I-methylene blue kwityhefu ye-nitrate ne-nitrite kwizilwanyana ezikhulu

Umhlambi uya kudla amazimba achaphazeleke yimbalela emva kwemini. Ngorhatya iinkomo ezininzi zisala ngasemva, ziphefumla ngokukhawuleza, zineenwebu ezimnyama negazi elimdaka xa kuhlatywa umthambo. Amahashe akwintlango ekufutshane abonakala engachaphazelekanga. Lo mahluko awubangelwa lithamsanqa. Ubangelwa yindawo apho i-nitrate iguquka ibe yi-nitrite, yaye loo ndawo igqiba kokubini ukuxilongwa nesicwangciso sesithinteli setyhefu.

Ingongoma ephambili ilula: i-nitrate ubukhulu becala sisanduleli, i-nitrite yityhefu, yaye i-methylene blue kwiinkomo ezichanabeke kwi-nitrate inyanga isiphumo se-nitrite kwihemoglobin. Yonke enye into kweli nqaku ilandela kula manyathelo mathathu.

I-nitrate iguquka ibe yi-nitrite ngaphakathi kwesilwanyana

I-nitrate ekwisondlo sezityalo ngokwayo sisixhobo esibuthathaka sokwenza ioksideshini. Iintsholongwane ezikwisisu sokuqala sokwetyisa, i-rumen, ziyiguqula ngokuyinciphisa ngezigaba ezibini: kuqala i-nitrate ibe yi-nitrite, emva koko i-nitrite ibe yiammonia. Xa isixa esikhulu se-nitrate sifika ngaxeshanye, inyathelo lokuqala likhawuleza ngaphezu kwelesibini. I-nitrite iyaqokelelana, ingene egazini, ize yenze ioksideshini kwintsimbi ekwihemoglobin, iyiguqule kwimo ye-ferrous ethwala ioksijini iye kwimo ye-ferric. Imveliso yile methemoglobin, engakwazi ukuthutha ioksijini.

Uphononongo lwe-MSD Veterinary Manual lwetyhefu ye-nitrate ne-nitrite luqikelela ukuba i-nitrite inetyhefu emalunga namaxesha alishumi ngaphezu kwe-nitrate, yaye luchaza olu landelelwano lunye. Imithombo eqhelekileyo zizityalo zokondla eziqokelela i-nitrate ezifana ne-oats, amazimba amancinane, i-ryegrass, umbona, ujongilanga namazimba, kunye nokhula olufana ne-pigweed, i-lambsquarter, i-kochia nengca ye-Johnson, ukuginya isichumiso, namachibi okanye amaqula angekho nzulu angcoliswe ngamanzi ahamba phezu komhlaba. Imbalela, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezichumiso zenitrogen, nokuma kokukhula emva kwemozulu enamafu okanye epholileyo kunyusa i-nitrate kwisondlo sezityalo.

Ipesenti ye-methemoglobin ayihambelani ngokuthe ngqo nobuzaza, kodwa olo nxulumano luyanceda ekumiseleni ukuba zeziphi izilwanyana ezifuna uncedo kuqala. I-MSD ibeka iimpawu zokuqala ezifana nokubetha kwentliziyo ngokukhawuleza, ubuthathaka, ukungcangcazela nokungakwazi ukulungelelanisa iintshukumo kufutshane ne-30 ukuya kwi-40 pesenti ye-methemoglobin, ukuphefumla nzima kakhulu kunye neenwebu ezimdaka okanye ezibhlowu ngaphezu kwe-50 pesenti malunga, nokufa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-80 pesenti okanye ngaphezulu. Igazi elinombala omdaka wetshokolethi elihlala limdaka emoyeni luphawu oluqhelekileyo kodwa aluqinisekisi le meko yodwa, yaye i-methemoglobin ibuyela kwimo yayo yangaphambili ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba iisampulu ezilibazisekileyo zibonisa ixabiso elingaphantsi kwelona liphezulu. Ukuqinisekisa, i-MSD ikhetha ukuvavanywa kwe-nitrate kwiplasma ngaphambi kokufa nakulwelo lweliso emva kokufa, kunye nohlalutyo lwesondlo sezityalo namanzi. Amaxabiso angaphezu kwe-20 ppm ye-nitrate malunga okanye i-0.5 ppm ye-nitrite kwiisampulu ezifanelekileyo zebhayoloji adla ngokubonisa ukuchanabeka okugqithisileyo.

