I-methylene blue nezimangalo zokuvikela ilanga: ucwaningo lwe-UV nemingcele yalo

Okuthunyelwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kuthi i-methylene blue isebenza njengomkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga. Kubhekisela ocwaningweni lwangempela lapho lo dayi wamunca khona ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet futhi wanciphisa ukulimala kwamaseli esikhumba akhuliswe elabhorethri. Lolo cwaningo lukhona. Kodwa isiphetho esithathwe kulo asisekelwa yilokho olukutholile.

Inkinga ivamile ezimangalweni eziphathelene nempilo. Isilinganiso saselabhorethri siphathwa njengokuhlolwa komkhiqizo. Ukuze uqonde kahle izimangalo nge-methylene blue nokuchayeka elangeni, hlukanisa imibuzo emithathu: ingabe le molekyuli imunca i-UV, ingabe ivikela isikhumba esiphilayo elangeni, futhi ingabe iyisithako esigunyaziwe sokuvikela ilanga emkhiqizweni ophelile. Ucwaningo lwango-2021 luphendula ingxenye yombuzo wokuqala, lukhomba okuthile kowesibili kodwa kumaseli kuphela, futhi aluwuphenduli nhlobo owesithathu.

Lokho okwahlolwa ucwaningo oluvame ukucashunwa

Iphepha elicashunwa kakhulu ucwaningo lwango-2021 luka-Xiong nozakwabo olumayelana namandla e-methylene blue okuvikela emisebeni ye-ultraviolet, olusohlwini lwe-PubMed. Ababhali baphakamisa i-methylene blue njengesithako esisebenzayo esingacatshangelwa emikhiqizweni yokuvikela ilanga, kuhlanganise nokuthi ingase ibe enye indlela ye-oxybenzone. Abazange bathi babeqinisekise umkhiqizo we-methylene blue wokuvimba ilanga ozosetshenziswa abantu. Engxoxweni yabo bathi kuzodingeka olunye ucwaningo lokuphepha ngaphambi kokucela ukuba ifakwe embhalweni osemthethweni obeka izindinganiso zemikhiqizo yokuvikela ilanga.

Zonke izivivinyo zazenziwa ngaphambi kwesigaba sokuhlolwa kubantu. Abekho abantu abaphilayo ababamba iqhaza, futhi awukho umkhiqizo ophelile wokuvikela ilanga owagcotshwa esikhumbeni somuntu. Ababhali ababili babehlobene ne-Mblue Labs, futhi inyuvesi nenkampani babefake isicelo esihlanganyelwe selungelo lobunikazi nge-methylene blue njengesithako esisebenzayo sokuvikela ilanga. Intshisekelo yezohwebo edaluliwe ayenzi idatha ingasebenzi, kodwa iyisizathu esengeziwe sokufunda ngokunembile ukuthi yini eyayilinganiswa.

Kwaqalwa ngokuhlolwa kokumuncwa kokukhanya kwezincibilikisi. Ithimba laqhathanisa i-methylene blue encibilikisweni kasawoti ne-oxybenzone oketshezini lokuyincibilikisa, ebangeni lama-nanometer angu-200 kuya ku-400. I-methylene blue yamunca ngamandla kakhulu ngaphansi cishe kwama-nanometer angu-310, kuyilapho i-oxybenzone yamunca ngamandla kakhulu kumaza amade. Lokho kuyisici sama-molekyuli ancibilikiswe oketshezini. Akusona isilinganiso sikakhilimu osakazwe njengongqimba esikhumbeni.

Kwalandela izivivinyo zamaseli. Amaseli avamile esikhumba somuntu abizwa ngokuthi ama-keratinocyte aqale achayekwa ku-methylene blue enokugxila okungu-100 nanomolar amasonto amabili, abe esechayekwa ku-UVB enamandla aphezulu kubude begagasi obungama-nanometer angu-302. Amaseli akhuliswe futhi aphathwa ngale ndlela abonisa ukusabela okuphansi ekulimaleni kwe-DNA, okulinganiswa nge-gamma-H2AX, kanye nokuphila kangcono nokuncipha kwezimpawu zokuguga kwamaseli eziboniswa ngokuwafaka umbala. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngokuhambisana nalolu kuma-keratinocyte nasemigqeni emine yamaseli ama-fibroblast abantu lwathola ukuncipha kwe-superoxide kuma-mitochondria nokwanda kokuphindaphindeka kwamaseli. Ukuqhathanisa okwengeziwe kwathola ukuthi i-oxybenzone engu-100 nanomolar ayizange iveze inzuzo efanayo kumaseli kulokho kugxila. Kodwa incibilikisi enokugxila kwe-nanomolar ezungeze amaseli ahlukanisiwe ihlola indlela amaseli asabela ngayo ekulimaleni, kuyilapho ungqimba lomkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga esikhumbeni lubamba ukukhanya ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele kumaseli. Lezi zimo ezimbili zisebenzisa igama elithi ukuvikela, kodwa zihlola izindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza.

