Ukumuncwa Nokusatshalaliswa Kwe-Methylene Blue Ngokwendlela Yokuyinikeza

I-methylene blue ingafinyelela ekujikelezeni kwegazi ngemva kokunikezwa ngomlomo, futhi ukuhlolwa ezilwaneni kubonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ezithweni, kuhlanganise nobuchopho. Lokho okutholakele akufakazeli ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zokwakheka komkhiqizo zifinyelela ekugxileni okufanayo, noma ukuthi indlela ekhangiswa njengesheshayo inikeza umphumela ongcono ekwelapheni.

Umbuzo owusizo uqondile: yikuphi ukwakheka komkhiqizo, okunikezwe ngayiphi indlela, okwaveza siphi isilinganiso kuliphi iqembu labacwaningwayo? Ukugxila egazini, isithombe sobuchopho kanye nebala eliluhlaza esikhumbeni kuphendula imibuzo ehlukene.

Ukumuncwa kuyisinyathelo esisodwa enqubweni ende

Ukumuncwa kuchaza ukusuka kwento endaweni enikezwe kuyo iye ekujikelezeni kwegazi. Ukufakwa ngomthambo kuyisa into ngokuqondile egazini, kweqe leso sinyathelo. Ukusatshalaliswa kuchaza ukuhamba okulandelayo phakathi kwegazi nezicubu.

Ukutholakala okuphelele emzimbeni kuqhathanisa ukuchayeka ekujikelezeni kwegazi komzimba ngemva komthamo ongafakwanga ngomthambo nokuchayeka ngemva komthamo ofakwe ngomthambo, kulungiswe ukubala ukuze kubhekelelwe amanani ahlukene anikeziwe. Izifundo zivame ukusebenzisa indawo engaphansi kwejika lokugxila ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma i-AUC. I-AUC ihlanganisa ukugxila okulinganisiwe nesikhathi; ayisona nje isilinganiso sokugxila esiphezulu kakhulu noma umzuzu umuntu aqaphela ngawo umphumela.

Into emunciwe ingaguqulwa yizinqubo zomzimba ngaphambi kokufinyelela ekujikelezeni kwegazi komzimba wonke. Ngakho-ke, ukuphuma emathunjini nokutholakala emzimbeni kwenhlanganisela elinganiswayo akudingeki kube nephesenti elifanayo. Ekuhlolweni kukaShin nabanye ngamagundane amancane, ababhali balinganisela ukuthi ukumuncwa emgudwini wokugaya ukudla kwakucishe kuphelele nakuba ukutholakala emzimbeni ngemva kokunikezwa ngomlomo okulinganisiwe kwakuphansi, bechaza lokhu ngokuguqulwa yizinqubo zomzimba. Lokho kwatholakala kumagundane amancane; akulona iphesenti elingabelwa umkhiqizo wabantu.

Ukuqhathanisa indlela yokunikeza nesampula

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kwehlukanisa izilinganiso eziqondile zokugxila nezimpendulo zebhayoloji. Amanani asetshenziswe ezifundweni achaza izimo zocwaningo, hhayi imithamo engashintshaniswa noma imiyalelo yokusebenzisa.

