I-methylene blue namabango okukhusela elangeni: uphando lwe-UV nemida yalo

Umbhalo okwimidiya yoluntu ubanga ukuba i-methylene blue isebenza njengesithambiso sokukhusela elangeni. Ucaphula uphando olwenziwe ngenene apho idayi yafunxa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet yaza yanciphisa ukwenzakala kwiiseli zolusu ezikhuliswe elebhu. Olo phando lukhona. Kodwa isigqibo esithathwa kulo asixhaswa ziziphumo zalo.

Le ngxaki iqhelekile kumabango ezempilo. Umlinganiselo waselebhu uthathwa ngokungathi luvavanyo lwemveliso. Ukuze uwafunde ngokuchanekileyo amabango nge-methylene blue nokuchanabeka elangeni, yahlula imibuzo emithathu: ingaba imolekyuli iyayifunxa i-UV, ingaba ikhusela ulusu oluphilayo elangeni, yaye ingaba isisithako esigunyazisiweyo sokukhusela elangeni kwimveliso egqityiweyo. Uphando luka-2021 luphendula inxalenye yombuzo wokuqala, lunika umkhondo ngowesibini kwiiseli kuphela, yaye aluwuphenduli kwaphela owesithathu.

Oko kwavavanywa luphando olucaphulwa rhoqo

Iphepha elicatshulwa kakhulu luphando luka-2021 lukaXiong noogxa bakhe malunga namathuba okukhusela kwi-ultraviolet nge-methylene blue, elidweliswe kwi-PubMed. Ababhali bacebisa i-methylene blue njengesithako esisebenzayo esinokuphuhliswa sokukhusela elangeni, kuquka nokuba inokuthatha indawo ye-oxybenzone. Abazange babange ukuba baqinisekisile isithambiso se-methylene blue sokuthintela imitha yelanga ukuze sisetyenziswe ebantwini. Kwingxoxo yabo bathi kungafuneka umsebenzi ongakumbi wokuvavanya ukhuseleko ngaphambi kokufuna ukuba ifakwe kwimonografi yezithambiso zokukhusela elangeni.

Lonke uvavanyo lwenziwa ngaphambi kwesigaba sovavanyo ebantwini. Akukho bantu baphilayo bathatha inxaxheba, yaye akukho sithambiso sokukhusela elangeni sigqityiweyo esasifakwe kulusu lomntu. Ababhali ababini babenxulumene ne-Mblue Labs, yaye iyunivesithi nenkampani babefake isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi ngokudibeneyo nge-methylene blue njengesithako esisebenzayo sokukhusela elangeni. Umdla wezorhwebo ochaziweyo awuzenzi zingasebenzi iinkcukacha zophando, kodwa sesinye isizathu sokufunda ngokuchanileyo iziphumo ezazilinganiswa.

Kwaqalwa ngohlalutyo lokufunxwa kokukhanya sisisombululo. Iqela lathelekisa i-methylene blue ekwisisombululo setyuwa ne-oxybenzone ekwisinyibilikisi kuluhlu lwe-200 ukuya kwi-400 nanometers. I-methylene blue yafunxa ngamandla ngakumbi ngaphantsi kwe-310 nanometers malunga nalapho, ngoxa i-oxybenzone yafunxa ngamandla ngakumbi kumaza amade. Olu luphawu lweemolekyuli ezinyibilikiswe kulwelo. Asingomlinganiselo wesithambiso esisasazwe njengomaleko eluswini.

Kwalandela uvavanyo lweeseli. Iikeratinocyte zabantu eziqhelekileyo zanyangwa kwangaphambili nge-100 nanomolar ye-methylene blue kangangeeveki ezimbini, zaza zachanabekwa kwi-UVB enamandla aphezulu kwi-302 nanometers. Iiseli ezikhuliswe zaza zanyangwa zabonisa ukusabela okusezantsi kumonakalo we-DNA, okulinganiswe nge-gamma-H2AX, kunye nokuphila ngcono nokubonisa umbala omncinane wokwaluphala kweeseli. Umsebenzi owenziwa ngaxeshanye kwiikeratinocyte nakwimigca emine yeefibroblast zabantu wafumanisa ukuncipha kwe-superoxide ekwiimitochondria nokwanda kokuphindaphindeka kweeseli. Uthelekiso olongezelelweyo lwafumanisa ukuba i-100 nanomolar ye-oxybenzone ayizange ivelise inzuzo efanayo kwiiseli kolo xinzelelo lwesithako. Kodwa isisombululo esikwinqanaba le-nanomolar esijikeleze iiseli ezahluliweyo sivavanya indlela iiseli ezisabela ngayo ekwenzakaleni, ngoxa umaleko wesithambiso sokukhusela elangeni eluswini ubamba ukukhanya ngaphambi kokuba kufike kwiiseli. Ezi meko zimbini zisebenzisa igama elithi ukhuseleko kodwa zivavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.

