Inqaku
Kutheni uvavanyo lobungakanani bemethylene blue lunokubonisa ngaphezu kwe-100%
Isiphumo sovavanyo lobungakanani bemethylene blue esiyi-101.0% sisiphumo sohlalutyo esixeliweyo. Asithethi ukuba i-100 g yemathiriyeli ngokwenene iqulethe i-101 g yemethylene blue. Ukuze usitolike, chonga into ebilinganisiwe, ubunzima bemathiriyeli obusetyenziswe njengedinomineyitha, nendlela ilabhoratri esibale ngayo isiphumo.
Inkcazelo ye-USP yemethylene blue ichaza uluhlu lweziphumo zovavanyo lobungakanani olusuka kwi-97.0% ukuya kwi-103.0%, olubalwa ngokusekelwe kubunzima obomileyo. Le yimida yokwamkelwa yovavanyo oluchaziweyo. Ayilobango lokuba ubunyulu bokwenene bungaphezu kwe-100%, ingelulo noluhlu lokungaqiniseki lomlinganiselo ngamnye owenziwa elabhoratri.
Qala ngedinomineyitha
Isiphumo esisekelwe kwimathiriyeli njengoko ifunyenwe sibhekisa kwimathiriyeli ekwimeko efunyenwe ngayo, kuquka amanzi ayo. Isiphumo esisekelwe kubunzima obomileyo asibuquki kwidinomineyitha ubunzima obulahlekileyo phantsi kweemeko zokomisa ezimiselweyo. Sixela ubungakanani bento ehlalutywayo xa buthelekiswa nemathiriyeli eseleyo.
La magama afuna ukusetyenziswa ngononophelo. Isahluko se-USP sokulahleka kobunzima xa komiswa sichaza lo mlinganiselo ngokwemathiriyeli ephuma lula ibe ngumphunga nesuswa phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo. Ukulahleka kobunzima xa komiswa akusoloko kungumlinganiselo wamanzi kuphela. Ezinye izinto eziphuma lula zibe ngumphunga nazo zinokuba negalelo. Sebenzisa eyona ndlela novavanyo nesiseko sokuxela esikwisatifikethi.
Kulungiso olulula, apho iziphumo zovavanyo lobungakanani nezokulahleka kobunzima xa komiswa zibhekisa kwimathiriyeli enye, kwaye into ehlalutywayo ingalahleki:
Uvavanyo lobungakanani olusekelwe kubunzima obomileyo (%) = uvavanyo lobungakanani njengoko ifunyenwe (%) × 100 / 100 − ukulahleka kobunzima xa komiswa (%)
Ukuguqulela kwelinye icala kwenziwa ngolu hlobo:
Uvavanyo lobungakanani njengoko ifunyenwe (%) = uvavanyo lobungakanani olusekelwe kubunzima obomileyo (%) × 100 − ukulahleka kobunzima xa komiswa (%) / 100
Musa ukuphinda usebenzise olu lungiso kwisiphumo esele sixeliwe ngokusekelwe kubunzima obomileyo.
Umzekelo obaliweyo: isampulu enye, iipesenti ezimbini ezichanekileyo
Masithi isampulu eqikelelweyo eyi-100 g iqulethe i-88 g yemethylene blue, echazwe njengekhlorayidi engenamanzi, i-10 g yamanzi, ne-2 g yezinye izinto eziqinileyo ezingaphumi lula zibe ngumphunga. Masithathe ukuba inyathelo lokomisa lisusa amanzi kuphela, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yidayi okanye ukuyitshintsha. La ngamanani okufundisa, hayi iziphumo zebhetshi yemveliso.
| Ubungakanani | Njengoko ifunyenwe | Emva kokukhupha amanzi |
|---|---|---|
| Imethylene blue | 88 g | 88 g |
| Amanzi aqukiweyo kwidinomineyitha | 10 g | 0 g |
| Ezinye izinto eziqinileyo ezingaphumi lula zibe ngumphunga | 2 g | 2 g |
| Idinomineyitha iyonke | 100 g | 90 g |
| Iqhezu lemethylene blue | 88 / 100 × 100 = 88.0% | 88 / 90 × 100 = 97.78% |
| Iqhezu lezinye izinto eziqinileyo | 2 / 100 × 100 = 2.0% | 2 / 90 × 100 = 2.22% |
Amaqhezu asekelwe kubunzima obomileyo xa edityanisiwe aba yi-100%. Isiphumo sovavanyo esiphezulu asizisusanga ezinye izinto eziqinileyo okanye sandise ubungakanani bedayi. Sitshintshe uthelekiso lusuke kwisampulu yonke njengoko ifunyenwe luye kwinxalenye yayo eyomileyo.