Indlela yokunikeza nesifundo	Iqembu labacwaningwayo nokwakheka komkhiqizo	Isampula noma umphumela olinganisiwe	Lokho okutholakele okufakazelayo
Ngomlomo kuqhathaniswa nangomthambo, Walter-Sack nabanye	Abantu abadala abangu-16 abaphilile; umthamo owodwa ongu-500 mg oncibilikiswe emanzini onikezwe ngomlomo uqhathaniswa no-50 mg ofakwe ngomthambo esifundweni lapho ababambiqhaza bethola zombili izindlela ngezikhathi ezihlukene	Amajika okugxila ku-plasma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi	Isilinganiso esimaphakathi sokutholakala okuphelele emzimbeni ngemva kokunikezwa ngomlomo sasingu-72.3%, ngokuchezuka okujwayelekile kwamaphuzu ephesenti angu-23.9. Lesi silinganiso siqondene nokwakheka komkhiqizo kanye nenqubo okuhloliwe.
Ngomlomo kuqhathaniswa nangomthambo, Peter nabanye	Amavolontiya ayisikhombisa; 100 mg ngendlela ngayinye; imininingwane yokwakheka komkhiqizo onikezwe ngomlomo ayicacisiwe esifingqweni	I-methylene blue egazini eliphelele ikalwe nge-HPLC	I-AUC yegazi eliphelele ngemva kokunikezwa ngomlomo yayiphansi kakhulu kune-AUC yokunikezwa ngomthambo. Lesi yisampula nenqubo ehlukile kweyesifundo somkhiqizo oncibilikiswe emanzini.
Ngaphakathi ku-duodenum kuqhathaniswa nangomthambo, Peter nabanye	Amagundane amakhulu; i-methylene blue inikezwe ngaphakathi ku-duodenum noma emthanjeni	Ukugxila ezicubwini nasegazini eliphelele	Ukunikeza ku-duodenum kwaveza ukugxila okuphezulu odongeni lwamathumbu nasesibindini, kodwa ukugxila okuphansi ebuchosheni nasegazini eliphelele kunokunikeza ngomthambo. Lezi kwakuyizilinganiso zezicubu zamagundane amakhulu.
Ukusatshalaliswa ezicubwini ngemva kokunikezwa ngomlomo, Shin nabanye	Amagundane amancane; i-methylene blue incibilikiswe emanzini acwengwe ngokuwabilisa nokupholisa umhwamuko, yanikezwa ngeshubhu elifakwa esiswini; ukuqhathanisa okuhlukile nokunikeza ngomthambo	I-plasma nezicubu ezikhishiwe zahlanganiswa zaba amasampula afanayo, kusetshenziswa i-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry	Ukusatshalaliswa esibindini kwakugqamile. Ukugxila ezicubwini akufakazeli inzuzo yokwelapha kubantu.
Ngaphakathi kwamakhala, Peng nabanye	Amagundane amakhulu abhukuda aze akhathala ngokuphelele; i-methylene blue esixazululweni sikasawoti, inikezwe njengamaconsi emakhaleni ngaphansi kokulaliswa ngomuthi	Ukuziphatha, izimpawu ezikalwayo ezicubwini zobuchopho kanye nokwakheka kwama-mitochondria	Ukuhlolwa kwabika imiphumela yebhayoloji. Akuzange kufakazele ukutholakala emzimbeni wabantu ngokunikeza ngamakhala noma ukuphakama kwaleyo ndlela kunokunikeza ngomlomo noma ngomthambo.
Ukufakwa esikhumbeni, isifundo sango-2023 sezinhlayiyana ezincane nokusebenzisa umsindo ukusiza ukungena esikhumbeni	Isikhumba sendlebe yengulube esikhishiwe; i-methylene blue oncibilikiswe emanzini iqhathaniswa nezinhlayiyana ezincane ezenziwe ngama-polymer, ngokwelashwa kwangaphambili ngomsindo wemvamisa ephezulu noma ngaphandle kwakho	Udayi ezingqimbeni zesikhumba nasoketshezini olwamukelayo ngemva kwamahora angu-16	Ukugcinwa esikhumbeni kwakukaleka, kuyilapho i-methylene blue oketshezini olwamukelayo yayingaphansi komkhawulo indlela yokuhlola ekwazi ukukala ngawo inani. Ukungena endaweni yesikhumba nokudlula esikhumbeni kwakuyimiphumela ehlukene.

I-plasma negazi eliphelele akunakuthathwa njengokulinganayo

Igazi eliphelele liqukethe i-plasma namaseli egazi. Izilinganiso ze-plasma zihlola ingxenye ewuketshezi ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Uma inhlanganisela isatshalaliswa ingene kumaseli, ukugxila kwayo okubikiwe kuncike ekutheni ilabhorethri ihlaziya yiphi ingxenye.