Uvavanyo lwekorale lwaluncinci yaye lwalusekelwe ekuqwalaselweni kweempawu, hayi kwimilinganiselo yamanani. Iziqwenga zekorale ethambileyo i-Xenia umbellata zagcinwa emanzini olwandle ane-1 micromolar ye-methylene blue okanye i-1 micromolar ye-oxybenzone kangangeveki malunga nalapho. Iqela le-oxybenzone lonakala, ngoxa iqela le-methylene blue lingazange lonakale. Oko kubhekisa kuphela ekuphileni kweziqwenga kwixesha elifutshane. Asilovavanyo lokhuseleko lweengqaqa zekorale, yaye akuthethi nto ngokukhuselwa kwabantu elangeni.

Kukho iinkcukacha zolwimi ezifuna ingqalelo. Isishwankathelo sikhankanya ukupheliswa kweentlobo zeoksijini ezisebenza ngokwekhemikhali ezibangelwe yi-UVA kwiiseli, kodwa iindlela zophando zichaza inkqubo yokuchanabeka kwimitha ye-UVB ngaphandle kovavanyo olulawulwayo lwe-UVA oluhambelana nayo. Eyona ndlela ilumkileyo yokuyifunda kukuba uphando lubonise ukuncipha kokwenzakala emva kokuchanabeka kuvavanyo lwe-UVB kwiiseli ezikhuliswe elebhu, kwakunye nokusebenza kokuthintela ioksideshini. Aluzange lubonise ngokuthe ngqo ukuthintelwa kwe-ROS ebangelwa yi-UVA phantsi kokuchanabeka kwi-UVA okulawulwayo.

Abafundi abafuna imvelaphi yendlela uvavanyo olunxulumene nokwaluphala kolusu olwahluka ngayo kuvavanyo ebantwini banokuthelekisa oku nobungqina malunga nemixube yeemveliso zokunyamekela ulusu, obahlula phakathi kweeseli ezikhuliswe elebhu, ulusu olwakhiwe ngokutsha, novavanyo lweemveliso ezigqityiweyo.

Uthelekiso lobungqina: uhlobo lovavanyo lwe-UV noko lunokukuqinisekisa

Le theyibhile ngundoqo weli nqaku. Yisebenzise ukubeka naliphi na ibango lokukhusela elangeni nge-methylene blue kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo. Umqolo ngamnye uchaza uvavanyo, oko isiphumo esivumayo sinokukuqinisekisa, noko kusafuna uvavanyo olwahlukileyo.

Indlela ebonakala kuyo yonke imiqolo iyafana. Imiqolo yokuqala ivavanya izithako okanye iiseli. Ngumqolo wokugqibela kuphela ovavanya ukhuseleko elangeni. Ibango lokukhusela elangeni nge-methylene blue lifuna umqolo wokugqibela.

Ukukhusela ekukhanyeni akusosichasi sokwenza uvakalelo ekukhanyeni, kodwa yindlela eyahlukileyo yokusebenza

I-methylene blue ineendima ezimbini ezinxulumene nokukhanya ezivakala ngathi ziyaphikisana, kodwa zombini ziyinyani. Kwezinye iinkqubo zeeseli isebenza njengomlamli we-redox oneziphumo zokuthintela ioksideshini. Phantsi kokukhanya okufanelekileyo isebenza njengesivuseleli sovakalelo ekukhanyeni esivelisa iintlobo zeoksijini ezisebenza ngokwekhemikhali, kuquka ioksijini ye-singlet. Unyango lwe-photodynamic luyisebenzisa ngabom le ndlela yesibini ukonakalisa iiseli ekujoliswe kuzo okanye iintsholongwane, njengoko kuhlaziywe kusetyenziso lwe-methylene blue kwi-photodynamic. Kungenxa yoku le nto i-methylene blue edityaniswe nezixhobo zokukhanya okubomvu ifuna uvavanyo olwahlukileyo, oluchazwe kwisikhokelo sethu sonyango oludibanisa ukukhanya nezinye izinto.

