Inqaku
Idosi yemethylene blue: ukuqonda i-mg, i-mL, iipesenti namathontsi
Akukho nani lamathontsi emethylene blue elifanele ukuthathwa ngumntu wonke. Isigqibo sedosi sifuna isizathu sonyango, uhlobo lwemveliso, indlela yokuyinika, ukuhlolwa kwesigulana, kunye nemiyalelo yonyango. Ilebhile yoxinaniso iphendula umbuzo ocacileyo ngakumbi: ingakanani imethylene blue ekhoyo kwisixa esichaziweyo sesisombululo.
Isisombululo se-1% w/v sine-10 mg kwimililitha nganye. Olo guqulelo alumiseli ukuba umntu ufanele asisebenzise na, ukuba ufanele afumane isixa esingakanani, okanye kangaphi. Esi sikhokelo sichaza icandelo lokulinganisa ukuze ilebhile okanye umyalelo uhlolwe ngaphandle kokuguqula izibalo zibe sisindululo sonyango.
Izixa ezine ekulula ukuzibhidanisa
| Indlela yokubhala | Into eyichazayo | Into engakuxeleli yona |
|---|---|---|
| mg | Ubunzima bento ekhankanyiweyo | Umthamo wolwelo oluyiquletheyo |
| mL | Umthamo wesisombululo | Ubunzima bemethylene blue ngaphandle kolwazi loxinaniso lwayo |
| mg/mL | Ubunzima kwimililitha nganye | Isixa esifanelekileyo esimele sinikwe |
| mg/kg | Ubunzima bento xa buthelekiswa nobunzima bomzimba | Indlela yokuyinika, ukuba inikwa kangaphi, ixesha, okanye ukufaneleka kwayo |
Igram enye ilingana ne-1,000 yeemiligram. Imililitha enye ilingana ne-1,000 yeemikrolitha. Olu guqulelo ludibanisa iiyunithi zesixa esinye. Iimiligram neemililitha zizixa ezahlukileyo, ezidityaniswa luxinaniso lwesisombululo.
Kwisisombululo esinomxube ofanayo kuyo yonke indawo:
Amount in mg = concentration in mg/mL × measured volume in mL
Iiyunithi zomthamo ziyacinyana. Isiphumo bubunzima obukweso sabelo silinganisiweyo, ngamanye amaxesha esibizwa ngokuba yi-aliquot. Ifomula ayixhomekekanga ekubeni isabelo senzelwe uhlalutyo, ukufaka umbala, okanye iyeza elimiselweyo; ukusetyenziswa okuvumelekileyo kufuna ulwazi olwahlukileyo.
Funda ukuba ipesenti isekelwe entwenini
Oonobumba abasemva kwepesenti bachaza isahluli sayo. Izixhobo zokubhekisela ze-Avantor zahlula ubunzima, umthamo, nomxube ochazwa ngobunzima ngokomthamo.
1% w/v ithetha i-1 g yento enyibilikisiweyo ekhankanyiweyo kwi-100 mL yesisombululo sokugqibela. Ukuguqula iigram zibe ziimiligram kunika i-1,000 mg ÷ 100 mL, okanye 10 mg/mL. “Isisombululo sokugqibela” ngumxube wonke emva kokunyibilika, hayi umthamo wamanzi ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe into enyibilikisiweyo.
1% w/w ithetha i-1 g yento enyibilikisiweyo kwi-100 g yesisombululo sonke. Ichaza ubunzima ngokuthelekiswa nobunzima. Ukubala into ekhoyo kumthamo olinganisiweyo, kufuneka wazi nengxinano yesisombululo esigqityiweyo nge-g/mL. Ingxinano yomgubo owomileyo ayiniki olo lwazi.
Ukuba ilebhile ithi “1%” kuphela, jonga inkcazelo ehamba nayo ukuze ufumane isiseko sayo okanye ixabiso elicacileyo le-mg/mL. Musa ukuzikhethela isiseko ngaphandle kokusijonga kuba inani lifana nelebhile yenye imveliso.