Ulwazi lokunikeza i-PROVAYBLUE lubonisa ukuthi kungani ukuguqula izilinganiso ngesilinganiso esingaguquki kungathembekile. Kwesinye isifundo sokunikeza ngomthambo kubantu, isilinganiso segazi uma siqhathaniswa ne-plasma sasingu-5.1 ± 2.8 ngemva kwemizuzu emihlanu, sase sifinyelela ezingeni elizinzile elingu-0.6 ngemva kwamahora amane. Lobu budlelwano bashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ilebula efanayo ibika ukubophezela kumaprotheni e-plasma okucishe kube ngu-94% ngaphandle komzimba elabhorethri. Lokhu kuchaza ukuhlangana namaprotheni ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri. Akusho ukuthi u-94% awuzange umuncwe, noma ukuthi ingxenye ethile engaguquki esele yangena ebuchosheni. Ukugxila okuphelele ku-plasma kuhlanganisa kokubili inhlanganisela ebophekile nengabophekile.

Ngisho nomphumela wokusebenzisana kwemithi ungancika esampuleni. Esifundweni sokunikeza ngomlomo umkhiqizo oncibilikiswe emanzini, i-chloroquine yandisa ukugxila kwe-methylene blue ku-plasma kodwa hhayi egazini eliphelele. Isifundo esiwusizo lapha ukugcina uhlobo lwesampula lapho ucaphuna umphumela, kunokuba ukhethe iphesenti elikhulu kakhulu ezifundweni ezihlukene.

Ukufinyelela ebuchosheni akufakazeli inzuzo ebuchosheni

Ubufakazi bokuthi i-methylene blue ingawela umgoqo ophakathi kwegazi nobuchopho busekela ukuphenya imiphumela esimisweni sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Abunqumi inani elifinyelela endaweni ethile yobuchopho kumuntu, noma ukuthi lokho kuchayeka kuyasisiza yini isifo esithile.

Isivivinyo sokuxhumana kokusebenza kobuchopho ngemva kokunikeza ngomlomo sabandakanya abantu abadala abangu-28 abaphilile futhi saqhathanisa i-methylene blue nomkhiqizo ongenasithako esisebenzayo kusetshenziswa i-MRI. Okwaqaphelwa kuso kwakuphathelene nomsebenzi wobuchopho nokuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo zabo, hhayi ukukalwa okuqondile kwe-methylene blue ngaphakathi kobuchopho.

Isifundo esihlukile sokunikeza ngomthambo kubantu abaphilile nakumagundane amakhulu sathola ukuncipha kokugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni nasezilinganisweni zezinqubo zokusebenzisa amandla ngaphansi kwezimo zaso zokuhlola. Le miphumela ixwayisa ngokucabanga ukuthi ukufinyelela ebuchosheni kusho ukwanda kokusebenzisa kwabo amandla. Ayikwazi futhi ukuhlelela ukunikeza ngomlomo nokunikeza ngomthambo ngokuthi yikuphi okungcono, ngoba izifundo zasebenzisa amaqembu abacwaningwayo, izinqubo nemiphumela elinganisiwe ehlukene.

Ukungena kumaseli ngokuncishiswa, ukuphinde kufakwe i-oksijini nokusatshalaliswa phakathi kwezingxenye kuphathelene nelinye izinga lale nkinga. Ukungena kwenhlanganisela kuseli elikhuliswe elabhorethri akufakazeli ukusebenza kwayo ekwelapheni. Umehluko phakathi kwamamodeli uchazwe kokuthi ungalufunda kanjani ucwaningo lwe-methylene blue.

Izimangalo zokunikeza ngaphansi kolimi, ngamakhala, ngokuhogela nangokudlula esikhumbeni

Ukunikeza ngaphansi kolimi kusho ukumuncwa ngezicubu ezingaphansi kolimi. Ukugwinya ingxenye yoketshezi kwengeza ingxenye yokunikeza ngomlomo. Imithombo etholakele yalesi sihloko ayifakazeli iphesenti elithembekile lokutholakala emzimbeni wabantu ngokunikeza ngaphansi kolimi noma inzuzo ebonisiwe ngaphezu kokugwinya. Ukushiya ibala ngaphansi kolimi akunakwehlukanisa ukumuncwa ngolwelwesi lwamafinyila nokuchayeka okuvela ekugwinyeni.

