Ukusasazeka kwemethylene blue nepermanganate: oko kuboniswa luvavanyo lweagar

Utitshala usika imingxuma emibini kwipleyiti yeagar, agcwalise omnye ngedayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomnye ngesinyibiliko esimfusa, aze axelele iklasi ukuba ibukele. Emva kweyure isangqa esimfusa sibanzi ngakumbi. Iklasi ibhala ukuba ipotassium permanganate isasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunemethylene blue kuba inobunzima obuncinane.

Eso sivakalisi sichanile kwisiqingatha saso yaye siyalahlekisa kwesinye, kwaye sisiqingatha esilahlekisayo esibangela umdla. Lo mboniso sisifundo esiqhelekileyo sokusasazeka, esichazwe, umzekelo, kulo msebenzi waselebhu wokusasazeka kwiagar, kodwa oko kubonwa ngabafundi ayisosiphumo sobunzima bemolekyuli kuphela. Kukuhamba komda wombala obonakalayo kwijeli, okubunjwa bubukhulu bee-ion, ukugqunywa kwazo ziimolekyuli zamanzi, ukubophelela kwedayi, ugxininiso, ubushushu nendlela olinganiswa ngayo umda.

Umda wombala awungomlingani wokusasazeka

Ukusasazeka kukunwenwa kwamasuntswana anyibilikileyo ukusuka kwindawo enogxininiso oluphezulu ukuya kwenogxininiso oluphantsi. Umlingani wokusasazeka, odla ngokubhalwa njengo-D, uchaza ukuba oko kunwenwa kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani na kwinto ethile enyibilikileyo, kwindawo ethile nakubushushu obuthile.

Ipleyiti yaseklasini ayibonisi u-D ngokuthe ngqo. Ibonisa umda apho umbala uba buthathaka kakhulu ukuba ungabonwa. Loo mda uxhomekeke kwisakhono sedayi sokufunxa ukukhanya, ekukhanyeni, kwixesha lokungeniswa kokukhanya kwikhamera, kugxininiso olufakwe emngxunyeni nakwisigqibo somntu ophethe irula, kwakunye nokusasazeka ngokwako.

Chaza umlinganiselo waseklasini ngokwento oyiyo: ukuhamba komda obonakalayo wokusasazeka. Uhlalutyo olusesikweni lunxulumanisa umndilili wesikwere somgama wokufuduka no-D ngobudlelwane obufana nobo bufumaneka kuhlalutyo lokusasazeka ngokukaFick, kodwa ukubala u-D ngokulungelelanisa idatha kufuna iinkcukacha zendlela ugxininiso olutshintsha ngayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kungekhona idayamitha enye ekupheleni kwesifundo. Olunye uphando olupapashiweyo lwaseklasini lwafumana isakhono sokusasazeka kwemethylene blue kwijeli esimalunga ne-4.5 ephindwe ngo-10^-10 m^2/s ngokuzoba igrafu yesikwere somgama ngokuchasene nexesha, endaweni yokuthelekisa ubukhulu bamabala ekugqibeleni. Umfanekiso omnye awunakuwenza loo msebenzi.

Lo ngumgaqo osisiseko walo mboniso, kwaye yonke enye into yinkcukacha yendlela ipleyiti ewumela ngokuchanileyo ngayo.

Ii-ion ezimbini ezinemibala, hayi iimolekyuli ezimbini

Akukho nanye kwezi zinto zinyibilikileyo ehamba kwiagar ikwimo yefomula eprintwe ebhotileni. Zombini ziielektrolayithi ezinamandla ezahlukanayo emanzini.

Ipotassium permanganate (KMnO4, ubunzima befomula obumalunga ne-158.03 g/mol) yahlukana ibe zii-ion zepotassium nezepermanganate. Into ehambayo emfusa yi-ion yepermanganate MnO4^-, enobunzima obumalunga ne-118.94 g/mol, ejikelezwe ngumaleko wamanzi. Imethylene blue chloride (ityuwa engenamanzi C16H18ClN3S, emalunga ne-319.85 g/mol) yahlukana ibe yichloride nekhathiyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yendalo MB^+, enobunzima obumalunga ne-284.41 g/mol, nayo igqunywe ziimolekyuli zamanzi. Ingxelo ye-NIST yemethylene blue kunye nenkcazelo ye-ChEBI yemethylene blue zibhala ngezi mo, kwaye isalathiso sekhemistri nesakhiwo sicacisa ukuba kutheni ikhathiyoni, ityuwa engenamanzi neehydrate zifuna amagama ahlukeneyo.

Kukho iziphumo ezintathu ezilandela oku.

Okokuqala, ukuthelekisa u-158 no-320 kuyawunciphisa umahluko wokwenene wobukhulu phakathi kwee-ion ezinemibala, kuba uhlobo olumfusa olumalunga ne-119 g/mol luncinane kakhulu kunekhathiyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emalunga ne-284 g/mol, kwaye zombini zithwala imaleko yeemolekyuli zamanzi eyandisa ubukhulu bazo obusebenzayo.

