Isihloko
Umthamo we-methylene blue: ukuqonda mg, mL, amaphesenti namaconsi
Alikho inani lamaconsi e-methylene blue okufanele lithathwe yibo bonke abantu ngokufanayo. Isinqumo somthamo sidinga isizathu sokwelapha, ukwakheka komkhiqizo, indlela yokuwusebenzisa, ukuhlolwa kwesiguli nemiyalelo yokwelashwa. Ilebula lezinga lokugxila liphendula umbuzo oqondile kuphela: ingakanani i-methylene blue ekhona enanini elithile lesincibilikiso.
Isincibilikiso esingu-1% w/v siqukethe 10 mg kumililitha ngayinye. Lokho kuguqulwa kwamayunithi akunqumi ukuthi umuntu kufanele asisebenzise yini, kufanele anikezwe okungakanani, noma kangaki. Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza ingxenye yokulinganisa ukuze ilebula noma umyalelo kuhlolwe ngaphandle kokuguqula ukubala kube isincomo sokwelashwa.
Izinhlobo ezine zamanani okulula ukuzididanisa
| Isisho | Esikuchazayo | Esingakutsheli kona |
|---|---|---|
| mg | Isisindo sento eqanjwe igama | Ivolumu yoketshezi oluqukethe leyo nto |
| mL | Ivolumu yesincibilikiso | Isisindo se-methylene blue ngaphandle kokwazi izinga layo lokugxila |
| mg/mL | Isisindo kumililitha ngayinye | Inani elifanele ukunikezwa |
| mg/kg | Isisindo sento uma siqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba | Indlela yokuyisebenzisa, ukuthi isetshenziswa kangaki, isikhathi sokuyisebenzisa, noma ukufaneleka kwayo |
Igremu elilodwa lilingana namamiligremu angu-1,000. Imililitha eyodwa ilingana namamayikhrolitha angu-1,000. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuhlobanisa amayunithi ohlobo olufanayo lwenani. Amamiligremu namamililitha ayizinhlobo ezihlukene zamanani, ezihlanganiswa yizinga lokugxila lesincibilikiso.
Esincibilikisweni esixubeke ngokulinganayo:
Inani nge-mg = izinga lokugxila nge-mg/mL × ivolumu elinganisiwe nge-mL
Amayunithi evolumu ayacishwa ekubaleni. Umphumela uyisisindo sento equkethwe kuleyo ngxenye elinganisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-aliquot. Ifomula ayincikile ekutheni leyo ngxenye ihloselwe ukuhlaziywa, ukufaka umbala, noma umuthi obhalwe udokotela; ukusetshenziswa okuvunyelwe kudinga ulwazi oluhlukile.
Funda ukuthi iphesenti lisekelwe kuphi
Izinhlamvu ezilandela iphesenti zikhomba inani elihlukanisayo. Amathuluzi okubhekisela akwa-Avantor ahlukanisa ukwakheka okususelwa esisindweni, kwivolumu, nasesisindweni ngevolumu.
1% w/v kusho 1 g wento eqanjwe igama encibilikisiwe ku-100 mL wesincibilikiso sokugcina. Ukuguqula amagremu abe amamiligremu kunikeza 1,000 mg ÷ 100 mL, noma 10 mg/mL. “Isincibilikiso sokugcina” siyingxube yonke ngemva kokuncibilika, hhayi ivolumu yamanzi ngaphambi kokufakwa kwento encibilikiswayo.
1% w/w kusho 1 g wento encibilikisiwe ku-100 g wesincibilikiso sonke. Kuchaza isisindo uma siqhathaniswa nesisindo. Ukuze ubale okukhona kwivolumu elinganisiwe, udinga nokuminyana kwesincibilikiso esiphelile nge-g/mL. Ukuminyana kwempushana eyomile akukunikezi lolo lwazi.
Uma ilebula lithi “1%” kuphela, hlola imininingwane ehambisana nalo ukuze uthole isisekelo salelo phesenti noma inani elicacile le-mg/mL. Ungazikhetheli isisekelo ngaphandle kokusiqinisekisa ngoba inombolo ifana naleyo eselebuleni lomunye umkhiqizo.
