar da aka bayar.

Yi la’akari da samfurin gwaji na hasashe na biyu: 90 g na shuɗin methylene da 10 g na ruwa. Ainihin kason busasshen abin shi ne 100%. Idan siginar gwajin ta fi yadda ya kamata da 1% kuma gyaran busarwar bai da kuskure, hanyar gwajin za ta kimanta adadin da ya yi daidai da 90.9 g a cikin asalin 100 g. Gyara wannan kimantawar zai ba da 90.9 / 90 × 100 = 101.0%. Ƙarin 0.9 g ɗin kimantawa ce fiye da gaskiya, ba ƙarin abu ba.

Bayanin NIST kan rashin tabbas na aunawa ya bambanta kimantawar da aka samu ta aunawa da sanin ainihin adadin ba tare da kuskure ba. Dakin gwaje-gwaje dole ne ya tantance rashin tabbas nasa. Ƙayyadadden zangon 97.0% zuwa 103.0% ba ya tabbatar da cewa hanyar gwajin tana da “rashin tabbas na ±3%.” Haka kuma, sakamako mai yawa ba ya tabbatar da cewa sauye-sauyen bazata ne suka jawo shi. Idan sakamakon yana yawan fitowa sama da yadda ya kamata, ya dace a duba daidaitawar na’ura da ma’auni, shirya samfurin, abubuwan gyaran lissafi, da tushen lissafin.

Taƙaitaccen bayanin shawarar USP ta 2026 ya bayyana a fili cewa shawara ce da ta dogara kan sigar hukuma ta Satumba 2023. Bai kamata a ɗauki gyaran da aka gabatar a matsayin buƙatar gwaji da ta fara aiki kawai domin kwanan watansa ya fi sabo ba.

Adadin rini da tsarkin kromatografiya suna amsa wasu tambayoyi

“Adadin rini” yana buƙatar bayyana hanyar gwaji da tushen lissafi. Misali, ƙayyadaddun ka’idojin M9140 na Sigma-Aldrich sun jera adadin rini na aƙalla 82% ga rinin samfurorin halittu mai ɗauke da ruwa. Wannan mafi ƙarancin adadi ba ƙimar da aka auna wa kowane rukunin samarwa ba ce. Ba ya nuna cewa abin da ya rage ƙazanta ce mai haɗari, kuma ba ya tabbatar da cewa ya yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun ka’idojin magunguna.

Haka kuma, kason yankin kololuwa a kromatografiya yana raba yankin wata kololuwar da aka gano da ƙayyadaddiyar jimillar yankunan kololuwa. Ba lallai ya raba nauyin shuɗin methylene da nauyin dukkan samfurin ba. Jagorar USP kan miƙa bayanan kromatografiya ta bambanta daidaita yankunan kololuwa da lissafin amfani da ma’aunin kwatance na waje, kuma ta bayyana abubuwan daidaita bambancin sigina, domin nauyi iri ɗaya na iya samar da sigina daban-daban a na’urar ganowa.

Na’urar ganowa na iya kasa auna ruwa, gishiran da ba na sinadaran carbon ba, ko kowane gurɓataccen sinadarin carbon a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da aka zaɓa. Saboda haka, sakamakon gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na iya kasancewa tare ba tare da sun haɗu daidai zuwa 100% ba. Sakamakon gwajin ƙazantar sinadaran carbon, binciken sinadaran asali, da asarar nauyi yayin busarwa aunawa ne masu cike gurbin juna.

Karanta sakamakon a matsayin wani ɓangare na rahoton

Yi amfani da jagorar karanta takardar shaidar bincike don gano bayanan rukunin samarwa, hanyar gwaji, tushen bayar da sakamako, sakamakon da aka auna, da iyakar karɓuwa. Ka riƙa haɗa kowane sakamako da raka’o’insa da mai rabawarsa. Don lissafin maganin ruwa a dakin gwaje-gwaje, kalkuletar molarity na shuɗin methylene tana bayyana nau’in abin da sharuddan gwajin tantance adadi da lissafin ya dogara a kansu.

Sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi na 101% na iya cika ƙayyadadden sharadin wannan gwajin yayin da wani gwajin da ake buƙata ya gaza. Sakamakon gwajin tantance adadi na 99% ba zai iya tabbatar da rashin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai, ƙazantar sinadaran asali a matakin karɓuwa, ko izinin samfurin ba. Ma’anar shuɗin methylene mai matsayin USP ta dogara ne kan dukkan buƙatun da suka shafe shi. Kwatancen inganci mai amfani yana tambayar ko abin da aka rubuta bayanansa ya cika waɗannan buƙatu, maimakon jera masu samarwa bisa wanda ya nuna mafi girman kaso.