I-methylene blue, i-tyramine, nokutya okuvundisiweyo

I-methylene blue ithintela i-monoamine oxidase, ngoko imibuzo ngeeshizi ezivuthiswe ixesha elide, imifuno evundisiweyo, nokunye ukutya okune-tyramine inesiseko kwinzululwazi yamayeza. Noko ke, eso siphumo asiqinisekisi uluhlu lokutya ekufuneka kuphetshwe olusebenza kuzo zonke iimveliso ze-methylene blue okanye ixesha lokulinda elikhuselekileyo. Imiyalelo yokutya yesinye isithinteli se-MAO ayinakukhutshelwa nje isetyenziswe kwi-methylene blue.

Imibuzo emibini ifuna iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo: ingaba ukuncipha kokophulwa kwe-tyramine kungayandisa indlela uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphendula ngayo ekutyeni, kwaye ingaba ukuncipha kokophulwa kwe-serotonin kungabangela ubutyhefu xa kudityaniswe namayeza asebenza kwi-serotonin? Ukuphepha ukutya okuvundisiweyo akuwusombululi umbuzo wesibini.

Kutheni i-tyramine ingena kule ngxoxo

I-tyramine yi-amine enemvelaphi yebhayoloji eyenziwa zezinye iintsholongwane kwi-amino acid ebizwa ngokuba yi-tyrosine. Iprojekthi ye-ETH Zurich nge-tyramine ekutyeni okuvundisiweyo ichaza le nkqubo kwishizi nakwinyama evundisiweyo. Ngoko ukuvundiswa kubalulekile, kodwa igama elithi “okuvundisiweyo” alichazi ukuba umlinganiselo wokutya une-tyramine engakanani.

Iintlobo zeentsholongwane, izithako, ukuvuthiswa, ukugcinwa, nobungakanani besahlulo sokutya zichaphazela isixa esingena emzimbeni. Kuphononongo lovavanyo lweshizi ye-Olomouc curd, abaphandi balinganisa ii-amine ezinemvelaphi yebhayoloji besebenzisa i-chromatography, betshintsha ubushushu nexesha lokugcinwa. Uxinaniso lwe-tyramine lwahluka kakhulu phakathi kweemeko ezavavanywayo. Loo milinganiselo ichaza olo vavanyo lweshizi, hayi ixabiso elinokuthenjwa kuyo yonke ishizi, ikhaphetshu evundisiweyo, okanye iyogathi esekhitshini.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-monoamine oxidase ekwindlela yokwetyisa inceda ekophuleni ii-amine eziginyiweyo ngaphambi kokuba izixa ezikhulu zifike ekujikelezeni kwegazi. Ukuba olo khuselo luncitshiswe ngokwaneleyo, i-tyramine efunxiweyo inokukhuthaza ukukhululwa kwe-noradrenaline kwimithambo-luvo ye-sympathetic ize inyuse uxinzelelo lwegazi. Ulwazi lokumisela i-EMSAM luchaza le ndlela isebenza ngayo i-tyramine. Lukwabonisa umahluko obalulekileyo: indlela yokusebenza ichaza ukuba kutheni intsebenziswano inokwenzeka; uphononongo olungqamene neyeza lumisela indlela oku okusetyenziswa ngayo kwimiyalelo yelo yeza.

Igama elithi “MAOI” alichazi umthetho omnye wokutya

I-monoamine oxidase ineentlobo ezimbini, i-MAO-A ne-MAO-B. Amayeza ayahluka ngokohlobo aluthintelayo, ngamandla aluthintela ngawo kwisixa esithile esifikelela emzimbeni, nangokuba oko kuthintela kunokubuyiselwa umva na. Akwahluka kwindlela afikelela ngayo emathunjini, esibindini, nakwezinye izicubu.

Izithinteli ze-MAO ezindala, ezingakhethiyo uhlobo nezithintela ngendlela engenakubuyiselwa umva, njenge-tranylcypromine, zahlukile kwisithinteli se-MAO-A esinokubuyiselwa umva, njenge-moclobemide. Ukuthintela okunokubuyiselwa umva kunokunciphisa ukwandiswa kwesiphumo se-tyramine, kodwa “okunokubuyiselwa umva” akuthethi ukuba akukho ntsebenziswano. Ulwazi lwemveliso ye-moclobemide ngokuqhelekileyo alufuni kutya kukhethekileyo, kodwa lusacebisa ukuphepha izixa ezikhulu zokutya okutyebileyo nge-tyramine.

