I-methylene blue yamandla nokukhathala: ubufakazi kubantu

I-methylene blue ayikaqinisekiswa njengendlela yokwelapha ethembekile yokukhathala kwansuku zonke noma njengento eyandisa amandla kubantu abaphilile. Ukusesha okwenzelwe lesi sihloko akutholanga ubufakazi obukholisayo obuvela ezifundweni ezilawulwayo kubantu bokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ekukhathaleni, emisebenzini evamile yansuku zonke, noma ekululameni ngemva kokuvivinya umzimba. Okunye ukuhlola kubonisa imiphumela yezinto eziphilayo. Lokho kuwumphumela onomkhawulo kunokubonisa ukuthi abantu bazizwa futhi basebenza kangcono.

Ukudideka kuqala ngegama elithi amandla. Elabhorethri, lingasho ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP, i-molecule enikeza amandla ezinqubweni zamaseli. Ekuphileni okuvamile, lingasho ukuhlala uphapheme, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukuthola ugqozi, ukuhamba ibanga elide, noma ukululama ngemva kokuzikhandla. Umphumela kwesinye isigaba awuyiphenduli ngokuzenzakalela imibuzo ephathelene nezinye.

Lokho izifundo zama-mitochondria ezakukala ngempela

I-methylene blue ingamukela futhi inikele ngama-electron. Lokho kusebenza kwayo kwamakhemikhali kunikeza abacwaningi isizathu sokuphenya imiphumela yayo ekuphefumuleni kwama-mitochondria. Akusho ukuthi konke ukwanda kokuphefumula kunenzuzo.

Ocwaningweni luka-Visarius nozakwabo lwango-1997 ngesibindi segundane, abaphenyi bacwaninga ama-mitochondria ahlukanisiwe, okuhlanganisa namasampula ayefakwe i-chloroacetaldehyde. I-methylene blue yavuselela ukuphefumula kodwa futhi yehlisa izilinganiso zokulawulwa kokuphefumula njengoba amazinga okugxila kwayo ayekhuphuka, futhi yabangela ukuvuvukala kwama-mitochondria. Ababhali bachaza ukuhlukaniswa kwezinqubo ze-oxidative phosphorylation. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo nokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP akusaxhumene ngokuqinile kangako. Ngakho ukukala ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo akuqinisekisi amandla amaningi umuntu angawasebenzisa.

Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lwama-mitochondria ahlukaniswe ezinhliziyweni zamagundane anesifo sikashukela nawaphilile lwathola ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo ngemva kokuba i-methylene blue ifakwe ngokuqondile esampuleni. Umphumela wayo ku-hydrogen peroxide wawuncike emthonjeni wamandla owawunikeziwe: ukukhishwa kwayo kwanda nge-glutamate ne-malate kodwa kwehla nge-succinate. Ukukhuluma kwesihloko socwaningo ngokuncipha kwengcindezi ye-oxidation kudinga lowo mbandela.

Akukho kulokhu kuhlola okwelapha amavolontiya akhathele, okukala amaphuzu okukhathala kwesiguli, noma okuhlola ukuthi umuntu angakwazi yini ukuqeda usuku lomsebenzi ngokukhululeka kakhudlwana. Kubonisa ukuthi kungani kubalulekile indlela amasampula okuhlola alungiswe ngayo, izinga lokugxila kwento, kanye nomphumela okalwayo.

Ithebula lobufakazi eligxile emiphumeleni

Sebenzisa leli thebula ukuhlola ukuthi isimangalo sisekelwe kuphi ngempela. Igama elithi “okulawulwayo” lichaza ukuqhathanisa, kanti iqembu elicwaningwayo nomphumela kunquma ukuthi yimuphi umbuzo lokho kuqhathanisa okungawuphendula.

