Isihloko
Ukufaka umbala nge-methylene blue: izindlela zokuhlola ngesibonakhulu ne-atlasi yezithombe zangempela
Ukufaka umbala nge-methylene blue kwenza izici zamaseli ebezingabonakali kahle zihlukaniseke kalula lapho kuhlolwa ngesibonakhulu senkambu ekhanyayo. Kungasiza abafundi bathole i-nucleus yeseli lesihlathi noma bahlole imingcele nokuhleleka kwezinto eziphilayo ezincane. Nokho, into eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyilokho okuboniwe. Ukuqamba into ephilayo, ukuyikala, nokunquma ukuthi ibonisa isifo yini kuyimisebenzi ehlukene.
Isithombe sekhava sibonisa umgomo wokugqamisa umehluko. I-atlasi engezansi iqukethe izithombe zangempela zamasampula abhalwe phansi ngokuzimela, kanye nemininingwane yemithombo yawo yokuqala.
Yini evezwa yi-methylene blue?
I-methylene blue ingudayi oyi-basic: i-ion yayo enombala inomthwalo kagesi ophozithivu. Njengoba i-OpenStax ichaza engxenyeni yayo yokufaka umbala kumasampula, odayi abayi-basic bahlangana nezinto zamaseli ezinomthwalo kagesi onegethivu futhi bangenza amaseli agqame uma eqhathaniswa nesizinda esikhanyayo. Kumasampula alungiselelwe ngendlela efanele, i-methylene blue igqamisa izindawo ezinama-nucleic acid amaningi nezinye izakhiwo ezibopha udayi.
Ekufakeni umbala okulula, udayi owodwa unikeza umehluko obonakalayo. Ngakho-ke izinto eziphilayo eziningana zingabukeka ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphandle kokuba ziwuhlobo olufanayo. Ekuqaleni, imibuzo ewusizo yileyo echaza okubonwayo: ingabe izinto ziyindilinga noma zinde, zihlukene noma zingamaqoqo, zifakwe umbala ngokulinganayo noma zinezingxenye zangaphakathi ezihlukanisekayo? Bheka umehluko phakathi kokufaka umbala okulula nokufaka umbala ngendlela ye-Gram ngaphambi kokuhumusha umbala njengomphumela wokuhlukanisa izinhlobo.
Umehluko obonakalayo namandla okuhlukanisa imininingwane akufani. Umehluko obonakalayo usiza ukuhlukanisa into nalokho okuyizungezile; amandla okuhlukanisa imininingwane enza imininingwane esondelene ibonakale ngokwehlukana. Isithombe esimnyama kakhudlwana asiqinisekisi ukuthi izakhiwo eziningi zihlukaniseka kahle. Futhi akuyona yonke inhlayiyana emnyama okufanele ibizwe nge-organelle.
Amasampula angafakwanga umbala, amasampula afakwe umbala esesoketshezini, namasampula agcotshwe kumaslayidi
Isampula elingafakwanga umbala, noma elisesimweni salo semvelo, elilungiswe oketshezini ligcina ukubukeka ngaphandle kokwengeza udayi, nakuba ukulisusa endaweni yalo yokuqala kusalishintsha. Isampula elifakwa umbala lisesoketshezini lithola i-reagent ngenkathi izinto zihlala oketshezini ngaphansi kwengilazana yokumboza. Isampula eligcotshiwe lase lifikswa lisakazwa kuslayidi futhi lisetshenziswa indlela ebekiwe yokufiksa ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa okulandelayo. Ukubuka konke kwe-OpenStax ngokulungiselela amasampula kwehlukanisa amasampula afakwe oketshezini nokufiksa, futhi kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinto eziphilayo esezifiksiwe zingasabonisi ukunyakaza noma izinqubo ezivamile zokuguqulwa kwezinto emzimbeni.
Lezi zindlela zokulungiselela ziphendula imibuzo ehlukene:
| Ukulungiselela | Okubonwayo okuwusizo | Lokho isithombe esingakwazi ukukufakazela sisodwa |
|---|---|---|
| Isampula elingafakwanga umbala elisesoketshezini | Ukunyakaza, imingcele, izinto ezibonakala ngokwemvelo | Ukuhlonza uhlobo ngokunyakaza noma ukuma kuphela |
| Isampula elifakwe umbala lisesoketshezini | Umehluko phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibopha udayi nalokho okuzizungezile | Ukuthi i-reagent ishiye ukusebenza okuvamile kwezinto eziphilayo kungashintshile yini |
| Isampula eligcotshiwe, lafikswa futhi lafakwa umbala | Ukuma nesakhiwo okusele ngemva kokulungiselela okuchaziwe | Indlela isampula lokuqala eliphilayo elaliziphatha ngayo |
| Indlela eqanjwe ngegama yokufaka umbala ukuze kuhlukaniswe izinhlobo | Ukusabela okubekiwe ekufakweni kombala, namasampula okulawula afanele | Ukuhlonza uhlobo noma ukuxilonga ngaphandle kobufakazi obubanzi bendlela |
Ukuze niqhathanise ekilasini, bhala phansi okubonwayo kusampula elingafakwanga umbala ngaphambi kokuhlola isampula elehlukile elifakwe umbala ngokwenqubo yokufundisa. Gcina ukukhanya nezilungiselelo zokuthatha izithombe kuqhathaniseka. Uma kuthwetshulwa amaseli amabili ahlukene, wachaze njengezibonelo, hhayi njengombhalo weseli elilodwa ngaphambi nangemva kokufakwa kombala.