Okwesibini, iikhathiyoni zemethylene blue zinamathela kwizinto. Zenza iidimer namaqela amakhulu ngakumbi njengoko ugxininiso lunyuka, kwaye zinamathela kumphezulu weagar; ukubophelela kweemonomer needimer kuye kwaxelwa kuphononongo lokunamathela kumphezulu weagar. Idayi enamathele kumphezulu ihlala ingashukumi. Ifaka umbala kwijeli ngaphandle kokusa umda phambili.

Okwesithathu, umgubo werejenti oqhelekileyo yihydrate, ngoko igram elinganisiweyo iqulethe amanzi ngaphakathi kwikristale. Uthelekiso lwetrihydrate netyuwa engenamanzi lubonisa indlela oku okutshintsha ngayo ugxininiso lweemole. Ukuze uthelekiso lwaseklasini lube lolufanelekileyo, lungiselela izinyibiliko ezinogxininiso lweemole olulinganayo lweetyuwa uze ubhale ukuba yeyiphi imo eqinileyo esetyenzisiweyo.

Kutheni ubunzima obuncinane bungathethi isantya esikhulu apha

Kulwelo olunogxininiso oluphantsi, imodeli yokuqala engcono kunobunzima yinkcazelo kaStokes-Einstein, apho isakhono sokusasazeka sihambelana nobushushu obahlulwe ngeviskositi ngerediyasi ye-hydrodynamic. Ubukhulu obuncinane xa into igqunywe ngamanzi bukhokelela ekusasazekeni ngokukhawuleza. Ubunzima obuncinane budla ngokunxulumana nobukhulu obuncinane kusapho olunye lweekhemikhali, ngoko ubunzima obuncinane bunokubonakala buyingcaciso. Olu lunxulumano, kungekhona indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo.

Umthetho kaGraham, othi izantya zokuphuma kwerhasi ngomngxuma omncinane zihambelana nesinye esahlulwe ngengcambu yesikwere yobunzima bemole, awuyilawuli le pleyiti. Indlela ophuma ngayo lo mthetho yeyethiyori yokuhamba kwamasuntswana eerhasi, eshwankathelwe kule ngcaciso ye-OpenStax yokuphuma ngomngxuma omncinane nokusasazeka kweerhasi. Kulwelo kongezelelwa ukuxhathisa kweviskositi, ukugqunywa ngamanzi, iziphumo zokumila nokuxinana kwamasuntswana. Kwiijeli kongezelelwa isakhiwo semingxuma, ukujijeka kweendlela zokuhamba, ukunamathela kumphezulu nokusebenzisana kweentlawulo zombane nepolima.

Amanani awuveza lo mahluko. Umthetho kaGraham osetyenziswa ku-158 xa kuthelekiswa no-320 uqikelela umlinganiselo wezantya omalunga ne-1.42. Izakhono zokusasazeka ezilinganisiweyo kwizinyibiliko zamanzi ezinogxininiso oluphantsi zibalisa ibali elahlukileyo: ipermanganate imalunga ne-1.6 ukuya kwi-1.8 ephindwe ngo-10^-9 m^2/s, xa kuthelekiswa nemethylene blue emalunga ne-4.5 ukuya kwi-5 ephindwe ngo-10^-10 m^2/s, nto leyo enika umlinganiselo osondele ku-3 okanye ku-4. Ubunzima bodwa abunakuwuvelisa loo mlinganiselo. Ubukhulu xa igqunywe ngamanzi, ukudibana kube ngamaqela nokubophelela kwijeli kwenza umsebenzi oseleyo.

Thatha umbono wokuba ubunzima obuncinane buthetha isantya esikhulu njengemodeli enemiqathango: amasuntswana angqukuva, akukho kubophelela, akukho kudibana kube ngamaqela, neemeko ezifanayo. Ipleyiti ayihlangabezani ubuncinane nemibini yale miqathango.

Indlela yokwenza uthelekiso olufanelekileyo

Lo mboniso usilela ngendlela efanayo nesoftware: ingcamango esisiseko ilungile, kodwa indlela yokuyiguqula ibe ngumlinganiselo izele yimigibe. Nganye kwezi zinto itshintsha impendulo ingatshintshanga nayiphi na impawu yemolekyuli.