Izibonelo zokuguqula izinga lokugxila libe inani
Leli thebula lokuqhathanisa elenzelwe lo mhlahlandlela lisebenzisa amasampula aqanjiwe axubeke ngokulinganayo. Amavolumu alinganisiwe akhethwe ukuze abonise indlela yokubala. Lawa amanani aqukethwe, hhayi imithamo enconyiwe noma uhlelo lokuthatha imithamo.
| Izinga lokugxila elishiwo nesisekelo salo | Ivolumu elinganisiwe | Ulwazi olwengeziwe | Ukubala | Inani eliqukethwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1% w/v = 1 mg/mL | 0.5 mL | Aludingeki | 1 mg/mL × 0.5 mL | 0.5 mg |
| 0.5% w/v = 5 mg/mL | 1 mL | Aludingeki | 5 mg/mL × 1 mL | 5 mg |
| 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 1 mL | Aludingeki | 10 mg/mL × 1 mL | 10 mg |
| 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 0.5 mL | Aludingeki | 10 mg/mL × 0.5 mL | 5 mg |
| 1% w/w | 0.5 mL | Ukuminyana kwesincibilikiso okuqanjiwe: 1.04 g/mL | 0.5 mL × 1.04 g/mL × 0.01 × 1,000 mg/g | 5.2 mg |
| 1% w/w | 0.5 mL | Ukuminyana akwaziwa | Ivolumu ayikakwazi ukuguqulwa ibe isisindo sesincibilikiso | Akunakunqunywa |
Umugqa wesibili nowesithathu uchaza umfanekiso wekhava: amavolumu alinganayo angaba namanani ahlukene. Umugqa wesibili nowesine ubonisa okuphambene: amavolumu ahlukene angaba nenani elifanayo. Umyalelo wevolumu awunakudluliselwa ezingeni lokugxila elihlukile ngaphandle kokuhlola ukubala.
Isibonelo se-w/w sisebenzisa ukuminyana okuqanjiwe ngenjongo yokufundisa, hhayi isici esilinganisiwe somkhiqizo we-Blupreme. Isampula saso esingu-0.5 mL sinesisindo esingu-0.52 g; iphesenti elilodwa laleso sisindo lingu-0.0052 g, noma 5.2 mg. Uma ukuminyana kungaziwa, umphumela we-mg obukeka unemba ungafihla ukucabanga okungenasisekelo.
Sebenzisa ithuluzi lokuguqula izinga lokugxila kwe-methylene blue ukuze uhlole lobu budlelwano ngamanani akho abhaliwe. Libala isisindo esiqukethwe; alikhethi umthamo womuntu.
Kungani ukubala amaconsi kushiya isilinganiso esingekho
Iconsi likhiqizwa uketshezi nomshini wokulukhipha ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokusebenza. Alilingani ngokuzenzakalelayo no-0.05 mL, futhi i-dropper egcwele ayilingani ngokuzenzakalelayo no-1 mL.
Ocwaningweni luka-Brown nozakwabo lwango-2004 lwama-dropper emithi yezingane ephuzwa ngomlomo, abacwaningi bahlola imikhiqizo yezemithi noketshezi olulungisiwe ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri nangosizo lwamavolontiya. Ukutshekisa i-dropper isuke ekumeni iqonde ibheke kuma-degree angu-45 kwehlisa ivolumu ekhishwayo futhi kwandisa ukuhlukahluka kwayo. Lolu kwakuwucwaningo lwethuluzi, hhayi ukuqinisekiswa kwanoma yiliphi ibhodlela le-methylene blue noma ukuhlolwa kwemithamo yasemtholampilo.
Ukuze ubale isisindo esimaphakathi ngeconsi ngalinye, kudingeka kokubili izinga lokugxila nevolumu yeconsi emaphakathi elinganisiwe. Ukulinganiswa kwethuluzi kufanele kusebenze kulowo mshini wokukhipha nakulolo ketshezi. Inani lamaconsi elikopishwe kwelinye ibhodlela lilahlekelwa yilokhu kuhlobana, ngisho noma womabili amabhodlela ekhombisa iphesenti elifanayo.