Uphononongo olwaluyimfama macala omabini, olwalulawulwa nge-placebo kumavolontiya asempilweni ali-16 lwathelekisa ngokuthe ngqo i-moclobemide ne-tranylcypromine ngexesha lonyango oluphindaphindwayo. Abaphandi banika izixa ezandayo ze-tyramine kunye nesidlo, baza balinganisa isixa esasifuneka ukunyusa uxinzelelo lwe-systolic ubuncinane nge-30 mmHg. I-tranylcypromine yandisa impendulo yokunyuka koxinzelelo lwegazi kakhulu kune-moclobemide. Olu yayiluvavanyo olulawulwayo lokujonga impendulo, hayi uvavanyo lokutya lwasekhaya, kwaye lwalungelulo uphononongo lwe-methylene blue.

Indlela yokufakwa emzimbeni nesixa esifikelela emzimbeni nazo zibalulekile nakwiyeza elinye. Ileyibhile yesiziba se-selegiline yahlula amanqanaba aso avavanyiweyo: ubungqina baso buxhasa ukuba kungabikho lutshintsho ekutyeni kwi-6 mg ngeeyure ezingama-24, ngoxa iziziba ezikhupha i-9 ne-12 mg ngeeyure ezingama-24 zinezithintelo zokutya. Loo manani ngaweso siziba. Awayiyo imida enokusetyenziswa kwi-methylene blue ethathwa ngomlomo.

Oko kuqinisekiswa luphando nge-methylene blue

Kuphononongo lwee-enzyme lukaRamsay noogxa bakhe luka-2007, abaphandi bavavanya i-MAO yomntu ecociweyo besebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa isantya sokusabela neze-spectroscopy. I-methylene blue yayithintela ngamandla i-MAO-A, kwaye oko kuthintela kwakunokubuyiselwa umva; ukuthintela i-MAO-B kwakufuna uxinaniso oluphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa intsebenziswano kwinqanaba leemolekyuli. Akulinganisi indlela uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphendula ngayo kwisidlo esivundisiweyo kubantu abathatha imveliso ngomlomo.

Kukho nobungqina obudala bovavanyo obubandakanya i-tyramine ngokwayo. Kuvavanyo lwezicubu zomthambo we-mesenteric wezinja, i-methylene blue yanciphisa ukususwa kweqela le-amine kwi-tyramine kwimixube yezicubu ezityunyuziweyo, yaza yatshintsha indlela i-noradrenaline eyayisingathwa ngayo. Lo mxube, obizwa ngokuba yi-homogenate, sisicubu esityunyuziweyo esifundwa ngaphandle kwesilwanyana. Uxinaniso olulinganisiweyo kulo alunakuguqulelwa kwisixa esikhuselekileyo esithathwa ngomlomo okanye kwisahlulo sokutya.

Kwimithombo ehlolwe apha, andifumananga siphumo sovavanyo lokutya ebantwini esiqinisekisa imiyalelo yokutya ngokubanzi okanye ixesha lokuphepha ukutya kwiimveliso eziqhelekileyo ze-methylene blue. Oko ngumda wobungqina obufunyenweyo, hayi ubungqina bokuba zonke iindibaniselwano zokutya zikhuselekile okanye bokuba akukho phando lufanelekileyo. Indlela enxulumeneyo yokwenziwa kwemveliso, indlela eyahlukileyo yokuyifaka emzimbeni, okanye uvavanyo lwe-enzyme nganye ingafuna ukuhlolwa kwayo ukuba ingasetyenziswa njani na.

Itheyibhile yobungqina: ukutya, amayeza, nendlela yokufakwa emzimbeni

Funda umqolo ngamnye ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Ubungqina besiphumo esinye abuwuphenduli ngokuzenzekelayo umbuzo osecaleni kwaso.

Into efikelela emzimbeni okanye umbuzo	Ubungqina obukhoyo	Oko buxhasayo	Oko kusengekasonjululwa
I-tyramine kunye namayeza amadala e-MAOI okunyanga ukudakumba	Iileyibhile ezingqamene namayeza novavanyo olulawulwayo lwe-tyramine ebantwini	Intsebenziswano enxulumene nokutya enyusa uxinzelelo lwegazi inokuba nokubaluleka kunyango	Loo miyalelo ayiqinisekisi imiyalelo yokutya ye-methylene blue
I-methylene blue kunye ne-tyramine kwiinkqubo zaselabhoratri	Uvavanyo lwee-enzyme ezicociweyo nolwezicubu zezilwanyana oluchazwe ngasentla	Inkxalabo enesiseko malunga nokuncipha kokophulwa kwee-amine	Impendulo ebantwini kwisidlo, imida yokutya, nexesha ngokwendlela yokwenziwa kwemveliso nendlela yokufakwa emzimbeni
I-methylene blue efakwa emthanjeni kunye namayeza asebenza kwi-serotonin	Iingxelo zonyango nesilumkiso esikwibhokisi se-PROVAYBLUE	Intsebenziswano yobutyhefu be-serotonin enzulu nenokubulala	Ezi ngxelo azilinganisi umngcipheko wokutya okune-tyramine
Iyeza eline-methylene blue elithathwa ngomlomo kunye namayeza asebenza kwi-serotonin	Ingxelo epapashiweyo yesiganeko somntu omnye	Akunakucingelwa ukuba ukuthathwa ngomlomo kuyawususa umngcipheko wobutyhefu be-serotonin	Ukuxhaphaka nobudlelwane phakathi kwesixa esifikelela emzimbeni nempendulo kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezithathwa ngomlomo
Ukuqatywa esikhumbeni, ukufikelela kwisicubu esithile, okanye iimveliso ezichazwa ngokuba “zinedosi ephantsi”	Akukho mthetho wokhuseleko lokutya ngokubanzi oqinisekiswe yimithombo ehlolwe apha	Indlela yokufakwa emzimbeni, indlela yokwenziwa kwemveliso, ukufunxwa, isixa, nokusetyenziswa okuphindaphindwayo zifuna ukuhlolwa ngokwahlukeneyo	Ixesha eliqinisekisiweyo lokuphepha ukutya okanye umda ongenantsebenziswano

