Inqaku
Ukudaya ngemethylene blue: iindlela zemikroskopu neatlasi yemifanekiso yokwenene
Ukudaya ngemethylene blue kwenza iinkcukacha zeeseli ebezingabonakali kakuhle kube lula ukuzahlula xa kujongwa ngemikroskopu enendawo yokujonga eqaqambileyo. Kunokunceda abafundi bafumane inucleus yeseli yesidlele okanye bahlole imilo nokulungelelana kwezinto eziphilayo ezincinane. Noko ke, into ebonakala iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yinto eboniweyo. Ukuchaza igama lento ephilayo, ukuyilinganisa, nokugqiba ukuba ibonisa isifo na yimisebenzi eyahlukileyo.
Umfanekiso weqweqwe ubonisa umgaqo wokwenza umahluko phakathi kwento nemvelaphi yayo ucace. Iatlasi engezantsi iqulethe iifoto zokwenene zeesampulu ezibhalwe ngokuzimeleyo, kunye neenkcukacha zemithombo yazo yokuqala.
Ityhila ntoni imethylene blue?
Imethylene blue yidayi ye-basic: i-ion yayo enombala inomthwalo wombane ophozithivu. Njengoko iOpenStax ichaza kwingxoxo yayo yokudaya iisampulu, iidayi ze-basic zisebenzisana nezinto zeeseli ezinomthwalo wombane onegethivu yaye zinokwenza iiseli zibonakale ngokucacileyo kwimvelaphi ekhanyayo. Kwiisampulu ezilungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo, imethylene blue iqaqambisa iindawo ezityebileyo kwii-nucleic acid nezinye izakhiwo ezibopha idayi.
Ekudayeni okulula, idayi enye yenza umahluko ucace. Ngenxa yoko, izinto ezininzi eziphilayo zinokubonakala ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zingelohlobo olunye. Imibuzo eluncedo ekuqaleni ichaza oko kubonwayo: ngaba izinto zingqukuva okanye zinde, zizimele zodwa okanye ziqokelelene, zidaywe ngokulinganayo okanye zineendawo zangaphakathi ezibonakala zahlukile? Jonga umahluko phakathi kokudaya okulula nokudaya ngeGram ngaphambi kokutolika umbala njengesiphumo sokuhlela.
Ukucaca komahluko namandla okwahlula iinkcukacha zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ukucaca komahluko kunceda ukwahlula into kwindawo eyingqongileyo; amandla okwahlula iinkcukacha enza iinkcukacha ezisondeleyo zibonakale ngokwahlukeneyo. Umfanekiso omnyama ngakumbi awuqinisekisi ukuba izakhiwo ezininzi zibonakala ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwaye asiyiyo yonke intwana emnyama efanele ukubizwa ngokuba yi-organelle.
Iisampulu ezingadaywanga, ezimanzi ezidayiweyo, nezisasaziweyo
Isampulu emanzi engadaywanga ibonisa izinto ngaphandle kokongeza idayi, nangona ukuyisusa kwindawo yayo yokuqala kusayitshintsha. Isampulu emanzi edayiweyo yongeza ireajenti ngoxa izinto ziseselulwelweni phantsi kweglasi yokugquma. Isampulu esasaziweyo neyenzelwe ukuzinza isasaza izinto kwisilayidi ize isebenzise indlela echaziweyo yokuzinzisa ngaphambi kokulungiswa okulandelayo. Isishwankathelo seOpenStax sokulungiselela iisampulu sahlula iisampulu ezimanzi ekuzinziseni, size sichaze ukuba kutheni izinto eziphilayo ezizinzisiweyo zingasakwazi ukubonisa intshukumo okanye imetabolism yazo eqhelekileyo.
Ezi ndlela zokulungiselela ziphendula imibuzo eyahlukileyo:
| Indlela yokulungiselela | Into eluncedo enokubonwa | Oko umfanekiso ungenakukuqinisekisa uwodwa |
|---|---|---|
| Isampulu emanzi engadaywanga | Intshukumo, imida yeemilo, izinto ezibonakala ngokwendalo | Ukuchonga ngokwentshukumo okanye imilo kuphela |
| Isampulu emanzi edayiweyo | Umahluko phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibopha idayi nezizingqongileyo | Ukuba ireajenti iyishiye ingatshintshanga imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yesampulu |
| Isampulu esasaziweyo, ezinzisiweyo nedayiweyo | Imilo egcinwe emva kwendlela echaziweyo yokulungiselela | Indlela isampulu yokuqala ephilayo ebiziphatha ngayo |
| Indlela echaziweyo yokudaya ngokwahlulayo | Ukusabela okuchaziweyo kwidayi kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo | Ukuchonga uhlobo okanye ukuxilonga ngaphandle kobungqina obubanzi bendlela |
Xa uthelekisa eklasini, bhala oko kubonakala kwisampulu engadaywanga ngaphambi kokuhlola isampulu eyahlukileyo edaywe ngokwemiyalelo yokufundisa. Gcina useto lokukhanyisa nolokufota luthelekiseka. Ukuba kufotwe iiseli ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, zichaze njengemizekelo, hayi njengerekhodi yeseli enye ngaphambi nasemva kokudaya.