Kwelinye icala, ingxelo ebonisa isiphumo sovavanyo lobungakanani esiyi-99.0% ngokusekelwe kubunzima obomileyo nokulahleka kobunzima okuyi-12.0% xa komiswa ithetha ukuba isiphumo ngokusekelwe kwimathiriyeli njengoko ifunyenwe singu-99.0 × 0.88 = 87.12%, ukuba izinto ezithathwa njengezinyani yindlela yovavanyo ziyasebenza. Ukuthelekisa loo 87.12% ngokuthe ngqo nesiphumo somnye umthengisi esiyi-99.0% esisekelwe kubunzima obomileyo kuya kuthelekisa ubungakanani obungafaniyo.
Amanzi asenokuba yinxalenye yesimo sehayidreyithi sekristale. Umahluko phakathi kwemethylene blue trihydrate nemathiriyeli engenamanzi uchaza ukuba kutheni ubunzima befomula nesiseko sovavanyo lobungakanani kufuneka zihambelane. Ileyibhile echaza isimo samanzi abotshelelweyo ayithathi indawo yesiphumo samanzi okanye sokomisa esingqalileyo kwilot ethile.
Kutheni isiphumo esixeliweyo sinokudlula kwi-100%
Ubalo oluchanekileyo lobunzima obomileyo, olusebenzisa imilinganiselo echanekileyo, alunakwenza iqhezu lobunzima lokwenene libe ngaphezu kwe-100%. Isiphumo esingaphezu kwalo mda sibangelwa yindlela olufunyanwa ngayo uqikelelo lohlalutyo, kuquka ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo, ukuthambekela okunokwenzeka kwicala elithile, okanye ingxaki yokuxela okanye yokubala.
Isaziso esisemthethweni sohlaziyo lwe-USP sikaSeptemba 2023 sichaza uvavanyo lobungakanani oluthelekisa impendulo yekhromatografi yolwelo yesampulu naleyo yomgangatho wesalathiso. Kukumiselwa kobungakanani okusekelwe kukalibreyishini, hayi ukwahlulwa nokukalwa ngokwenene kwento nganye esemgubeni. Ixabiso elabelwe umgangatho wesalathiso, ukukala ubunzima, ukuxutywa ukuze kuncitshiswe uxinaniso, impendulo yesixhobo, nolungiso lokomisa zinokuchaphazela uqikelelo oluxeliweyo.
Qwalasela isampulu yesibini eqikelelweyo: i-90 g yemethylene blue ne-10 g yamanzi. Iqhezu layo lokwenene elisekelwe kubunzima obomileyo liyi-100%. Ukuba impendulo yovavanyo lobungakanani iphezulu nge-1% kwaye ulungiso lokomisa luchaneke ngokupheleleyo, indlela yovavanyo iqikelela ubungakanani obulingana ne-90.9 g kwi-100 g yokuqala. Ukulungisa olo qikelelo kunika u-90.9 / 90 × 100 = 101.0%. I-0.9 g eyongezelelweyo luqikelelo oluphezulu kunokwenyani, hayi imathiriyeli eyongezelelekileyo.
Inkcazelo ye-NIST yokungaqiniseki komlinganiselo yahlula uqikelelo olulinganisiweyo kulwazi oluchanekileyo ngobungakanani bokwenene. Ilabhoratri kufuneka ivavanye ukungaqiniseki kwayo. Umda omiselweyo we-97.0% ukuya kwi-103.0% awungqini ukuba indlela yovavanyo “inokungaqiniseki kwe-±3%.” Nesiphumo esiphezulu asingqini ukuba sibangelwe kukuguquguquka okungacwangciswanga. Iziphumo ezihlala ziphezulu zifuna kuhlolwe ukalibreyishini, ukulungiswa kwesampulu, iifektha zolungiso, nesiseko sokubala.
Ingcaciso yesindululo se-USP sika-2026 izichaza ngokucacileyo njengesindululo esisekelwe kwinguqulelo esemthethweni kaSeptemba 2023. Uhlaziyo olucetywayo alufanele luthathwe njengemfuneko yovavanyo esele isebenza ngenxa nje yokuba umhla walo ungowamva.