Ileyibhile yangoku ye-PROVAYBLUE imalunga nenaliti efakwa emthanjeni. Isilumkiso sayo esikwibhokisi sithetha nge-serotonin syndrome xa isetyenziswa kunye namayeza asebenza kwi-serotonin nee-opioid. Ayiniki sicwangciso sokutya esinxulumene ne-tyramine. Ukungabikho kweso sicwangciso okanye imiyalelo yayo yamaxesha okuthatha amayeza akufanele kuguqulelwe kwisiqinisekiso sokhuseleko lokutya.

Ukuthathwa ngomlomo nako kubalulekile kwezonyango: uZuschlag noogxa bakhe banika ingxelo yobutyhefu be-serotonin emva kokuba kuqalisiwe iyeza lomlomo lokuthomalalisa iintlungu zomchamo eline-methylene blue kumntu owayethatha amayeza amaninzi asebenza kwi-serotonin. Isiganeko esinye asinakuqikelela ukuxhaphaka okanye sahlule zonke izinto ezifake igalelo. Kodwa siyayiphikisa ingcinga yokuba ukuthathwa ngomlomo kwenza le ntsebenziswano ingabi namsebenzi.

Iimpawu zoxinzelelo lwegazi nobutyhefu be-serotonin yimibuzo eyahlukeneyo

Ukusabela kwi-tyramine okunyusa uxinzelelo lwegazi kunxulumene nomsebenzi ogqithisileyo wenkqubo ye-adrenergic kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi olunokuba phezulu kakhulu. Ubutyhefu be-serotonin bunxulumene nomsebenzi ogqithisileyo we-serotonin kwaye bunokubandakanya ukungazoli, umkhuhlane, ukubila, ukuqina okanye ukuxhuzula kwezihlunu, noxinzelelo lwegazi olungazinzanga. Iimpawu zabo zinokufana. Intloko ebuhlungu emva kwesidlo ayinako ngokwayo ukuchonga indlela esebenza ngayo le meko.

Funa uncedo lwezonyango olungxamisekileyo xa kukho intloko ebuhlungu kakhulu eqala ngesiquphe, iintlungu zesifuba, ubuthathaka obutsha okanye ubunzima bokuthetha, ukuwa, okanye umkhuhlane ohamba nokudideka nokuqina okukhulu okanye ukuxhuzula kwezihlunu emva kwentsebenziswano ekrokrelekayo. Musa ukulinda de uchonge ukutya okanye uphinde ubangele oko kusabela. Yiza nesikhongozeli semveliso noluhlu lwamayeza ukuba zifumaneka lula.

Xa uceba ukuyisebenzisa, umbuzo oluncedo ngulo ungqalileyo: “Kule ndlela yokwenziwa kwemveliso, indlela yokufakwa emzimbeni, isixa, nexesha lonyango, yeyiphi imiyalelo yokutya esebenzayo, kwaye bubuphi ubungqina obuxhasa ixesha lokuyilandela?” Musa ukuyeka amayeza amiselweyo ukuze uvumelane nenkqubo ye-intanethi okanye ucinge ukuba kukhuselekile ngenxa yebinzana elithi “idosi ephantsi.”

Sebenzisa uluhlu lokukhangela lwengxoxo nengcali yezonyango ukubhala phantsi imveliso nezinto ezifikelela emzimbeni. Izikhokelo ezahlukeneyo zentsebenziswano ye-methylene blue namayeza kunye neziphumo kuxinzelelo lwegazi zichaza loo mibuzo yezonyango ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Imibuzo ngotywala, i-caffeine, nezongezelelo ibandakanya ezinye iindlela zokusebenza, ngoxa uphando ngezithuthi zemiyalezo yemithambo-luvo luchaza ukuba kutheni isiphumo sovavanyo lwe-enzyme singenakuqikelela amanqanaba ezo zithuthi emntwini.