Iatlasi yemikroskopu: iisampulu ezintathu zokwenene ezidayiweyo
Le atlasi lukhetho notoliko lwethu lwemifanekiso emithathu yemikroskopu eneelayisenisi ezivulelekileyo. Ababhali bemithombo bachaza iisampulu needayi. Asiziqinisekisanga ngokuzimeleyo iisampulu zabo. Imifanekiso iphinde yapapashwa ingasikwanga, iguqulelwe kwiWebP ngaphandle kokulahleka kweenkcukacha, kungongezwanga zimpawu okanye kutshintshwe imibala.
Umfanekiso 1: iiseli zesidlele somntu
Isampulu: iiseli zesidlele somntu. Idayi: imethylene blue. Ukhuliso: 400×, njengoko kuchazwe ngumfoti. Ibha yesikali: ayifumaneki; umthombo awuniki bungakanani bepikseli obulinganiswe ngokomgangatho. Ifoto nguFritzmann2002, 2017, ithathwe kuIiseli zeSidlele soMntu (Zidaywe ngeMethylene Blue), inelayisenisi yeCC BY-SA 4.0. Olu papasho lugcina loo layisenisi.
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Qala ngeseli ezimeleyo: kulula ukwahlula inucleus yayo emnyama ngakumbi kwicytoplasm eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyingqongileyo. Emva koko hlola iiseli ezigqagqeneyo ezingezantsi kwayo. Ukugqagqana kwenza kube nzima ukulandela umda kwaye kunokwenza indawo ethile ibonakale imnyama ngakumbi. Sebenzisa lo mfanekiso ukuziqhelanisa nokulandela imida yeemilo, kunokuba ubale ibala ngalinye elimnyama njengenucleus. Isikhokelo sokujonga iiseli zesidlele siwucacisa ngakumbi lo msebenzi ugxile kule sampulu.
Umfanekiso 2: iiseli zetswele
Isampulu: iiseli zetswele, njengoko zichazwe ngumthombo. Idayi: imethylene blue. Ukhuliso: “200x” ivela kwigama lefayile yokuqala; ayiqinisekiswanga ngokuzimeleyo. Ibha yesikali: ayifumaneki; akukho mlinganiselo ngokomgangatho unikiweyo. Ifoto nguAlvy16, 2019, ithathwe kuIseli yetswele 200x, inelayisenisi yeCC BY 4.0.
Amacandelo amade enza umaleko olungeleleneyo. Thelekisa imida yawo emide ekwabelwana ngayo nemida engalinganiyo ekuMfanekiso 1. Qaphela nezinto ezimnyama ezibonakala ngokucacileyo kunye nokukhanya okungalinganiyo kwindawo yokujonga. Ifoto ayichazi ukuba yintoni ibala ngalinye lezinto ezimnyama eziqokeleleneyo. Ibonisa ukuba kutheni irekhodi eluncedo loko kubonwayo liquka izinto ezibangelwe kukulungiswa kwesampulu nokungaqiniseki, endaweni yokunika igama kuyo yonke into ethatha umbala.
Umfanekiso 3: igwele elichazwe ngumthombo njengeCandida spp.
Isampulu: Candida spp., ngokutsho komfoti. Idayi: ukudaya okulula okuphozithivu ngemethylene blue. Ukhuliso: alufumaneki. Ibha yesikali: ayifumaneki; akukho bungakanani bepikseli obulinganiswe ngokomgangatho bunikiweyo. Ifoto nguMarta, umsebenzisi weWikimedia onguMartunia.g, 2021, ithathwe kuUkudaya okuphozithivu ngemethylene blue 2, inelayisenisi yeCC BY 4.0.
Thelekisa amaqela axineneyo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nemiphetho engaxinenanga kangako. Kulula ukulandela imida yento nganye apho izinto zingagqagqananga kakhulu. Igama elithi Candida livela kwirekhodi yomthombo, hayi ekuchongweni kohlobo okwenziwe kule foto. Lo mfanekiso awuniki siphumo malunga nokuba iiseli zisaphila na. Uvavanyo lokuphila nokuphefumla kwegwele lufuna iimeko zalo, ulawulo lwalo notoliko lwalo.