Sebenzisa ibhetshi enye yeagar egalelwe kubunzulu obufanayo, isixhobo esinye sokusika imingxuma, imithamo yolwelo elinganayo, ugxininiso lweemole olulinganayo, kunye nogxininiso oluphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukunciphisa ukudibana kwemethylene blue ibe ngamaqela nokugcina umbala ungagcwali kakhulu. Sika ubuncinane imingxuma emithathu yokuphinda uvavanyo kwinto nganye enyibilikileyo, uyishiye iqelelene ukuze imida ingaze idibane. Gquma izitya, uzigcine zithe tyaba, uze ugcine ubushushu bungatshintshi, kuba uphando lwedayi kwiagar lubonisa ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kubushushu nakugxininiso. Chaza ixesha elinguziro njengomzuzu wokugcwalisa, uze uchaze umda phambi kokulinganisa: umda omiselweyo wobunzulu bombala kwifoto ungcono kunomda oqikelelwa ngeliso, kuba umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomfusa banemida eyahlukileyo yokubonakala ngeliso. Bhala iidayamitha ezimbini ezinqamlezana nge-engile ethe ngqo kwibala ngalinye uze uziguqule zibe yirediyasi engumndilili, kuba ukubhidanisa irediyasi nedayamitha konakalisa nayiphi na igrafu yesikwere somgama ngesiphindaphindi sesine.

Iilebhile: iphaneli yasekhohlo ibonisa irediyasi elinganiswa kujongwe ngaphezulu, ukusuka kumda womngxuma ukuya kumda wombala ngamnye; iphaneli yasekunene ibonisa icandelo elinqamlezileyo leagar elinobunzulu bomngxuma nezangqa zogxininiso oluncipha ukuya ngaphandle; isitshixo sidwelisa izinto ezigcinwa zingatshintshi (ipesenti yeagar, ubukhulu bomaleko, ugxininiso lweemole zedayi, umthamo, ubukhulu bomngxuma, ubushushu, ixesha elinguziro, ukukhanya).

Zilumkele izinto ezilinganisa ukusasazeka. Ulwelo oluchitheka kumphezulu weagar lubonakala njengokusasazeka okukhawulezayo, kwaye oku kubhalwe njengophazamiseko lovavanyo kwimingxuma emincinane yeagar. Ipermanganate yiarhente enamandla yokwenza ioksideshini kwaye inokuphela xa isabela nezixa ezincinane zezinto eziphilayo, nto leyo emisa okanye esusa umbala kumda wayo. Imethylene blue iyasebenza kwiintshukumo ze-redox kwaye umbala wayo unokuba buthathaka ekukhanyeni okanye phantsi kweemeko zeredakshini; ikhemistri ye-redox yemethylene blue nemo yayo engenambala evela kwiredakshini icacisa loo ndlela yokuziphatha.

Inqaku elifutshane ngesinyibilikisi: yomibini imingxuma kumboniso oqhelekileyo isebenzisa izinyibiliko zamanzi. Ukuba indlela yovavanyo itshintsha isinyibilikisi, jonga kuqala isikhokelo sokunyibilika nokulungiselela izinyibiliko, kuba ukunyibilika nokudibana kube ngamaqela kuyatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ezikuyo.

Iphepha lokubhala izinto eziqatshelwe eklasini

Khuphela le theyibhile kwiincwadi zamanqaku okanye uprinte umqolo omnye ngomngxuma ngamnye. Itheyibhile enye ngesitya ngasinye igcina uvavanyo oluphindwayo lubhalwe ngokuchanileyo.

Xa uhlalutya, zoba igrafu yesikwere serediyasi engumndilili ngokuchasene nexesha elidlulileyo kumngxuma ngamnye uze uthelekise amathambeka, uchaze nendlela ochazwe ngayo umda ecaleni kwegrafu. Ukuba zonke iigophe ezintandathu zibonisiwe kunye nokwahluka kwazo, iklasi ibona ukwahluka njengedatha kunokuba ikubone njengento ehlazisayo.

Ukhuseleko luyinxalenye yendlela yovavanyo: nxiba iiglavu nezikhuseli zamehlo, kuba imethylene blue ishiya amabala eluswini nasezimpahleni, kwaye ipermanganate yiarhente yeoksideshini eshiya amabala nebanga ukucaphuka. Musa ukuvumela izinyibiliko zingene emlonyeni, sebenzela phezu kwetreyi, uze ulahle iipleyiti nolwelo ngenkqubo yesikolo yokulahla inkunkuma yeekhemikhali endaweni yokuzigalela esinkini.

Isivakalisi esifanele ukubhalwa phantsi

Phantsi kwezi meko zeagar, zogxininiso nezobushushu, umda obonakalayo wepermanganate udla ngokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunomda wemethylene blue. Oku kuyahambelana nokuba ipermanganate inesakhono esikhulu ngakumbi sokusasazeka esisebenzayo, ubukhulu becala kuba i-ion yayo egqunywe ngamanzi incinane kakhulu kwaye ayidibani ibe ngamaqela okanye ibophelele kwiagar ngendlela eyenza ngayo imethylene blue. Ubunzima bemolekyuli bunxulumene naloo mahluko wobukhulu apha, kodwa ubunzima bodwa abumisi izantya zokusasazeka kulwelo okanye kwiijeli.

Iklasi ebhala eso sivakalisi ifunde izinto ezimbini: inyani ngee-ion ezimbini ezinemibala, nomkhwa wokubuza ukuba umboniso ulinganisa ntoni ngaphambi kokuthemba oko ubonakala ukuthetha.