Imizekelo yokuguqula uxinaniso lube sisixa
Le theyibhile yoqobo yokuthelekisa isebenzisa iisampuli ezicingelweyo ezinomxube ofanayo kuyo yonke indawo. Imithamo elinganisiweyo ikhethwe ukubonisa izibalo. Ezi zizixa eziqulethweyo, hayi iidosi ezicetyiswayo okanye ishedyuli yokunika iidosi.
| Uxinaniso oluchaziweyo nesiseko salo | Umthamo olinganisiweyo | Ulwazi olongezelelweyo | Ubalo | Isixa esiqulethweyo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1% w/v = 1 mg/mL | 0.5 mL | Akukho lufunekayo | 1 mg/mL × 0.5 mL | 0.5 mg |
| 0.5% w/v = 5 mg/mL | 1 mL | Akukho lufunekayo | 5 mg/mL × 1 mL | 5 mg |
| 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 1 mL | Akukho lufunekayo | 10 mg/mL × 1 mL | 10 mg |
| 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 0.5 mL | Akukho lufunekayo | 10 mg/mL × 0.5 mL | 5 mg |
| 1% w/w | 0.5 mL | Ingxinano yesisombululo ecingelweyo: 1.04 g/mL | 0.5 mL × 1.04 g/mL × 0.01 × 1,000 mg/g | 5.2 mg |
| 1% w/w | 0.5 mL | Ingxinano ayaziwa | Umthamo awunakuguqulelwa kubunzima besisombululo okwangoku | Ayinakumiselwa |
Umqolo wesibini nowesithathu uchaza umfanekiso weqweqwe: imithamo elinganayo inokuqulatha izixa ezahlukileyo. Umqolo wesibini nowesine ubonisa okuchaseneyo: imithamo eyahlukileyo inokuqulatha isixa esifanayo. Umyalelo womthamo awunakusetyenziswa kuxinaniso olwahlukileyo ngaphandle kokujonga ubalo.
Umzekelo we-w/w usebenzisa ingxinano eyilwe ngenjongo yokufundisa, hayi uphawu olulinganisiweyo lwemveliso ye-Blupreme. Isampuli yawo ye-0.5 mL inobunzima be-0.52 g; ipesenti enye yobo bunzima yi-0.0052 g, okanye i-5.2 mg. Xa ingxinano ingaziwa, isiphumo se-mg esibonakala sichanekile siya kufihla uqikelelo olungenasiseko.
Sebenzisa isiguquli soxinaniso lwemethylene blue ukujonga olu nxulumano ngolwazi lwakho olubhaliweyo. Sibala ubunzima obuqulethweyo; asikhethi idosi yomntu.
Kutheni ukubala amathontsi kushiya umlinganiselo ongekhoyo
Ithontsi liveliswa lulwelo nesixhobo sokukhupha ulwelo phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusebenza. Alisoloko liyi-0.05 mL, kwaye isixhobo sokukhupha amathontsi esizeleyo asisoloko siyi-1 mL.
Kuphononongo lukaBrown noogxa bakhe luka-2004 lwezixhobo zokukhupha amathontsi amayeza omlomo abantwana, abaphandi bavavanya iimveliso zamayeza nolwelo olulungisiweyo phantsi kweemeko zelebhu kunye namavolontiya. Ukuthambekisa isixhobo sokukhupha amathontsi ukuya kuma-45 degrees ukusuka kwindawo ethe nkqo kwanciphisa umthamo okhutshwayo kwaza kwandisa ukwahluka kwawo. Olu yayiluphononongo lwesixhobo, hayi ukuqinisekiswa kwayo nayiphi na ibhotile yemethylene blue okanye ulingo lweedosi lweklinikhi.
Ukubala umndilili wobunzima kwithontsi ngalinye, kufuneka uxinaniso kunye nomndilili olinganisiweyo womthamo wethontsi. Ulungelelwaniso lokulinganisa kufuneka lusebenze kweso sixhobo nakolo lwelo. Inani lamathontsi elikhutshelwe kwenye ibhotile lilahlekelwa lolu nxulumano, nokuba zombini iibhotile zibonisa ipesenti efanayo.