Lapho kunikezwe umuthi owuketshezi ophuzwa ngomlomo ngencwadi kadokotela, cela usokhemisi aqinisekise ithuluzi elifanele lokulinganisa elinezimpawu zezilinganiso kanye nevolumu ehambisana nencwadi kadokotela. Izincomo ze-FDA zokuphepha kwemithi ewuketshezi zisebenzisa amamililitha nezimpawu zezilinganiso ezihambisanayo emathuluzini. Bhala 0.5 mL, unoziro ngaphambi kwechashazi ledesimali, ukuze kube mancane amathuba okuthi ukunganakwa kwechashazi kuyiguqule ibe ngu-5 mL. Umhlahlandlela wokufunda i-dropper enezimpawu zezilinganiso uchaza indlela yokuqonda izimpawu zayo. Ungalinganiseli ngokuqagela ivolumu engaphansi kwezilinganiso ezifundekayo ethuluzini.
Imithamo yasemtholampilo inomongo othile
Ulwazi lwase-US lokunquma i-PROVAYBLUE luchaza umuthi ongu-5 mg/mL onikezwa emthanjeni wegazi ukuze welaphe i-methemoglobinemia etholakele kubantu abadala nasezinganeni. Umthamo wokuqala oshiwo elebuleni ngu-1 mg/kg, onikezwa abasebenzi basemtholampilo phakathi kwemizuzu engu-5 kuya kwengu-30. Ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo kuncike ekuphenduleni kwesiguli ekwelashweni, ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri nasekusebenzeni kwezinso.
Leso sizathu sokwelapha, indlela yokunikeza umuthi nokuqapha kuyingxenye yohlelo lokwelashwa. Ilebula alinqumi umthamo wansuku zonke ophuzwa ngomlomo ngenjongo yamandla, ikhono lokucabanga, noma ukuphila isikhathi eside. Ukuguqula inani lalo le-mg/kg libe amaconsi kungagcina ukubala kodwa kulahle isisekelo sasemtholampilo sokusebenzisa umuthi. Umhlahlandlela wemijovo ye-methylene blue nokufakwa kwayo emthanjeni wegazi nge-IV uchaza ukuthi kungani ukwakheka komkhiqizo nakho kubalulekile.
Lona lelo lebula lithi umuthi akufanele usetshenziswe uma kukhona ukushoda kwe-G6PD ngenxa yengozi ye-hemolytic anemia, lixwayisa nge-serotonin syndrome ebucayi uma usetshenziswa nemithi ethinta i-serotonin nama-opioid, futhi likhomba izingozi ezihlobene nokukhulelwa. Inani elincane elilinganisiwe aliqinisekisi ukufaneleka. Umhlahlandlela wokuphepha kwe-methylene blue uchaza kabanzi izimo nokusebenzisana kwemithi okuhlobene nalokhu.
Yenza umyalelo ukwazi ukuhlolwa
Ngaphambi kokuhumusha noma yimuphi umyalelo, bhala ndawonye le mininingwane:
- Ubunikazi bomkhiqizo: ukwakheka kwawo, indlela yokuwusebenzisa eshiwo elebuleni, nesitatimende esigcwele sezinga lokugxila.
- Isisekelo sezinga lokugxila: mg/mL, w/v, noma w/w, kanye nokuminyana kwesincibilikiso uma kudingeka.
- Isilinganiso: inani le-mL elihlosiwe nethuluzi elikwazi ukulinganisa leyo volumu ngokucacile.
- Imiyalelo yasemtholampilo, uma umuthi unqunyiwe: inani, indlela yokuwusebenzisa, ukuthi usetshenziswa kangaki, isikhathi sokuwusebenzisa, nomuntu owunqumile.
Uma izinga lokugxila noma isisekelo sesilinganiso singekho, kucacise ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ukubala. Uma imiyalelo yasemtholampilo ingekho, ithebula lokuguqula amayunithi alikwazi ukuyinikeza.