Uhlobo lobufakazi	Iqembu elicwaningwayo nokuqhathanisa	Okutholakele noma okubhekiwe ngempela	Lokho elikuqinisekisayo ngamandla kubantu
Indlela yokusebenza kwama-mitochondria	Ama-mitochondria ahlukaniswe esibindini segundane ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri ezichaziwe, 1997	Ukuphefumula kwanda kanye nobufakazi bokuhlukaniswa kwezinqubo nokuvuvukala	Ukusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo; akukho ukuncipha kokukhathala okubonisiwe
Indlela yokusebenza kwama-mitochondria	Ama-mitochondria ahlukaniswe ezinhliziyweni zamagundane aphilile nanesifo sikashukela, 2017	Ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo kwanda; i-hydrogen peroxide yashintsha ngezindlela eziphambene lapho kusetshenziswa izinto zokuyiphakela ezihlukene	Umphumela oncike ezimweni, hhayi ubufakazi bokukhuthazela okungcono
Umbiko womuzwa womuntu	Umuntu ochaza ukuzizwa ecabanga ngokucacile noma enamandla engeziwe, ngaphandle kokuqhathanisa okufihla ukuthi uthole ini	Ushintsho oluzwakale ngesikhathi esithile	Okuhlangenwe nakho okufanele kubhalwe; imbangela, ukuhlala komphumela, nokusabela okuvamile akukaqiniseki
Umphumela womsebenzi ohlolwe kubantu ngendlela elawulwayo	Abantu abadala abaphilile abangu-26; ukuqhathanisa i-methylene blue ephuzwa ngomlomo ne-placebo ngokwabiwa okungahleliwe nokufihlelwa kwamaqembu womabili, 2016	Awukho umphumela obalulekile wokusebenzisana komuthi nesikhathi esikhathini sokusabela ekuphaphameni; ukuthuthuka kwenkumbulo eqenjini elathola umuthi akuzange kuveze ukusebenzisana okubalulekile phakathi kwamaqembu	Akukho ukuthuthuka kokuphaphama okubonisiwe; akukho nzuzo eqinisekisiwe emandleni ansuku zonke
Ukusebenza komzimba womuntu okuhlolwe ngendlela elawulwayo	Abesifazane abaphilile abayisishiyagalombili; ukuhleleka kwezikhathi zokuhlolwa okwabiwa ngokungahleliwe, i-methylene blue efakwa emthanjeni ne-placebo, kufihlelwe uhlangothi olulodwa, 2023	Ukugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni nokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo okulinganiselwe kwehla; kwaqoqwa nezilinganiso zamandla ngemva kokufakwa emthanjeni	Ukusebenza emzimbeni womuntu, ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuncipha kokukhathala okuqhubekayo ngokusetshenziswa ngomlomo
Imiphumela ezilwaneni ehlolwe ngendlela elawulwayo	Amagundane avivinywa aze akhandleke ngokuphelele; ukwelashwa okufakwa ngamakhala kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokuqhathanisa elalivivinya umzimba, 2025	Isikhathi ngaphambi kokukhathala ngokuphelele kanye nemiphumela ethile yokuziphatha kwathuthuka	Ubufakazi obufanele bokusebenza kwezilwane; akukho nzuzo eqinisekisiwe kubasubathi abangabantu noma ekululameni

Izifundo ezithile nemiphumela yazo kuxoxwa ngakho lapha; umtapo wocwaningo lwe-methylene blue uhlela imibhalo yocwaningo ebanzi ngokwamaqembu acwaningwayo nangohlobo locwaningo.

Ingabe izifundo zobuchopho babantu zibonisa ukuphaphama okwengeziwe?

Ucwaningo lokuthwebula izithombe lwango-2016 olusebenzisa ukwabiwa okungahleliwe kubantu abadala abaphilile abangu-26 luvame ukusetshenziswa ukusekela izimangalo ezibanzi ngamakhono engqondo. Ngemva kokunikezwa kanye ngomlomo, abaphenyi bakala izimpawu ezithombeni zobuchopho, ukunaka okuqhubekayo, nemisebenzi yenkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane. Isikhathi sokusabela ekuphaphameni asibonisanga ukusebenzisana okubalulekile kokwelashwa nesikhathi, lapho P = .43.

“Ukuthuthuka kwenkumbulo ngo-7%” okuvame ukuphindwa kwakuwushintsho lwangaphambi nangemva ngaphakathi eqenjini le-methylene blue. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenzisana okuhambisanayo, okwakuhlola ukuthi ushintsho lwaluhlukile yini phakathi kweqembu lokwelashwa nele-placebo, kwakungabalulekile ngokwezibalo, lapho P = .09. Lokho akufakazeli ukuthi i-methylene blue ayinamphumela emakhonweni engqondo. Kusho ukuthi lo mphumela akufanele wethulwe njengenzuzo eqinisekisiwe engu-7% ngaphezu kwe-placebo, ingasaphathwa eyokuthuthuka kwamandla ngo-7%.

Ocwaningweni luka-Singh nozakwabo lwango-2023 lokuthwebula izithombe kubantu, abesifazane abaphilile abayisishiyagalombili baya esikhathini se-placebo nasezikhathini ezimbili ze-methylene blue efakwa emthanjeni, ngokulandelana okwabiwa ngokungahleliwe. Ukugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni nokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo ebuchosheni okulinganiselwe kwehla, ngokuphambene nalokho abaphenyi ababekulindele ekuqaleni. Ucwaningo lwaqoqa nezilinganiso zamandla nemizwa ngokuzibika ngemva kokufakwa emthanjeni. Lwalungelona ukuhlolwa kokwelapha ukukhathala okuqhubekayo, kokuthatha isengezo ngomlomo nsuku zonke, noma kokubuyela emisebenzini evamile ezigulini ezikhathele.

Lezi zifundo zisekela ukuphenywa kwemiphumela ebuchosheni. Izilinganiso zazo azikwazi ukuhlanganiswa zibe isimangalo esilula sokuthi i-methylene blue “ikhulisa amandla obuchopho.” Ukubuyekezwa okubanzi kobufakazi bezinzuzo kubantu kwehlukanisa eminye imibuzo yezokwelapha kulokhu kuhlola.