Ukufunda isikali ngokuchanekileyo
Le mifanekiso ixhasa uthelekiso olubonwayo, hayi imilinganiselo ngeemayikhromitha okanye uthelekiso lobungakanani bokwenene beeseli phakathi kwemifanekiso. Ukhuliso oluxeliweyo alubuyiseli umlinganiselo wekhamera ngokomgangatho ongekhoyo. Ukutshintsha ubungakanani umfanekiso oboniswa ngabo kutshintsha indlela obonakala ukhuliswe ngayo.
Kwimifanekiso yakho, misela umlinganiselo ngokomgangatho usebenzisa umgangatho owaziwayo nenkqubo efanelekileyo yeelensi. Isikhokelo seNikon sokulinganisa ngemikroskopu sichaza indlela imayikhromitha ebekwa kwiqonga lemikroskopu eguqula ngayo izahlulo zomfanekiso okanye zesikali esikwindawo yokujonga zibe bubude bokwenene. Bhala ilensi ekufutshane nesampulu, useto lwekhamera nomlinganiselo ngokomgangatho, uze wongeze ibha yesikali esekelwe kwezo nkcukacha. Musa ukuqikelela ibha usebenzisa umlinganiselo ophakathi wobungakanani beseli osencwadini yokufunda.
Ngaba ibhotile iyahambelana nendlela?
Ibhotile ebhalwe imethylene blue ayizizo iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zemveliso yaselebhu. Hlola uxinaniso lwayo neeyunithi, isinyibilikisi, ezinye izithako, ukusetyenziswa okulungiselelweyo, amaxwebhu ebhetshi, nemiyalelo. Uxwebhu lwedatha yokhuseleko lwereajenti luchaza iingozi; imiyalelo yendlela ichaza indlela yokuyisebenzisa kulungiselelo olucetywayo.
Umzekelo ocacileyo sisisombululo seLöffler semethylene blue sakwaMerck. Umenzi usichaza njengereajenti yokujonga ngemikroskopu, aze achaze indima yaso njengedayi yokwahlula imvelaphi ekudayeni izinto ezimelana nokususwa kombala ngeasidi. Ukutsha ngokulula okudwelisiweyo kukwabonisa ukuba kutheni “ulwelo oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” lungeyiyo inkcazelo eyaneleyo yokucwangcisa ukuphatha okanye ukufudumeza. Ezo mpawu zisebenza kuloo mxube, hayi ngokuzenzekelayo kuzo zonke izisombululo zemethylene blue ezisekelwe emanzini.
Ngokufanayo, iagar yeeosin methylene blue ngumxube olungiselelwe ukukhulisa izinto eziphilayo. Ayiyodayi yesilayidi eyenziwa ngokongeza imethylene blue yodwa kwisampulu. Ukuba unenjongo eyahlukileyo yokwenza umfanekiso, thelekisa izinto ezinokusetyenziswa endaweni yemethylene blue ekujongeni ngemikroskopu.
Xa usebenzisa ikhithi yemikroskopu yabaqalayo, qala ngendlela yayo yokufundisa ebhalwe kumaxwebhu, izilayidi ezaziwayo esele zilungisiwe, kunye nereajenti echaziweyo. Ukuba ibhotile ilahlekelwe yileyibhile yayo okanye akukwazi kuqinisekiswa ukuba iqulethe ntoni, yitshintshe ngereajenti efanelekileyo enamaxwebhu ayichazayo. Sebenzisa ukhuseleko lwamehlo nemiyalelo yokuphatha enikwe umxube owusebenzisayo. Izinto ezivela emntwini neesampulu ezingaziwayo ezivela kwindalo zifuna iinkqubo zelebhu yokufundisa zokuphatha nokulahla iisampulu; ukudaya akuthathi ndawo yezo nkqubo.
Bhala oko ukubonileyo ngaphambi kwesigqibo
“Izinto eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezimile okweqanda eziqokelelene ngamaqela” yinkcazelo yomfanekiso enokuxhaswa. “Usulelo oluthile” lufuna ubungqina obunganikwanga ngumfanekiso. Encwadini yamanqaku, gcina imvelaphi yesampulu, indlela yokuyilungiselela, ukusabela kwayo ekudayeni, nendlela yokuyichonga zahlukene. Lo mahluko wenza umfanekiso olula waseklasini ube luncedo, uze uthintele umfanekiso onomtsalane wemikroskopu ekuthwaleni ibango ongenakulixhasa.