Indlela i-methylene blue ebuyisela ngayo amandla okuthwala ioksijini

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, uninzi lwe-methemoglobin lubuyiselwa kwimo yalo yangaphambili yinkqubo ye-NADH ne-cytochrome b5 reductase. I-methylene blue isebenzisa indlela yesibini, edla ngokudlala indima encinane. I-NADPH yeeseli, eveliswa ngendlela ye-pentose phosphate, idlulisa ii-electron nge-reductase exhomekeke kwi-NADPH ukuya kwi-methylene blue, iyiguqule ibe yi-leucomethylene blue, ethi emva koko ibuyisele intsimbi ye-ferric kwihemoglobin ye-ferrous. Uphononongo lwe-StatPearls lwale ndlela yokusebenza luchaza le ndima yokuthwala ii-electron.

Kwale khemistri idala esona silumkiso siphambili. I-methylene blue lichiza le-redox, hayi isithinteli seoksideshini esisulungekileyo. Xa ixinene kakhulu, yona ngokwayo yenza ioksideshini, iphinde ivelise i-methemoglobin yaye yonakalise iiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Yiyo loo nto impendulo enganelisiyo kufuneka ikhuthaze ugqirha wezilwanyana ukuba aphinde aqwalasele ukuxilongwa, ukufunxwa okuqhubekayo kwi-rumen, nemeko yeeseli ezibomvu zegazi, kunokuphinda nje anike izixa ezikhulu. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza esibhedlele, kuquka ukuxilongwa nge-co-oximetry nenaliti ephantsi kolawulo, ichazwe kwinqaku elithi i-methylene blue kwi-methemoglobinemia.

Uthelekiso lweentlobo nokuchanabeka

Le theyibhile sisixhobo sokunceda ukwenza izigqibo. Umqolo ngamnye udibanisa indlela yokuchanabeka, indawo yokuguquka, noko i-methylene blue inokukwenza nengakwazi ukukwenza.

Izilwanyana ezetyisayo: iinkomo, iigusha neebhokhwe

Iinkomo lolona hlobo luchaphazeleka rhoqo, yaye izikhokelo zenkxaso yezolimo zidla ngokuzibeka njengeqela lemfuyo elichaphazeleka lula kakhulu. Iigusha neebhokhwe ziyachaphazeleka ngokucacileyo kodwa zihlala zichazwa njengezichaphazeleka kancinci kuneenkomo, mhlawumbi kuba zilawula izixa ze-nitrate ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi. Luthathe olo luhlu njengotyekelo oluluncedo, hayi njengento esisigxina eqinisekisiweyo ngokwebhayokhemistri.

Ilahleko ekuzaleni ifuna ingqalelo eyahlukileyo. Iimazi ezisinda kwi-methemoglobinemia enzima ehlala ixesha elide zinokuphunyelwa zizisu okanye zizale amathole afileyo malunga neentsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwi-14 kamva, nto leyo ehambelana nokunqongophala kweoksijini kwimveku. Ithole eliqhelekileyo ngentsasa elandelayo aliqinisekisi ukuba ukuchanabeka bekuncinane, yaye ukuphunyelwa sisisu kwiveki kamva akuqinisekisi ukuchanabeka okwesibini.

Iidosi ezipapashiweyo ze-methylene blue kwiinkomo azivumelani kuba zivela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobungqina. Umhlathi wangoku we-MSD unika i-4 ukuya kwi-15 mg/kg okanye ngaphezulu efakwa kancinci emthanjeni, ivela kwisisombululo se-1 ukuya kwi-2 pesenti, idosi nokuphindwa kumiselwa bubuzaza nokufunxwa okuqhubekayo, yaye uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba zizilwanyana ezetyisayo kuphela ezikwaziyo ukunyamezela ngokukhuselekileyo izixa eziphezulu. Ecaleni kweso salathiso kukho iimvavanyo ezincinane neengxelo zasendle: uvavanyo oludala lwenkomo lwafumanisa ukuba i-1 mg/kg yayanele phantsi kweemeko zalo, umsebenzi wefarmakholoji kwiigusha wavavanya i-15 mg/kg efakwa emthanjeni, iimvavanyo zeebhokhwe zavavanya i-1 ukuya kwi-4 mg/kg yaye amaqela e-4 mg/kg enza ngcono, neengxelo zasendle zichaza ukuchacha kufutshane ne-4 mg/kg kunye nemeko engaqhelekanga yenkomo kufutshane ne-20 mg/kg. Uphononongo lowe-1984 lokuhamba nokususwa kwechiza emzimbeni weegusha lubonisa olu didi kakuhle: luxhasa ukuqwalaselwa kokunyamezeleka, hayi ileyibhile egunyazisiweyo.