Umahluko uxhomekeke kwiimeko: ubude beliza, isixa sokukhanya, uxinaniso lwesithako, imeko yokudibana kweemolekyuli, ukufumaneka kweoksijini, nendawo ekuyo idayi xa ithelekiswa nezicwili eziphilayo. Ukukhanya okubomvu okumalunga ne-630 ukuya kwi-670 nanometers kusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuvuselela i-methylene blue kumsebenzi we-photodynamic. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqulethe amacandelo e-UV, okukhanya okubonakalayo, nawe-infrared kunye, ngoko umaleko ofakwe eluswini unokujongana nokukhanya okuxubeneyo kunobude beliza obunye baselebhu.

Isihluzi sesithambiso sokukhusela elangeni kufuneka sibambe i-UV eyingozi size sikhuphe amandla ngeendlela ezingenabungozi kangako, ngoxa sihlala sizinzile. Isivuseleli sovakalelo ekukhanyeni sisebenzisa amandla eefoton esiwafunxileyo ukuqhuba iinkqubo zekhemikhali ezivelisa iintlobo ezisebenzayo. Ngoko ukufunxa i-UV kuyimfuneko kwisithako esinokuba sisihluzi se-UV, kodwa akwanelanga kwaphela. Iphepha lika-2021 alizange livavanye ukuba umaleko we-methylene blue ofakwe eluswini phantsi kokukhanya kwelanga uvelisa ioksijini ye-singlet kufutshane nolusu oluphilayo, zeziphi iimveliso zekhemikhali ezivela ekuchanabekeni ekukhanyeni, okanye indlela ezisebenza ngayo iintlobo zayo ezikwiimeko ze-oxidation ne-reduction. Nabani na ovavanya amabango okuthintela imitha yelanga nge-methylene blue kufuneka ayithathe le mibuzo njengengekaphendulwa de umxube ogqityiweyo uvavanywe phantsi kokuchanabeka okufana nokukhanya kwelanga.

I-methylene blue ayisosithako esigunyazisiweyo sokukhusela elangeni

Imeko yolawulo yahlukile kwithemba eliboniswa luphando lwaselebhu. EUnited States, izithako ezisebenzayo zokukhusela elangeni kwiimveliso ezithengwa ngaphandle komyalelo kagqirha zivela kwi-OTC Monograph M020. I-methylene blue ayidweliswanga apho. Kwi-European Union, izihluzi ze-UV ezisetyenziswa kwizithambiso kufuneka zivele kwi-Sihlomelo VI soMmiselo 1223/2009. I-methylene blue ayisosihluzi se-UV esigunyazisiweyo phantsi kweSihlomelo VI.

Ukugunyaziswa kwenye indawo akudluliselwa ngokuzenzekelayo kolunye usetyenziso. I-methylene blue efakwa emthanjeni inosetyenziso olugunyazisiweyo njengechiza, yaye idayi ineendima ekuxilongeni nakwiinkqubo zonyango ezixoxwa kushwankathelo lwethu losetyenziso olugunyazisiweyo nolusaphandwayo. Akukho nanye kwezo eyenza ibe sisithako esisebenzayo esigunyazisiweyo sokukhusela elangeni. Ukugunyaziswa kokukhusela elangeni kubhekisa kwisithako esithile, kuhlobo oluthile lwemveliso, nakwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa.

Oko kuya kufuneka kukhuseleko lwelanga oluqinisekisiweyo

Imveliso ye-methylene blue egqityiweyo ebanga i-SPF okanye ukhuseleko kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaza iya kufuna uthotho oluqhelekileyo lweemvavanyo zezithambiso zokukhusela elangeni, olwenziwa kuloo mxube ugqityiweyo. I-SPF ilinganiswa ebantwini: imveliso ifakwa ngesixa se-2 milligrams nge-square centimeter, ize ichanabekiswe ngesixhobo esilinganisa ukukhanya kwelanga se-290 ukuya kwi-400 nanometers, phantsi kweendlela ezifana ne-ISO 24444 ye-SPF ye-in vivo. Isiphumo esilinganisiweyo kukuba bomvu kolusu, okukakhulu kukusabela kwi-UVB. Akukho vavanyo lweeseli lunokuthatha indawo yalo.

Ukukhusela kwi-UVA kufuna umlinganiselo wako kunokuba kuthathwe isigqibo kuluhlu lokufunxwa kokukhanya sisisombululo. Inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe isebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-in vivo lomgangatho wokukhusela kwi-UVA phantsi kwe-ISO 24442, uhlalutyo lwe-in vitro phantsi kwe-ISO 24443, okanye zombini. Izikhokelo zaseYurophu zifuna ukhuseleko lwe-UVA olulingana ubuncinane nesinye kwisithathu se-SPF ebhalwe kwileyibhile.

Ubude beliza obubalulekileyo bulinganisa ukuba ukhuseleko lunabela kangakanani kwi-UVA, yaye buchazwa ngokufunxwa kokukhanya ngumaleko wemveliso egqityiweyo, kusetyenziswa i-370 nanometers njengomda wokuchazwa njengokhuselo kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaza kwinkqubo yemonografi yezithambiso zokukhusela elangeni. Idayi enyibilikiswe kwisisombululo setyuwa ayinakunika eli xabiso. Ukuzinza ekukhanyeni nako kufuneka kuvavanywe ngokuthe ngqo ngokuchanabekisa umaleko wemveliso kwimitha kwangaphambili kuze kulinganiswe ukhuseleko oluseleyo. De ezo mvavanyo zenziwe kwisithambiso ngokwaso, ukuthetha ngesithambiso se-methylene blue sokukhusela elangeni esizinzileyo kukuqikelela.

Uvavanyo ebantwini lukwabonisa oko uphando lwaselebhu lungakuboniyo: ukuba umaleko uyabumbeka ngokulinganayo na, ukuba ukubila kuyawususa na, ukuba amabala ombala enza ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kungafane kwenzeke na, nokuba kuvela ubuthi obubangelwa kukukhanya na. Amabala ombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka asiyonkcukacha incinane apha. Umbala obonakalayo ongalinganiyo unokubonisa ukufakwa okungalinganiyo, yaye ukufakwa okungalinganiyo kunciphisa ukhuseleko.

Indlela yokujongana namabango okuchanabeka elangeni xa usenza izigqibo

Yithathe i-methylene blue njengesithako esinomdla esisaphandwayo kwi-UV, esingenamveliso yokukhusela elangeni eqinisekisiweyo esixhasayo. Musa ukuthatha isisombululo, isiphumo saselebhu, okanye ukuqwalaselwa kwekorale endaweni yesithambiso sokukhusela elangeni esivavanyiweyo. Musa ukuxuba idayi kwisithambiso sokugcina ukufuma okanye kwioli ukuze wenze isithambiso sokukhusela elangeni ekhaya. Eli nqaku aliniki ndlela yokusenza kuba ukuxutywa nokunciphisa uxinaniso, ukufana komxube, ukuzinza, ukugcinwa ungonakali, isixa esifakwayo, neenkqubo zekhemikhali ezibangelwa kukukhanya azinakulawulwa ekhaya, yaye isikhokelo sezithako zesisombululo sichaza ukuba kutheni ulwelo olugqityiweyo luyinto engaphezulu kwedayi namanzi. Ukuze uzikhusele ngenene elangeni, sebenzisa umthunzi, iimpahla ezikhuselayo, nesithambiso sokukhusela elangeni esineleyibhile echaza i-SPF evavanyiweyo yaye, apho kufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaza okanye kwi-UVA.

Ukuze uzikhusele ngenene elangeni, sebenzisa iindlela ezinobungqina obuthe ngqo: umthunzi, iimpahla ezikhuselayo, nesithambiso sokukhusela elangeni esineleyibhile echaza i-SPF evavanyiweyo yaye, apho kufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaza okanye kwi-UVA. Kwimibuzo ye-methylene blue ebandakanya ukuginya idayi ukuze uzikhusele elangeni, qaphela ukuba ukhuseleko ekukhanyeni ngokuthatha into ngomlomo libango elizimeleyo elidinga iimvavanyo zalo, yaye ukusetyenziswa okuchaphazela umzimba wonke kuneengxaki zokusebenzisana namanye amachiza neemeko ezingavumeli ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ezishwankathelwe kuphononongo lwethu lokhuseleko nolokusebenzisana. Abafundi abavavanya iinkqubo ezidibanisa ukukhanya nezinye izinto kufuneka bahlule uvavanyo lwezithambiso zokukhusela elangeni kubungqina bonyango lwe-photodynamic, apho ukukhanya nedayi kujoliswe ekwenzakaliseni into ekujoliswe kuyo kunokukhusela ulusu.