Isivivinyo samakhorali sasincane futhi sasibheka izinguquko ngaphandle kokuzikala ngezinombolo. Izingcezu zekhorali elithambile i-Xenia umbellata zazisemanzini olwandle ane-methylene blue engu-1 micromolar noma i-oxybenzone engu-1 micromolar isikhathi esicishe sibe yisonto. Iqembu le-oxybenzone lawohloka, kuyilapho iqembu le-methylene blue lingazange. Lokho kuphathelene kuphela nokuphila kwezingcezu esikhathini esifushane. Akukona ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwezixhobo zamakhorali, futhi akusho lutho ngokuvikelwa kwabantu elangeni.

Kunemininingwane ethile yamagama okufanele ibhekwe. Isifinyezo sikhuluma ngokususwa kwezinhlobo zomoya-mpilo ezisebenzayo kumaseli ezidalwa yi-UVA, kodwa izindlela zocwaningo zichaza inqubo yokuchayeka ku-UVB ngaphandle kwesivivinyo esihambisanayo se-UVA esilawulwayo. Ukuhumusha ngokucophelela ukuthi ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuncipha kokulimala ngemva kokuchayeka ku-UVB yokuhlola kumaseli akhuliswe elabhorethri, kanye nokuziphatha okulwa ne-oxidation. Aluzange lubonise ngokuqondile ukuvinjelwa kwe-ROS edalwa yi-UVA ngaphansi kokuchayeka ku-UVA okulawulwayo.

Abafundi abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi izivivinyo ezihlobene nokuguga kwesikhumba zihluke kanjani ezivivinyweni zabantu bangaqhathanisa lokhu nobufakazi bemixube yokunakekela isikhumba, obuhlukanisa ukukhuliswa kwamaseli, isikhumba esakhiwe kabusha, nokuhlolwa komkhiqizo ophelile.

Ukuqhathanisa ubufakazi: uhlobo lokuhlolwa kwe-UV nalokho olungakufakazela

Leli thebula liyisisekelo salesi sihloko. Lisebenzise ukuze ubeke noma yisiphi isimangalo nge-methylene blue njengomkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga endaweni yaso. Umugqa ngamunye uqamba ukuhlolwa, usho ukuthi umphumela omuhle ungafakazelani, futhi usho ukuthi yini esadinga ukuhlolwa okuhlukile.

Iphethini iyafana kuyo yonke imigqa. Imigqa yokuqala ihlola izithako noma amaseli. Umugqa wokugcina kuphela ohlola ukuvikelwa elangeni. Isimangalo nge-methylene blue njengomkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga sidinga umugqa wokugcina.

Ukuvikela ekukhanyeni akuphambene nokwenza into isabele ekukhanyeni, kodwa kuwukuziphatha okuhlukile

I-methylene blue inezindima ezimbili ezihlobene nokukhanya ezizwakala ziphikisana, kodwa zombili zingokoqobo. Kwezinye izindlela zamaseli isebenza njengomlamuli we-redox onemiphumela elwa ne-oxidation. Ngaphansi kokukhanyisa okufanele isebenza njengento evuswa ukukhanya ekhiqiza izinhlobo zomoya-mpilo ezisebenzayo, kuhlanganise nomoya-mpilo we-singlet. Ukwelashwa kwe-photodynamic kusebenzisa ngamabomu lokhu kuziphatha kwesibili ukuze kulimaze amaseli noma amagciwane okuhlosiwe, njengoba kubuyekezwa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-methylene blue kwe-photodynamic. Yingakho futhi i-methylene blue ehlanganiswe namadivayisi okukhanya okubomvu kufanele ihlolwe ngokwehlukile, njengoba kuchazwe emhlahlandleleni wethu wokwelashwa okuhlanganisa ukukhanya.