I-atlasi yesibonakhulu: amasampula amathathu angempela afakwe umbala
Le atlasi iwukukhethwa nokuhunyushwa kwethu kwezithombe ezintathu zesibonakhulu ezinamalayisensi avulekile. Ababhali bemithombo bahlonza amasampula namadayi asetshenzisiwe. Asikaqinisekisi ngokuzimela ukuthi amasampula abo ayilokho okushiwo. Izithombe zikhiqizwa kabusha zingasikiwe, ziguqulelwe ku-WebP ngaphandle kokulahleka kwedatha, kungafakwanga izici ezintsha noma kushintshwe imibala.
Isithombe 1: amaseli esihlathi somuntu
Isampula: amaseli esihlathi somuntu. Udayi: i-methylene blue. Ukukhuliswa: 400×, njengoba kubikwe ngumthwebuli. Umugqa wesikali: awutholakali; umthombo awunikezi usayizi wephikseli olinganisiwe. Isithombe sika-Fritzmann2002, 2017, esivela kokuthi Amaseli Esihlathi Somuntu (Afakwe Umbala Nge-Methylene Blue), esinelayisensi ye-CC BY-SA 4.0. Lokhu kukhiqizwa kabusha kugcina leyo layisensi.
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Qala ngeseli elizimele: i-nucleus yalo emnyama kakhudlwana ihlukaniseka kalula ne-cytoplasm eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyizungezile. Bese uhlola amaseli agqagqene ngaphansi kwalo. Ukugqagqana kwenza kube nzima ukulandela umngcele futhi kungadala indawo emnyama kakhudlwana. Sebenzisa lesi sithombe ukuzijwayeza ukulandela imingcele, hhayi ukubala lonke ibala elimnyama njenge-nucleus. Umhlahlandlela wokubheka amaseli esihlathi uchaza kabanzi umsebenzi oqondene naleli sampula.
Isithombe 2: amaseli ka-anyanisi
Isampula: amaseli ka-anyanisi, njengoba ehlonzwe ngumthombo. Udayi: i-methylene blue. Ukukhuliswa: “200x” kuvela egameni lefayela lokuqala; akuqinisekisiwe ngokuzimela. Umugqa wesikali: awutholakali; akukho ukulinganiswa okunikeziwe. Isithombe sika-Alvy16, 2019, esivela kokuthi Iseli lika-anyanisi 200x, esinelayisensi ye-CC BY 4.0.
Izingxenye ezinde zakha ungqimba oluhlelekile. Qhathanisa imingcele yazo emide ezabelana ngayo nemingcele engahlelekile eSithombeni 1. Qaphela futhi izinto ezimnyama ezigqamile nokukhanya okungalingani kwenkambu. Isithombe asifakazeli ukuthi iyini yonke into emnyama enqwabelene. Sibonisa ukuthi kungani umbhalo owusizo walokho okuboniwe uhlanganisa izinto ezidalwe ukulungiselela noma ukuthwebula nokungaqiniseki, kunokuba uqambe yonke into emunca umbala.
Isithombe 3: imvubelo ehlonzwe ngumthombo njenge-Candida spp.
Isampula: i-Candida spp., ngokusho komthwebuli. Udayi: ukufaka umbala okulula kwe-positive nge-methylene blue. Ukukhuliswa: akutholakali. Umugqa wesikali: awutholakali; akukho usayizi wephikseli olinganisiwe onikeziwe. Isithombe sika-Marta, umsebenzisi we-Wikimedia u-Martunia.g, 2021, esivela kokuthi Ukufaka umbala kwe-positive nge-methylene blue 2, esinelayisensi ye-CC BY 4.0.
