Chinyorwa
Kemisitiri yemethylene blue: chimiro, fomura, hunhu, nemazita
Methylene blue inowanzoreva methylthioninium chloride, munyu une dhayi yeorganic ine chaji yakanaka neioni yechloride ine chaji inopesana nayo. Munyu usina mvura une fomura C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S uye huremu hwefomura hunenge 319.85 g/mol. Mvura iri muchimiro chekristaro inoshandura huremu hwechinhu chayerwa pasina kushandura kationi yedhayi yacho.
Musiyano iwoyo unogadzirisa zvinhu zvinoita sezvinopesana mumakatalogi emakemikari. Rekodhi inogona kutaura zvakarurama kuti chaji yose yemunyu i zero, asi ichitsanangura dhayi seine chaji yekationi. Imwe katalogi inogona kutaura 373.90 g/mol nokuti chinhu chayo i trihydrate. Usati washandisa kukosha kwehumwe hunhu, tanga waziva kuti nhamba yacho inotsanangura chii.
Mazita anoratidza zvikamu zvakasiyana zvechinhu
Rekodhi yeChEBI yemethylene blue inoratidza munyu wechloride, inonyora CAS 61-73-4, uye inosanganisira mazita ekuti methylthioninium chloride, Basic Blue 9, uye C.I. 52015. Zita rayo rinotevedza hurongwa hwemazita emakemikari ndi 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride.
Zita rekuti methylthioninium risina “chloride” rinoreva kationi yeorganic. Zita rehydrate rinowedzera mumwe musiyano: methylene blue chloride yakabatana neuwandu hwemvura hwakataurwa muchinhu chakasimba. Pakunyora zvinodiwa pakutenga, nyora pamwe chete zita rakazara rekemikari, fomura, rudzi rwehydrate, nechiratidzo chinozivisa chinhu chemupi. Usavimba neshoko reruvara chete. Kuenzaniswa kwemethyl blue nemadhayi ane mazita akafanana kunotsanangura kuti sei mazita anenge akafanana achigona kureva makemikari akasiyana.
Verenga zvimiro zvemamorekuru
Chimiro A: kationi yemethylthioninium
Zviratidzo: mavara N ebhuruu anoratidza maatomu matatu enitrogen; S yeyero inoratidza sarufa; atomu imwe neimwe yenitrogen iri kunze ine mapoka maviri emethyl. Magumo emitsara asina mavara pamapoka iwayo anomirira maatomu ecarbon nemaatomu ehydrogen asingaratidzwi. Zvindori zvitatu zvakabatana zvinoumba chimiro chepakati chine hurongwa hwemabhondi akabatana hweconjugation. Mufananidzo uyu unobva kutsime rekutanga unoratidza imwe nzira yokumirira chaji yepamutemo.
Chimiro chekationi chiri muChEBI chine fomura C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺, chaji yose +1, uye huremu hweavhareji 284.408. Mapoka edimethylamino ari panzvimbo 3 ne7. Chiratidzo chechaji yakanaka yepamutemo paatomu rimwe mumufananidzo inzira yokuronga kuverengwa kwechaji mumufananidzo iwoyo; hachifaniri kutorwa semepu inoratidza kugoverwa kwese kwemaelectron.
Chimiro B: munyu wechloride
Zviratidzo: Cl⁻ yegirinhi iioni yechloride ine chaji inopesana neyekationi. Yakaratidzwa isina kubatana nechimiro cheorganic nemaune. Kationi imwe ye+1 neanioni imwe ye−1 zvinopa yuniti yefomura isina chaji yose. Mifananidzo yezvimiro zvose zviri zviviri yakatorwa kubva kuChEBI ikashandurwa kuva WebP pasina kushandura mabhondi ayo kana zviratidzo zvemaatomu.
Rekodhi yePubChem yeCID 6099 inoshandisa rimwe zita rinotevedza hurongwa hwemazita emakemikari uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemabhondi akapetwa kaviri nechaji yepamutemo. Nzira idzi dzokumirira chimiro dzinochengeta kubatana kumwe chete kwemaatomu. Hadziratidzi kuti pane imwe hydrate yakasiyana kana chimwe chinhu chakawedzerwa.