Isiqulatho sedayi nobunyulu ngokwekhromatografi ziphendula eminye imibuzo
“Isiqulatho sedayi” sifuna indlela nesiseko esichaziweyo. Umzekelo, imigangatho emiselweyo ye-Sigma-Aldrich ye-M9140 idwelisa isiqulatho sedayi esingekho ngaphantsi kwe-82% kwidayi enamanzi abotshelelweyo esetyenziselwa ukudyobha iisampulu zebhayoloji. Loo mda usezantsi awuloxabiso elilinganisiweyo lelot nganye. Awuchazi ukuba inxalenye eseleyo kukungcola okuyingozi okanye ungqine ukuba imveliso iyalingana neemfuno ezimiselweyo zamayeza.
Ngokufanayo, ipesenti yommandla kwikhromatografi yahlula ummandla wencopho enye efunyenweyo ngesixa esichaziweyo semimandla yeencopho. Ayithethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukwahlula ubunzima bemethylene blue ngobunzima besampulu yonke. Isikhokelo se-USP sokungeniswa kwedatha yekhromatografi sahlula ukubalwa kommandla xa uthelekiswa nommandla uwonke kwizibalo ezisebenzisa umgangatho wangaphandle, kwaye sichaza iifektha zempendulo ezithelekisayo, kuba ubunzima obulinganayo bunokuvelisa iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kwisixhobo sokubona.
| Ingeniso yengxelo engumzekelo | Oko kungqinwa zizibalo | Oko zingakungqiniyo |
|---|---|---|
| Ummandla wencopho ephambili 990,000; ummandla uwonke oqukiweyo 1,000,000 | I-99.0% yempendulo edityanisiweyo equkiweyo | I-99.0% yobunzima bomgubo njengoko ufunyenwe |
| Ummandla wencopho yokungcola 10,000; ummandla uwonke oqukiweyo 1,000,000 | I-1.0% yommandla ngokwaloo ndlela yokudibanisa | I-1.0% yobunzima ngaphandle kobudlelwane bempendulo obufunekayo |
| Isiqalelo esilinganisiweyo kwi-5 mg/kg | Iinxalenye ezi-5 kwisigidi ngokobunzima, okanye i-0.0005% | Ixabiso elinokuthatyathwa ngokuthe ngqo kwipesenti yommandla engahambelaniyo nalo |
Isixhobo sokubona sisenokungawalinganisi amanzi, iityuwa ezingezizo ezendalo ephilayo, okanye zonke izinto ezingcolisayo zendalo ephilayo phantsi kweemeko ezikhethiweyo. Ngoko ke, iziphumo zovavanyo ezahlukileyo zinokubakho kunye ngaphandle kokuba xa zidityanisiwe zibe yi-100% kanye. Isiphumo sokungcola kwendalo ephilayo, uhlalutyo lweziqalelo, nokulahleka kobunzima xa komiswa yimilinganiselo encedisanayo.
Funda isiphumo njengenxalenye yengxelo
Sebenzisa isikhokelo sokufunda isatifikethi sohlalutyo ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezichonga ilot, indlela yovavanyo, isiseko sokuxela, isiphumo esilinganisiweyo, nomda wokwamkelwa. Gcina isiphumo ngasinye kunye neeyunithi zaso nedinomineyitha yaso. Kwizibalo zezisombululo zaselabhoratri, isixhobo sokubala imolarity yemethylene blue sicacisa isimo semathiriyeli nezinto ezithathwa njengezinyani malunga novavanyo lobungakanani.
Isiphumo sovavanyo lobungakanani esiyi-101% sinokuyanelisa imfuneko emiselweyo yolo vavanyo ngoxa olunye uvavanyo olufunekayo lungaphumeleli. Isiphumo esiyi-99% asingqini ukuba akukho zintsholongwane, ukuba ukungcola okuziqalelo kukwimida eyamkelekileyo, okanye ukuba imveliso igunyazisiwe. Intsingiselo yemethylene blue ekumgangatho we-USP ixhomekeke kwiimfuneko ezifanelekileyo xa zizonke. Uthelekiso lomgangatho oluluncedo lubuza ukuba imathiriyeli ebhalwe kumaxwebhu iyazifezekisa na ezo mfuno, kunokuba lubeke abathengisi ngokulandelelana ngokweyona pesenti iphezulu.