Qhathanisa amaqoqo aminyene aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nemiphetho engaminyene kangako. Imingcele yezinto ngazinye ilandeleka kalula lapho izinto zingagqagqani kakhulu. Igama elithi Candida livela embhalweni womthombo, hhayi ekuhlonzweni kohlobo okwenziwe ngalesi sithombe. Lesi sithombe futhi asinikezi umphumela wokuthi imvubelo isaphila yini. Ukuhlolwa kokuphila nokuphefumula kwemvubelo kudinga izimo, izilawuli, nokuhunyushwa kwemiphumela okuqondene nako.
Ukufunda isikali ngendlela efanele
Lezi zithombe zisekela ukuqhathanisa ngokubuka, hhayi ukukala ngama-micrometer noma ukuqhathanisa usayizi wangempela wamaseli phakathi kwezithombe. Ukukhuliswa okubikiwe akubuyisi ukulinganiswa kwekhamera okungekho. Ukushintsha usayizi isithombe esiboniswa ngawo kushintsha indlela esibonakala sikhuliswe ngayo.
Ezithombeni zakho, misa ukulinganiswa kwezilinganiso usebenzisa isilinganiso esaziwayo nokuhlelwa okufanele kwamalensi. Umhlahlandlela we-Nikon wokukala ngesibonakhulu uchaza ukuthi i-micrometer yetafula lesibonakhulu iguqula kanjani izigaba zesithombe noma zesikali esisengilazini ezingenawo amayunithi zibe ubude bangempela. Bhala phansi ilensi eseduze nesampula, ukuhlelwa kwekhamera, nokulinganiswa, bese wengeza umugqa wesikali ngokusekelwe kuleyo datha. Ungaqageli umugqa wesikali usebenzisa usayizi omaphakathi weseli osencwadini yokufunda.
Ingabe ibhodlela liyahambisana nendlela?
Ibhodlela elibhalwe ukuthi i-methylene blue aliyona imininingwane ephelele yezidingo zaselabhorethri. Hlola ukugxila namayunithi ako, uketshezi oluncibilikisayo, izithako ezengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, imibhalo yeqoqo lokukhiqiza, nemiyalelo. Ishidi ledatha yokuphepha le-reagent lichaza izingozi; imiyalelo yendlela icacisa ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ekulungiseleleni okuhlosiwe.
Isibonelo esithile yisixazululo se-methylene blue sika-Löffler esivela kwa-Merck. Umkhiqizi usihlonza njenge-reagent yokuhlola ngesibonakhulu futhi uchaza indima yaso njengodayi wesibili ekufakeni umbala ngendlela ye-acid-fast. Ukuvutha kwaso okubalulwe naso kubonisa ukuthi kungani “uketshezi oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” kungelona ulwazi olwanele lokuhlela ukuphathwa noma ukushisisa. Lezo zakhiwo zisebenza kulokho kwakheka kwesixazululo, hhayi ngokuzenzakalela kuzo zonke izixazululo ze-methylene blue ezenziwe ngamanzi.
Ngokufanayo, i-eosin methylene blue agar iyindawo yokukhulisa izinto eziphilayo enokwakheka okukhethekile. Ayiyona idayi yeslayidi eyenziwa ngokwengeza i-methylene blue engenazo ezinye izithako kusampula. Uma unenhloso ehlukile yokuthwebula ngesibonakhulu, qhathanisa okunye okungasetshenziswa esikhundleni se-methylene blue ekuhloleni ngesibonakhulu.
Uma usebenzisa ikhithi yesibonakhulu yabaqalayo, qala ngendlela yayo yokufundisa ebhalwe phansi, amaslayidi alungisiwe aziwayo, kanye ne-reagent ebekiwe. Uma ibhodlela selilahlekelwe ilebula lalo noma ukwakheka kwalo kungakwazi ukuqinisekiswa, lifakele esikhundleni i-reagent efanele enemibhalo ecacile. Sebenzisa isivikelo samehlo nemiyalelo yokuphatha enikezwe ukwakheka kwesixazululo osisebenzisayo. Izinto ezivela kumuntu namasampula angaziwa avela endaweni ezungezile kudinga izinqubo zelabhorethri yokufundisa zokuphatha nokulahla amasampula; ukufaka umbala akuthathi indawo yalezo zinqubo.
Bhala lokho okuboniwe ngaphambi kwesiphetho
“Izinto eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezisaqanda eziqoqene” kuyincazelo yesithombe engasekelwa. “Ukutheleleka okuthile” kudinga ubufakazi isithombe esingabunikezanga. Gcina imvelaphi yesampula, ukulungiselela, ukusabela ekufakweni kombala, nendlela yokuhlonza kubhalwe ngokwehlukana encwadini yamanothi. Lokho kwehlukanisa kwenza isithombe esilula sasekilasini sibe wusizo futhi kuvimbele isithombe esihle sesibonakhulu ekuthwaleni isimangalo esingakwazi ukusisekela.