Tafura yehunhu ine zvinyorwa zvinotsigira
Huremu hwemafomura huri pasi apa hunotevera kuratidzwa kwekutanga kwegwaro reUSP remethylene blue. Zviyero zvemuviri mienzaniso inobva murekodhi yeimwe trihydrate inotengeswa, uye mamiriro ekuyera akataurwa akachengetedzwa.
| Hunhu | Kukosha kana tsananguro | Hwaro uye dudziro |
|---|---|---|
| Kationi yedhayi | C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺; +1; inenge 284.41 g/mol | Kationi chete, pasina chloride nemvura; ChEBI 43830 |
| Chloride isina mvura | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S; 319.85 g/mol | Yuniti yefomura yemunyu isina chaji yose; USP |
| Monohydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·H₂O; 337.90 g/mol | Morekuru rimwe remvura payuniti yefomura yemunyu; USP |
| Trihydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·3H₂O; 373.90 g/mol | Mamorekuru matatu emvura payuniti yefomura yemunyu; USP |
| Pentahydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·5H₂O; 409.93 g/mol | Mamorekuru mashanu emvura payuniti yefomura yemunyu; USP |
| Chimiro chemuviri | Chakasimba | Chigadzirwa cheMerck/Sigma 1.04122, chakanyorwa kuti trihydrate |
| Dhensiti yechinhu chakasimba yakataurwa | 1.757 g/cm³ pa22 °C | Chigadzirwa 1.04122; haisi dhensiti yemushonga wemvura wakagadzirwa |
| Dhensiti yehupfu hwakaungana yakataurwa | 400–600 kg/m³ | Chigadzirwa chimwe chete; inosanganisira nzvimbo dziri pakati pezvimedu zvehupfu |
| pH yakataurwa | 3 pa20 °C, 10 g/L mumvura | Chigadzirwa chimwe chete nemamiriro emushonga wemvura akatsanangurwa |
| Kunyungudika kwakanyorwa | 50 g/L | Chigadzirwa chimwe chete; mashoko akaratidzwa haatauri tembiricha |
| Mashoko ekupisa | 190 °C, kuora kwemakemikari | Chigadzirwa chimwe chete; haisi tembiricha yokunyunguduka iri pakuenzana kwemamiriro isina zvimwe zvinotsanangurwa |
| pKa | Inoda asidhi nebhesi zvinowirirana zvakatsanangurwa, pamwe nesvikiro | Haishandiswi pachinzvimbo chepH yezviri mubhodhoro kana yemushonga wemvura |
Rekodhi yechigadzirwa yemugadziri inotsigira mitsara ine mashoko echigadzirwa chacho. Mashoko aya anobatsira senzvimbo dzokutarisa, asi haasi zviyero zvinodiwa pahupfu hwese kana pazvinwiwa zvese zvakapedzwa kugadzirwa. Misiyano midiki pakati pehuremu hwemafomura mumadhatabhesi inogona kuratidzawo nzira dzakasiyana dzokushandisa huremu hwemaatomu nekutenderedza nhamba; iyi inyaya yakasiyana nemusiyano mukuru zvikuru unokonzerwa nehydrate.
Sei mvura iri muchimiro ichishandura kuverenga
Millimole imwe yechloride isina mvura yakakwana inorema 319.85 mg; millimole imwe yetrihydrate yakakwana inorema 373.90 mg. Chimwe nechimwe chine millimole imwe yekationi dzedhayi. Kana zvaverengwa kubva mutafura, huremu hwetrihydrate hunenge hwakakura ne16.9% pauwandu humwe chete hwedhayi.
Naizvozvo, 1.000 g/L yechloride yakachena isina mvura inoenderana neinenge 3.13 mmol/L, asi 1.000 g/L yetrihydrate yakachena inoenderana neinenge 2.67 mmol/L. Iyi mienzaniso yakavakirwa pamafomura, isati yagadziriswa maererano nemuedzo chaiwo weuwandu hwekemikari kana mvura yakayerwa irimo. Shandisa karukureta yemolarity yemethylene blue kuti chimiro chekemikari chakasarudzwa chirambe chakajeka.
Tsananguro yeUSP inotaura muyero weuwandu hwekemikari pahwaro hwechinhu chakaomeswa. Naizvozvo, chikamu chezana chakavakirwa pachinhu chakaomeswa nehuremu hwehupfu sezvahwakagamuchirwa zvinofanira kududzirwa pamwe chete. Mvura iri muchimiro chekristaro haisi humbowo hwoga hwokuti chinhu chakasvibiswa. Kuenzaniswa kwakadzama kwetrihydrate nechinhu chisina mvura kunotsanangura kuverengwa kwemazita iwayo.