Ukusebenza ekuvivinyeni umzimba nokululama

Ucwaningo lokuvivinya umzimba ezilwaneni lunikeza umphumela oqondile kunokuhlolwa kwama-mitochondria ahlukanisiwe, kodwa uhlobo lwesilwane nendlela yokunikeza into kusabalulekile. Ocwaningweni luka-Peng nozakwabo lwango-2025, amagundane enza ukubhukuda okuphindaphindiwe aze akhandleke ngokuphelele futhi athola i-methylene blue ngamakhala ngemva kwezikhathi zokuqeqeshwa. Iqembu elalithola ukwelashwa labonisa ukuthuthuka kwesikhathi ngaphambi kokukhathala ngokuphelele nokusebenza kokuziphatha, kanye nezinguquko ezilinganisweni zokulimala kobuchopho.

Lokhu kwakungelona ucwaningo lokuqeqeshwa kwabantu, futhi ukunikeza ngamakhala akunakuthathwa njengokufana nokusebenzisa ngomlomo. Akuqinisekisi izikhathi ezingcono emijahweni, ukwanda kwamandla emisipha, ukuncipha kobuhlungu ngosuku olulandelayo, noma ukululama ngokushesha kubantu. Ukuhlolwa okuwusizo kubantu kungakala umphumela wokusebenza noma wokululama ochazwe kusengaphambili, kuwuqhathanise ne-placebo, futhi kubhale imiphumela engemihle. Izilinganiso zama-mitochondria zingasiza ukuchaza umphumela, kodwa azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yawo.

Ukuzizwa unamandla engeziwe kuyinto ebhekiwe, hhayi imbangela

Umuntu ozizwa engcono ngemva kokuthatha okuthile kungenzeka uchaza ukuthuthuka kwangempela. Okungaqiniseki yilokho okubangele lokhu nokuthi kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani. Ukulala, i-caffeine, izikhathi zokudla, ukushintsha kobuningi bomsebenzi, okulindelwe, nokuguquguquka okuvamile kwezimpawu kungase kuhambisane nokuthatha into entsha. Umbiko okhethwe ngoba wawumuhle ngendlela engajwayelekile nawo usho okuncane ngalokho bonke abantu abayizamile abahlangabezana nakho.

Ngokwesibonelo, “Ngiqede amahora amabili omsebenzi wamaphepha” kunikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe uma kuhambisana nokuthi umuntu ulale kanjani ngobusuku obudlule, amakhefu, ezinye izinto azithathile, nokuthi usebenze kanjani kamuva ngalolo suku. Ukuzizwa uvuselelwe kodwa ulala kabi kungumphumela ohlukile ekubeni nokukhathala okuncane phakathi nesonto. Akukho kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okukodwa okuhlonza indlela yokusebenza kwama-mitochondria ngokuzimele.

Ukukhathala okuqhubekayo ne-ME/CFS kudinga ukuhlolwa okuhlukene

Ukukhathala okungachazeki okuqhubekayo noma okuba kubi kudinga ukuhlolwa kwembangela yako kunokuba kucatshangwe ukuthi ama-mitochondria adinga ukuvuselelwa. Umbuzo wezokwelapha ofanele uncike endleleni izimpawu ezivela ngayo, emlandweni wezokwelapha, ekulaleni, nasemithini.

I-ME/CFS nayo ihlukile ekukhathaleni okuvamile. Ukugula ngemva kokuzikhandla kuhilela ukuba kubi kokugula ngemva komsebenzi othile, ngokuvamile okubambezelekile. I-CDC ichaza ukubambezeleka okuvamile kwamahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-48, kanti izimpawu zingahlala izinsuku noma amasonto. Ihora elihle alikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthuka uma izinsuku ezilandelayo ziba zimbi. Ukubuyekezwa kobufakazi be-ME/CFS nokugula ngemva kokuzikhandla kudingida izimangalo eziqondene nalesi sifo nezindlela zokubhala izimpawu ezibambezelekile ngaphandle kokuhlola imikhawulo yomsebenzi umuntu angawenza.

I-methylene blue nayo inezingozi ezibalulekile. Ulwazi lwase-U.S. lokunquma i-PROVAYBLUE efakwa emthanjeni luphathelene ne-methemoglobinemia etholakala ngemva kokuzalwa. Luxwayisa nge-serotonin syndrome engathi sína uma isetshenziswa nemithi esebenza ku-serotonin kanye nama-opioid, futhi luyenqabela ukusetshenziswa uma kukhona ukuntuleka kwe-G6PD ngenxa yengozi ye-hemolytic anemia. Aluqinisekisi uhlelo lokuyisebenzisa ngomlomo ukuze kube nenhlalakahle. Buyekeza umhlahlandlela wokuphepha kwe-methylene blue nezimo lapho kungafanele isetshenziswe khona unomkhiqizo wangempela nohlu lwemithi olutholakalayo; ungayeki imithi oyinqunyelwe ukuze ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa.