Inqaku
Ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokuthontsiza esinamanqaku omlinganiselo kwi-methylene blue: ukufunda imithamo ngokuchanekileyo
Isixhobo sokuthontsiza esinamanqaku omlinganiselo silinganisa umthamo wolwelo. Ukuze wazi isixa se-methylene blue esikuloo mthamo, kufuneka wazi noxinaniso oluchaziweyo lwesisombululo. Isixhobo sokuthontsiza okanye olo balo alukuxeleli ukuba umntu ufanele athathe isixa esingakanani.
Qala ngemibuzo emithathu eyahlukileyo: Yeyiphi iyunithi ebhalwe ecaleni kwamanqaku? Ulwelo lufikelela kweliphi inqaku? Ileyibhile ithi zingaphi iimiligram kwimillilitha nganye? Ukugcina le mibuzo yahlukile kuthintela impazamo eqhelekileyo: ukuthatha ithontsi, imillilitha nemiligram njengemilinganiselo enokutshintshiselwana.
Oko kuqinisekiswa yinkcazelo yemveliso
Inkcazelo yesisombululo samanzi se-Blupreme esiyi-100 mL ichaza uxinaniso oluyi-1% yobunzima ngomthamo, olulingana ne-10 mg/mL, kwaye ichaza isixhobo sokuthontsiza esiqukiweyo esinamanqaku aku-0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, no-1 mL. Inani elingu-100 mL lichaza okuqulethwe yibhotile; amanani amancinci achaza imithamo elinganisiweyo kwisixhobo sokuthontsiza.
Sebenzisa ileyibhile nesixhobo esinikwe nebhotile yakho. Inkcazelo yemveliso ayiqinisekisi umda wempazamo ovumelekileyo ekulinganisweni kwesixhobo sokuthontsiza ngasinye. Inkcazelo epapashiweyo ayinikeli zinkcukacha zokuchaneka ezichazwe ngamanani, ngoko ubukho benqaku elingu-0.25 mL akufanele butolikwe njengesiqinisekiso sokuchaneka ukuya kwelinye inani elongezelelweyo emva kwesiphumlisi sedesimali.
Umzobo ongezantsi ngumzobo wengcaciso oyilwe ngokukodwa, hayi ifoto okanye isiqinisekiso sokulinganiswa kwesixhobo. Ulwelo lwawo luboniswe lungenisa ukukhanya ukuze umphezulu ubonakale kakuhle.
Eyona ndawo iphantsi ye-meniscus ebonakalayo egobileyo ingene ngaphakathi ihambelana no-0.5 mL. Ezi zibalo zimbini zibonisa ukuba kutheni umthamo ofanayo unokuba nezixa ezahlukeneyo. Le yimizekelo yokulinganisa, hayi iidosi ezicetyiswayo.
Funda isikali ngaphambi kokuzalisa
Qala uchonge iiyunithi. Inqaku elibhalwe mL lilinganisa umthamo. Inqaku elibhalwe mg lingachaza isixa kuphela xa kusetyenziswa uxinaniso oluthile esenzelwe lona eso sixhobo. Ityhubhu yeglasi engenamanqaku ayiniki mfundo yomthamo ethembekileyo ngamanani.
Emva koko, hlola ulandelelwano nezithuba phakathi kwamanqaku. Kwisikali esibonisiweyo, u-0.25 mL ukufuphi nencam, u-0.5 mL ungaphezulu, kwaye u-1 mL ungaphezulu kwakhona. Umahluko wamanani ukusuka ku-0.5 ukuya ku-1 mL uphindwe kabini kumahluko ukusuka ku-0.25 ukuya ku-0.5 mL. Musa ukucinga ukuba onke amanani amabini abhalwe ecaleni kwelinye amela ukwanda okufanayo.
Ukuba esinye isixhobo sinamanqaku amancinci phakathi kwamanqaku amakhulu, fumana ixabiso lawo usebenzisa amanani abhalwe eziphelweni. Umzekelo, izithuba ezihlanu ezilinganayo phakathi kuka-0.5 no-1 mL zimela u-0.1 mL ngasinye: umahluko, ongu-0.5 mL, wahlulwe ngesihlanu. Bala izithuba, hayi inani lemigca ebonakalayo. Lo mzekelo awuthethi ukuba isixhobo sokuthontsiza esinikwe nemveliso sinezo zahlulo zongezelelweyo.
Zisa umphezulu wolwelo kwinqanaba lamehlo
Landela imiyalelo yokuzalisa yesixhobo. Kwisixhobo sokuthontsiza esiqhelekileyo esinebhalbhu, cinezela ibhalbhu ngaphambi kokuntywilisela incam, uze uyiyeke kancinci ukuze itsalele ulwelo kwityhubhu. Musa ukuvumela ulwelo lungene kwibhalbhu. Izithuba zomoya ezibonakalayo kwintsika yolwelo elinganiswayo zithatha indawo ebifanele ukuba nolwelo; tsala ulwelo kwakhona kunokuba wamkele ufundo olunamaqamza.
Bamba ityhubhu ime nkqo uze uzise inqaku elifanelekileyo kwinqanaba lamehlo. Ukujonga usuka phezulu okanye ezantsi kunokwenza umphezulu ubonakale ushukile xa uthelekiswa nesikali. Le mpazamo yokujonga ibizwa ngokuba yi-parallax.
Umphezulu wolwelo ogobileyo yi-meniscus. Xa umphezulu obonakalayo ugobile ungene ngaphakathi, ufundo oluqhelekileyo lusebenzisa eyona ndawo yawo iphantsi embindini, njengoko kubonisiwe. Isikhokelo se-NIST sokufunda i-meniscus sichaza ukulungelelanisa kwinqanaba lamehlo nesizathu sokuba indlela yokufunda kufuneka ihambelane nendlela isixhobo esilinganiswe ngayo. Sikwaxoxa ngobunzima obubangelwa lulwelo olungangenisi ukukhanya.
I-methylene blue emnyama inokwenza kube nzima ukwahlula loo mphezulu. Phucula ukukhanya uze usebenzise imvelaphi engenazipateni enombala owahlukileyo. Ukuba indawo emiselweyo ekufanele kufundwe kuyo isahleli ingabonakali, fumana imiyalelo ejoliswe kweso sixhobo okanye esinye isixhobo sokulinganisa esifanelekileyo. Musa ukusebenzisa umphetho ophezulu endaweni yomphetho osezantsi ongabonakaliyo ngaphandle kokuchaza oko, uze ucinge ukuba isiphumo siyafana.
Guqula umthamo olinganisiweyo ube sisixa
Ubalo luthi:
Amount in mg = measured volume in mL × concentration in mg/mL.
Kwipesenti yobunzima ngomthamo, u-1% w/v uthetha u-1 g kwi-100 mL yesisombululo sokugqibela. Ekubeni u-1 g eyi-1,000 mg, oku yi-10 mg/mL. Ipesenti engachazwanga isiseko sayo ayiphelelanga: ubunzima ngobunzima nobunzima ngomthamo ziinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo.
| Umthamo womzekelo | Uxinaniso oluchazwe ngokucacileyo | Ubalo | Isixa esiqulethweyo |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.25 mL | 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 0.25 × 10 | 2.5 mg |
| 0.5 mL | 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 0.5 × 10 | 5 mg |
| 1 mL | 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 1 × 10 | 10 mg |
| 0.5 mL | 0.5% w/v = 5 mg/mL | 0.5 × 5 | 2.5 mg |
Umqolo wesine sisisombululo esicingelwayo sokuthelekisa, hayi ibango malunga nenye imveliso ye-Blupreme. Qaphela ukuba u-0.25 mL woxinaniso lokuqala no-0.5 mL woxinaniso lwesibini banobunzima obufanayo. Kwelinye icala, ufundo olufanayo olungu-0.5 mL luqulethe isixa esiphindwe kabini sento ekwisisombululo esingu-10 mg/mL kunesesingu-5 mg/mL.
Isiguquli soxinaniso senza ezi zibalo zeeyunithi. I-molarity yaselabhoratri ifuna ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nohlobo lwemolekyuli nesiseko sobunzima, oluxoxwa ngalo kwisibali se-molarity ye-methylene blue.
Kutheni amathontsi “nesixhobo sokuthontsiza esizeleyo” zingathembekanga njengeendlela ezimfutshane
Ithontsi yinxalenye yolwelo eyahluke kwincam, hayi umthamo olinganisiweyo osebenza kuzo zonke izixhobo. Uphononongo lwezixhobo zokuthontsiza amayeza ngomlomo olwenziwa nguBrown noogxa bakhe luthelekise ukukhupha ulwelo phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo zaselabhoratri nokusetyenziswa ngamavolontiya. Ukuthambekisa izixhobo ezavavanywayo ukuya kwi-45 degrees ukusuka kwindawo ethe nkqo kwanciphisa imithamo ekhutshwayo kwaza kwandisa ukwahluka kwayo. Olu yayiluphononongo lokukhupha ulwelo olusebenzisa olunye ulwelo lwamayeza, hayi ulingo lwe-methylene blue.
Ngoko ke, inani lamathontsi ngemillilitha eliqinisekiswe kwisixhobo esinye nakulwelo oluthile alinakusetyenziswa nje kwesinye. Ngokufanayo, ukucinezela ibhalbhu kube kanye akuchazi umthamo “wesixhobo sokuthontsiza esizeleyo”. Funda inqaku ulwelo olufikelele kulo ngokwenene. Musa ukubala amathontsi njengendlela ethatha indawo yomlinganiselo xa umlinganiselo ofunekayo uchazwe nge-mL.
Gcina intsingiselo yomlinganiselo
Bhala 0.5 mL, uquke uziro ophambi kwesiphumlisi sedesimali. Iingcebiso ze-FDA zokulinganisa amayeza alulwelo zigxininisa ukudibanisa iiyunithi zeleyibhile nezesixhobo nokusebenzisa ooziro abaphambili kwizixa ezingaphantsi kwesinye. Le migaqo yokulinganisa ngokubanzi ayiqinisekisi ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango kwesisombululo esithengiswa ezivenkileni.
Ukuba umthamo ochaziweyo ungaphantsi kwelona nqaku lisezantsi, ungaphezu komthamo wesixhobo, okanye ufuna izahlulo ezincinci kunezo zinikwa sisixhobo, khetha izixhobo ezifanele loo mlinganiselo ngokubonisana nengcali efanelekileyo okanye ilabhoratri. Musa ukuqikelela iqhezu elingenanqaku uze ulixele njengelichanekileyo. Landela imiyalelo yomenzi yokukhupha ulwelo nokucoca; musa ukuzenzela iindlela ezongezelelweyo zokuhlanza okanye zokugungxula ukuze ufumane ulwelo olushiyekileyo.
Kwimibuzo yezonyango, isikhokelo esahlukileyo seeyunithi zedosi ye-methylene blue sichaza ukuba kutheni isixa esibalwe kwileyibhile yebhotile singesiso ngokwaso isincomo sonyango. Umlinganiselo ochanekileyo uphendula umbuzo wokuba kungakanani okukhoyo. Ukukhetha idosi yomntu kufuna isigqibo esahlukileyo sezonyango.