Chaji hairatidzi kuti chinhu ikoroidhi
“Chaji yesol yemethylene blue” inosanganisa mibvunzo miviri yakasiyana. Ioni yedhayi ine chaji +1. Kuti chinhu chakagadzirwa chiri sol here zvinoda mashoko pamusoro pehurongwa hwezvimedu zvakapararira machiri.
Tsananguro yeIUPAC yesol ine chokuita nehurongwa hwekoroidhi hunoyerera. Hairevi kuti mushonga wese wemvura une dhayi ine chaji ikoroidhi. Uyewo, fomura yemunyu isina chaji yose hairevi kuti ioni dzayo dzakanyunguduka imwe neimwe hadzina chaji. Chirevo pamusoro pechaji yezvimedu kana zeta potential chinoda chinhu chaicho chakagadzirwa nemamiriro ekuyera, kwete fomura yemorekuru chete.
pH, pKa, nepolarity zvinopindura mibvunzo yakasiyana
IUPAC inotsanangura pH ichishandisa activity yeioni dzehydrogen mumushonga wemvura. Naizvozvo, hupfu hwemethylene blue hwakaoma hahuna pH yemvura yakazvimirira. Mashoko epH anobatsira anotsanangura chinonyungudutsa, uwandu pachiyero chevhoriyamu, tembiricha, uye magadzirirwo echinhu. Kuwedzera buffer kunogona kushandura pH yemushonga wemvura pasina kushandura zita rekemikari rakanyorwa pachiratidzo chedhayi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, konstanti yekuparadzana kweasidhi inotsanangura kuenzana kwemaitiro kwakati, uye pKa ndiyo logarithm yayo ine hwaro hwe10 yakaiswa chiratidzo chekuti minus. “pKa yemethylene blue” inogona kushandiswa inofanira kudoma chimiro chakawedzerwa proton nechabviswa proton, pamwe nesvikiro. Nhamba iri yoga haikuudzi kana ichireva dhayi yakaitwa oxidation kana chimwe chimiro chekemikari. Kutamiswa kweproton nekutamiswa kweelectron maitiro akasiyana; ona kemisitiri yeredox yemethylene blue neleucomethylene blue kuti uverenge nezvekutamiswa kweelectron.
“Polar kana nonpolar?” inodawo chinangwa chakatsanangurwa. Methylene blue chloride ine ioni, asi kationi yayo yeorganic ine chimiro chakakura checarbon. Tsananguro iyoyo inobatsira kupfuura kupa chinhu chose chiyero chimwe chete chepolarity. Sezvinotsanangurwa nehurukuro yeIUPAC pamusoro pepolarity yezvinonyungudutsa, kubatana kwechinonyungudutsa nechinonyungudutswa kunotsamira pakudyidzana kwakasiyana-siyana. Pakugadzira, shandisa kunyungudika kwakayerwa muchinonyungudutsa chauri kuda kushandisa uye mamiriro ari mugwaro rekunyungudika nekugadzira mishonga yemvura.
Ndeipi dhensiti inofanira kushandiswa pakushandura zviyero?
Kunyange zvazvo 1 g/cm³ yakaenzana ne1 g/mL, kushandura yuniti hakushanduri zvakayerwa. Dhensiti yechinhu chakasimba haigoni kushandura milliliters emushonga wemvura usina kusimba kuva magiramu emushonga wemvura iwoyo. Dhensiti yehupfu hwakaungana inopindura mumwezve mubvunzo nokuti kurongedzana kwezvimedu kunosiya mhepo pakati pazvo.
Pakushandura kubva pahuremu pavhoriyamu kuenda pahuremu pahuremu, wana dhensiti yemushonga wemvura wakapedzwa kugadzirwa patembiricha yakataurwa. Pakuyera huremu nemolarity, simbisa fomura yechinhu uye hwaro hwemuyero weuwandu hwekemikari. Kufananidza hunhu nechinhu chiri kuyerwa kunodzivirira zvikanganiso zvisingagadziriswi nokuwedzera nhamba dziri mushure mepoindi yedesimali.