Ukunikeza ngaphakathi kwamakhala kungumbuzo ohlukile. Isifundo samagundane amakhulu esingenhla sasebenzisa amaconsi alawulwayo emakhaleni ngaphansi kokulaliswa ngomuthi. Esakuthola ngokuziphatha nangezicubu akufakazeli ingxenye emuncwe ngezicubu zamakhala, ingxenye esuka emakhaleni iye ngokuqondile ebuchosheni, noma ukusebenza kwesifutho esithengiselwa abathengi. Lezo zimangalo zidinga izilinganiso zokugxila eziqondene nendlela yokunikeza nezindlela ezifanele zokuqhathanisa.

Ukuhogela ngomshini ophendula uketshezi lube yinkungu kwengeza ukukhiqizwa kwenkungu nokuhlala kwayo emigudwini yokuphefumula okuncike emshinini. Umbiko wesifundo sokuqala ngokusebenzisa umshini wenkungu ngemva kwe-COVID uphathelene nemiphumela yokusebenza kwamaphaphu nokufakwa kwe-oksijini egazini. Ukuba khona kwawo akunikezi indlela yokuguqula ukuchayeka ngokunikeza ngomlomo noma ngomthambo kube ukuchayeka ngomshini wenkungu wasekhaya. Umshini owengeza umswakama ku-oksijini ungomunye umshini ohlukile futhi; izifundo zokunikeza ngomlomo noma leso sifundo sokuqala akuqinisekisi ukufaneleka kokwengeza i-methylene blue ethangini lawo. Ungasebenzisi izixazululo ezenzelwe ukunikezwa ngomlomo noma ukusetshenziswa elabhorethri emishinini yokuphefumula.

Ukunikeza ngokudlula esikhumbeni kusho ukudluliselwa ngasesikhumbeni kuya ekujikelezeni kwegazi komzimba. Umkhiqizo ogcotshwa esikhumbeni ungase esikhundleni salokho ugcine i-methylene blue ngaphakathi kwesikhumba. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba sengulube kubonisa ukuthi kungani lokhu kufanele kukalwe ngokwehlukana. Ukuhlolwa okuhambisana nakho kobuthi obubangelwa ukukhanya kumaseli omdlavuza nakho akufakazeli umphumela wokwelapha ovela esichibini esinamatheliswa esikhumbeni noma kukhilimu osetshenziswa umuntu.

Imiphumela yokudla idinga ukuqhathaniswa kwayo

Isifundo esenziwe ngemva kokuzila ukudla sifakazela okwenzekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokuzila ukudla. Asifakazeli ukuthi ukuzila ukudla kuthuthukisa ukumuncwa. Isimangalo ngomphumela wokudla sidinga ukuqhathanisa isimo sokudla nesokuzila ukudla kusetshenziswa ukwakheka komkhiqizo okufanayo nezilinganiso ezifanele zokuchayeka.

Isifundo esibhalisiwe somphumela wokudla ku-LMTB siphathelene nokwakheka komkhiqizo okuhlobene nayo, okubhaliswe njengokuhlukile ku-methylthioninium chloride. Incazelo yesifundo ayiwona umphumela wokudla esixazululweni esivamile se-methylene blue. Ubufakazi obubuyekeziwe lapha abusisekeli isimangalo esisebenza kuzo zonke izimo sokuthi ukudla kunciphisa ukumuncwa noma ukuzila ukudla kuyakuthuthukisa.

Isikhathi umuntu ezwa ukuthi umphumela uqala ngaso, umbala womchamo nokushiyeka kwebala olimini akunakuthatha indawo yezilinganiso zokugxila ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imibuzo mayelana nokuhlala kwayo emzimbeni iphathelene nesikhathi sokuncipha kwe-methylene blue ibe yingxenye kanye nobude bokuhlala kwayo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokunikeza ekwelapheni kuncike futhi esizathwini sokuyisebenzisa nasezimfunekweni zokwakheka kwemikhiqizo ejovwayo, hhayi ekutholakaleni emzimbeni kuphela.