Kwizigqibo zoogqirha wezilwanyana nge-methylene blue kwiigusha ezine-methemoglobinemia, ingcaciso esebenzayo kukuba akukho nani linye lilungele yonke imeko. Ukuveliswa okuqhubekayo kwi-rumen kuthetha ukuba isilwanyana esichachayo sinokuphinda sibe mandundu njengoko kufunxwa i-nitrite engakumbi, yiyo loo nto i-MSD inxulumanisa ukuphinda kunikwe ichiza nokuchanabeka okuqhubekayo endaweni yeshedyuli emiselweyo. Unyango oluxhasayo luqhutywa ngaxeshanye: ukuphatha ngendlela enciphisa uxinzelelo ukuze kuncitshiswe imfuno yeoksijini, ukususa isilwanyana kwisondlo namanzi ekurhanelwa wona, ukunika isondlo esikhuselekileyo endaweni yaso, nokujonga ukuhamba kwegazi kwizicubu. I-methylene blue enikwa ngaphandle kwendlela yokwetyisa iyacaphukisa kwindawo efakwe kuyo, ngoko ukufikelela emthanjeni ngokukhuselekileyo nokuyifaka kancinci emthanjeni kubalulekile, yaye kufuneka kulindelwe ukutshintsha kombala wezicubu, umchamo nezivamvo. Imida yeedayi nezitshizi kunyango lwezilwanyana ibeka izithintelo ezibanzi zeentlobo kumxholo wazo.

Amahashe ayimeko eyahlukileyo

Amahashe abilisela ifayibha kwinxalenye yangasemva yamathumbu endaweni ye-rumen. Iintsholongwane ze-cecum zinokunciphisa i-nitrate, kodwa ukuguquka kwenzeka kancinci kakhulu kunakwiinkomo, ngoko amahashe amadala adla ngokungachaphazeleki lula kangako yi-nitrate kwisondlo sezityalo. I-nitrite esele yenziwe idlula kolo khuseleko yaye ihlala iyingozi.

Indlela yokukhetha isithinteli setyhefu nayo iyatshintsha. Kuphononongo olwaziwayo oluthelekisa ulawulo lwe-methemoglobin kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi, i-methylene blue yaphucula ukubuyiselwa kwimo yangaphambili kwiiseli zabantu kodwa hayi kwiiseli zamahashe (uphononongo lweeseli ezibomvu zegazi zamahashe). Izikhokelo zetyhefu kumahashe zichaza ngokwahlukeneyo i-methylene blue ngokwayo njengonobangela wokonakala kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi okunxulumene ne-Heinz bodies nee-eccentrocytes ngenxa yeoksideshini, yaye zilumkisa ngokuyisebenzisa kwiimeko zomonakalo weoksideshini ezifana netyhefu yomthi we-maple obomvu. Akukho nanye kwezi ngongoma eqinisekisa ukuba ichiza alinakuze lincede ihashe elithile, kodwa kunye zithintela impazamo eqhelekileyo yokunciphisa inkqubo yenkomo ngokobunzima. Ihashe ekurhanelwa ukuba line-methemoglobinemia ye-nitrite lifuna ukuxilongwa kwalo, ukuchongwa kwento eyenza ioksideshini, nokuhlolwa komngcipheko, hayi itshathi yeedosi zezilwanyana ezetyisayo.

Izilwanyana zasekhaya neentlobo zeakwariyam zibonisa ukuba kutheni ukulinganisa ngokobunzima kungasebenzi

Iikati zibonisa esi silumkiso ngamandla. Ihemoglobin yeekati ithambekele ngokungaqhelekanga ekonakaleni kwesakhiwo sayo ngenxa yeoksideshini, yaye ukuchanabeka kakhulu okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwi-methylene blue kuvelisa i-Heinz bodies nokonakala kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi endaweni yokunyanga. Izinja azibuthathaka njengeekati kodwa zisadweliswe phakathi kweentlobo ezibuthathaka kuphononongo oluthelekisayo. Ukuchanabeka kwezilwanyana zasekhaya kwizinto ezenza ioksideshini nako kwahlukile ngohlobo, kuba amachiza, iikhemikhali neziganeko zokuginya izinto zixhaphakile endaweni ye-nitrate yasemadlelweni.

Iintlanzi zibonisa indlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo. I-nitrite ingena ngeegill, ngoko into ephambili kukulawula ikhemistri yamanzi, ingakumbi ukhuphiswano lwe-chloride nokususwa kwe-nitrite, ngaphambi kwalo naliphi na ichiza. I-methylene blue yeentlanzi inikwa njengoxinano lwebhafu, kuqwalaselwe uhlobo, ixesha, ubushushu neziphumo kwisihluzo sebhayoloji, inkqubo echazwe kwinqaku elithi unyango nge-methylene blue kwibhafu nakwitanki. Ixabiso le-mg ngelitha kwibhafu alinakuguqulelwa kwixabiso le-mg nge-kg elifakwa emthanjeni wethole, yaye inkqubo yethole ayinakuxutywa namanzi ukuze isetyenziswe etankini.

Izilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya zongeza isigqibo solawulo

Akukho leyibhile eqhelekileyo evunywe yi-FDA yesithinteli setyhefu se-methylene blue seenkomo, iigusha okanye iibhokhwe. I-FDA idwelisa i-methylene blue yezi ntlobo njengento ekrwada ecetyiselwe izithinteli setyhefu zezilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya, ephantsi kovavanyo okwangoku (iphepha le-FDA lokulungiswa kwamachiza ngokuxutywa), nto leyo iyindawo emgceni, hayi imvume ingelilo nexesha lokulinda ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zesilwanyana ekutyeni.

EUnited States, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ke ngoko kulawulwa ngugqirha wezilwanyana phantsi kwemimiselo yokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeleyibhile. I-Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act ifuna ubudlelwane obusemthethweni phakathi kogqirha wezilwanyana, umxhasi nesilwanyana esinyangwayo, yaye kwizilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya ifuna ixesha elandisiweyo lokulinda elixhaswa yinzululwazi, kunye nokuchongwa kwezilwanyana nezikhuselo kwiintsalela zamachiza. Uphononongo lwangoku lweentsalela kwiinkomo ezisibhozo ezisempilweni ezanikwa i-6 mg/kg ye-methylene blue elungiswe ngokuxutywa, efakwa emthanjeni, lwabala amaxesha avela kuphononongo eentsuku ezi-5 zobisi neentsuku ezi-6 zenyama (uphononongo lokuhamba kwechiza emzimbeni weenkomo nexesha lokulinda). Loo manani ngawoyilo lolo phononongo. Ayiloxesha lokulinda elivunywe yi-FDA, yaye iingcebiso zangoku ngeentsalela kwisilwanyana esinyangiweyo kufuneka zifumaneke kugqirha wezilwanyana osinyangayo nakwimithombo efana ne-FARAD.

Imithetho yaseYurophu ingqongqo ngakumbi kwinqanaba lezinto ezisetyenziswa kumachiza. Izinto ezisebenza ngokwefarmakholoji kwiintlobo ezivelisa ukutya zidla ngokufuna ukubhalwa komda ophezulu weentsalela okanye ukuhlelwa okulinganayo phantsi kwenkqubo ye-EU yeentsalela (isikhokelo se-EMA seentsalela), yaye uhlolo lwe-EU luxoxe nge-methylene blue phakathi kwezinto ezingabhaliselwanga ukusetyenziswa kwizilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya. Yichaze njengengagunyaziswanga ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwizilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya kwi-EU kunokuba uyile udidi lwesithintelo. Amahashe anokungena kwikhonkco lokutya afuna kwaolo hlolo ngaphambi kwalo naluphi na usetyenziso phantsi kwenkqubo ye-cascade.

Ulandelelwano olufutshane lwezigqibo zogqirha wezilwanyana osinyangayo

Qinisekisa i-methemoglobinemia uze ukhangele into eyenza ioksideshini ngaxeshanye: igazi elimdaka kunye nokutshintsha kombala weenwebu, ukubetha kwentliziyo ngokukhawuleza nokuphefumla nzima kukhomba kuyo, ngoxa uvavanyo lwe-nitrate kwiplasma okanye kulwelo lweliso, nolwesondlo sezityalo namanzi lukhomba kumthombo. Susa ukuchanabeka kuqala, kuba i-methylene blue enikwa ngexesha lokufunxwa okuqhubekayo kwi-rumen inyanga uphawu ngoxa i-rumen iqhubeka ivelisa unobangela. Khetha inkqubo yohlobo lwesilwanyana ngaphambi kwesixa: amahashe akanakusebenzisa uluhlu lwesalathiso lwe-methylene blue lwezilwanyana ezetyisayo, iikati zifuna esona silumkiso sinamandla ngeoksideshini, yaye iintlanzi zifuna ukulungiswa kwamanzi ngendlela yebhafu echazwe kwinqaku elithi ukusetyenziswa nezithintelo ekufuyweni kwezilwanyana zasemanzini. Yifake kancinci emthanjeni onokufikelelwa ngokukhuselekileyo, jonga ukuphinda imeko ibe mandundu nokonakala kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi, uze ubhale phantsi imeko yobisi nenyama ngokwemithetho yasekuhlaleni yeentsalela ngaphambi kokuba isilwanyana siphinde singene kwikhonkco lokutya.