Umehluko uncike ezimweni: ubude begagasi, umthamo wokukhanya, izinga lokugxila, isimo sokuhlangana kwama-molekyuli, ukutholakala komoya-mpilo, nendawo udayi akuyo uma kuqhathaniswa nezicubu eziphilayo. Ukukhanya okubomvu okungaba phakathi kwama-nanometer angu-630 kuya ku-670 kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvusa i-methylene blue emsebenzini we-photodynamic. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqukethe amabhande e-UV, okukhanya okubonakalayo, nawe-infrared ndawonye, ngakho ungqimba olugcotshwa esikhumbeni lungachayeka ekukhanyeni okuxubile kunobude begagasi obubodwa baselabhorethri.

Isihlungi somkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga kufanele sibambe i-UV eyingozi futhi sikhiphe amandla ngezindlela ezingenangozi uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye, kuyilapho sihlala sizinzile. Into evuswa ukukhanya isebenzisa amandla ama-photon emuncile ukuze iqhube ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okukhiqiza izinhlobo ezisebenzayo. Ngakho ukumunca i-UV kuyadingeka entweni engase ibe isihlungi se-UV, kodwa akwanele neze. Iphepha lango-2021 alizange lihlole ukuthi ungqimba lwe-methylene blue olugcotshwe esikhumbeni ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga lukhiqiza yini umoya-mpilo we-singlet eduze kwesikhumba esiphilayo, ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo eyakheka ngenxa yokukhanya, noma ukuthi izinhlobo zayo ezifakwe i-oxidation nezincishisiwe ziziphatha kanjani. Noma ubani ohlola izimangalo nge-methylene blue njengomkhiqizo wokuvimba ilanga kufanele abheke leyo mibuzo njengengakaphendulwa kuze kube yilapho ingxube ephelile ihlolwa ngaphansi kokuchayeka okufana nokukhanya kwelanga.

I-methylene blue ayisona isithako esigunyaziwe sokuvikela ilanga

Isimo sokugunyazwa sihlukile ekuthembiseni okuvela elabhorethri. E-United States, izithako ezisebenzayo zokuvikela ilanga zemikhiqizo ethengwa ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela zivela ku-OTC Monograph M020. I-methylene blue ayikho kulolo hlu. E-European Union, izihlungi ze-UV ezisetshenziswa ezimonyweni kufanele zivele ku-Annex VI yoMthethonqubo 1223/2009. I-methylene blue ayisona isihlungi se-UV esigunyaziwe ngaphansi kwe-Annex VI.

Ukugunyazwa kokunye ukusetshenziswa akudluleli kokunye. I-methylene blue efakwa emthanjeni inokusetshenziswa okugunyaziwe njengomuthi, futhi lo dayi unezindima ekuxilongeni nasezinqubweni ezixoxwa esibukezweni sethu sokusetshenziswa okugunyaziwe nokusaphenywayo. Akukho kulokho okuyenza ibe isithako esisebenzayo esigunyaziwe sokuvikela ilanga. Ukugunyazwa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela ilanga kuphathelene nesithako esithile, ohlotsheni oluthile lomkhiqizo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa.

Okungadingeka ekuvikelweni elangeni okuqinisekisiwe

Umkhiqizo ophelile we-methylene blue othi une-SPF noma uvikela ebangeni elibanzi lemisebe ungadinga uchungechunge olujwayelekile lwezivivinyo zemikhiqizo yokuvikela ilanga, lwenziwe kuleyo ngxube ephelile. I-SPF ilinganiswa kubantu: umkhiqizo ugcotshwa ngenani lama-milligram angu-2 nge-square centimeter ngayinye, uchayekiswe ngomshini olingisa ilanga ebangeni lama-nanometer angu-290 kuya ku-400, ngaphansi kwezindlela ezifana ne-ISO 24444 ye-SPF elinganiswa kubantu abaphilayo. Okulinganiswayo ukuba bomvu kwesikhumba, okuwukusabela ikakhulukazi ku-UVB. Asikho isivivinyo samaseli esingangena esikhundleni salokho.

Ukuvikelwa ku-UVA kudinga isilinganiso sakho kunokuba kucatshangwe kususelwa ebubanzini bokumuncwa kokukhanya encibilikisweni. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezinga lokuvikela ku-UVA kubantu abaphilayo ngaphansi kwe-ISO 24442, ukuhlolwa kwezici elabhorethri ngaphansi kwe-ISO 24443, noma kokubili. Iziqondiso zaseYurophu zifuna ukuvikelwa ku-UVA okungenani okuyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ye-SPF ebhalwe kulebula.