Xa kumiselwe iyeza lolwelo elithathwa ngomlomo, cela usokhemesti aqinisekise isixhobo esifanelekileyo esineempawu zokulinganisa kunye nomthamo ohambelana nommiselo. Iingcebiso ze-FDA zokhuseleko lwamayeza olwelo zisebenzisa iimililitha neempawu zesixhobo ezihambelana nazo. Bhala 0.5 mL, unoziro ngaphambili, ukuze ukungabonwa kwenqaku ledesimali kungabi lula ukuyiguqula ibe yi-5 mL. Isikhokelo sokufunda isixhobo sokukhupha amathontsi esineempawu zokulinganisa sichaza indlela yokutolika iimpawu zaso. Musa ukuqikelela umthamo ongaphantsi kweempawu zesixhobo ezinokufundwa.
Ukumiselwa kweedosi eklinikhi kunemeko ethile
Ulwazi lwase-US lokumisela i-PROVAYBLUE luchaza iyeza le-5 mg/mL elinikwa emthanjeni ukunyanga i-methemoglobinemia efunyenweyo kubantu abadala nakubantwana. Idosi yokuqala echazwe kwilebhile yi-1 mg/kg, enikwa ngabasebenzi beklinikhi kwisithuba semizuzu emi-5 ukuya kwengama-30. Unyango olongezelelweyo luxhomekeke kwindlela isigulana esisabela ngayo, kuhlolo lwaselebhu, nakwindlela izintso ezisebenza ngayo.
Eso sizathu sonyango, indlela yokunika iyeza, kunye nokubekwa esweni ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yonyango. Ilebhile ayimiseli idosi yemihla ngemihla ethathwa ngomlomo ukuze kufumaneke amandla, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo, okanye ukuphila ixesha elide. Ukuguqula ixabiso layo le-mg/kg libe ngamathontsi kungagcina izibalo kodwa kulahle isiseko seklinikhi sokusebenzisa iyeza. Isikhokelo sezitofu zemethylene blue nokufakwa kwayo emthanjeni nge-IV sichaza ukuba kutheni uhlobo lwemveliso nalo lubalulekile.
Kwale lebhile iyakwalela ukusetyenziswa xa kukho ukunqongophala kwe-G6PD ngenxa yomngcipheko we-anemia ebangelwa kukuqhekeka kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi, ilumkisa nge-serotonin syndrome enzulu xa isetyenziswa kunye namayeza achaphazela i-serotonin nee-opioid, kwaye ichaza imingcipheko enxulumene nokukhulelwa. Isixa esincinane esilinganisiweyo asiqinisekisi ukufaneleka. Isikhokelo sokhuseleko lwemethylene blue sichaza iimeko ezifanelekileyo nokusebenzisana kwamayeza ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.
Yenza umyalelo ube nokuhlolwa
Ngaphambi kokutolika nawuphi na umyalelo, bhala ezi nkcukacha ndawonye:
- Ukuchongwa kwemveliso: uhlobo lwemveliso, indlela yokuyinika echazwe kwilebhile, kunye nenkcazelo epheleleyo yamandla ayo.
- Isiseko soxinaniso: mg/mL, w/v, okanye w/w, kunye nengxinano yesisombululo xa ifuneka.
- Umlinganiselo: i-mL ekujoliswe kuyo nesixhobo esinokuwulinganisa ngokucacileyo loo mthamo.
- Imiyalelo yeklinikhi, xa iyeza limiselwe: isixa, indlela yokulinika, ukuba linikwa kangaphi, ixesha, kunye nomntu olimiseleyo.
Ukuba uxinaniso okanye isiseko sokulinganisa asikho, sicacise ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ubalo. Ukuba imiyalelo yeklinikhi ayikho, itheyibhile yoguqulelo ayinakuyinika.