Ubude begagasi obubalulekile bulinganisa ukuthi ukuvikela kufinyelela kude kangakanani ebangeni le-UVA, futhi buchazwa ngokumuncwa kokukhanya kongqimba lomkhiqizo ophelile, ngama-nanometer angu-370 njengomkhawulo wokubizwa ngokuthi uvikela ebangeni elibanzi lemisebe enqubweni yombhalo wezindinganiso zemikhiqizo yokuvikela ilanga. Udayi oncibilikiswe encibilikisweni kasawoti awukwazi ukunikeza leli nani. Ukuzinza lapho kuchayekwa ekukhanyeni nakho kufanele kuhlolwe ngokuqondile ngokuchayekisa ungqimba lomkhiqizo emisebeni kusengaphambili bese kulinganiswa ukuvikela okusasele. Kuze kube yilapho lezo zivivinyo zenziwa kukhilimu wangempela, ukukhuluma ngomkhiqizo ozinzile we-methylene blue wokuvikela ilanga kuwukuqagela.

Ukuhlolwa kubantu kuphinde kuveze lokho ucwaningo lwaselabhorethri olungakuboni: ukuthi ungqimba lwakheka ngokulinganayo yini, ukuthi umjuluko uyalususa yini, ukuthi ukungcolisa kwalo ngombala kwenza ukugcotshwa ngendlela efanele kungabi lula yini, nokuthi kuvela yini ubuthi obubangelwa ukukhanya. Ukungcolisa ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akuyona imininingwane engabalulekile lapha. Umbala obonakalayo ongalingani ungakhombisa ukugcotshwa okungalingani, futhi ukugcotshwa okungalingani kunciphisa ukuvikela.

Indlela yokubhekana nezimangalo zokuchayeka elangeni ekusebenzeni

Bheka i-methylene blue njengento ethakazelisayo engase icwaningwe nge-UV, engenawo umkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga oqinisekisiwe oyisekelayo. Ungasebenzisi incibilikisi, okutholwe elabhorethri, noma okubhekwe kumakhorali esikhundleni somkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga ohloliwe. Ungaxubi udayi nokuthambisa isikhumba noma uwoyela ukuze wenze umkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga ekhaya. Lesi sihloko asinikezi indlela yokwenza lokho ngoba ukuhlanjululwa, ukulingana kwengxube, ukuzinza, ukugcinwa kungonakali, inani eligcotshwayo, nokusabela kwamakhemikhali ekukhanyeni akukwazi ukulawulwa ekhaya, futhi umhlahlandlela wezithako zezincibilikisi uchaza ukuthi kungani uketshezi oluwumkhiqizo ophelile lungaphezu kukadayi namanzi nje. Ukuze uzivikele ngempela elangeni, sebenzisa umthunzi, izingubo ezivikelayo, nomkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga onelebula esho i-SPF ehloliwe futhi, lapho kufanele khona, ukuvikela ebangeni elibanzi lemisebe noma ku-UVA.

Ukuze uzivikele ngempela elangeni, sebenzisa izindlela ezinobufakazi obuqondile: umthunzi, izingubo ezivikelayo, nomkhiqizo wokuvikela ilanga onelebula esho i-SPF ehloliwe futhi, lapho kufanele khona, ukuvikela ebangeni elibanzi lemisebe noma ku-UVA. Emibuzweni nge-methylene blue ebandakanya ukugwinya udayi ukuze uzivikele elangeni, qaphela ukuthi ukuvikela ekukhanyeni ngokuthatha into ngomlomo kuyisimangalo esihlukile esidinga ezaso izivivinyo, nokuthi ukusetshenziswa okuthinta umzimba wonke kuhambisana nezinkinga zokusebenzisana kwemithi nezimo okungafanele isetshenziswe kuzo, ezifingqwe ezibuyekezweni zethu zokuphepha nokusebenzisana. Abafundi abahlola izinqubo ezihlanganisa ukukhanya kufanele bahlukanise ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela ilanga nobufakazi bokwelashwa kwe-photodynamic, lapho ukukhanya kanye nodayi kuhloselwe ukulimaza okuqondiswe kukho kunokuvikela isikhumba.