Ubururu bwa metilene ku mafi ya betta: ibibazo ku kuvura

Umworozi w'ifi ya betta abona amababa yayo yashishutse ku mpande, agafata icupa ry'ubururu, maze akabaza ikibazo cya mbere kitari cyo. Akenshi abaza ati «ngomba gushyiramo angahe?», nyamara yagombye kubaza ati «agamije iki, mu mazi ayahe, kandi apimwe ate?». Mu kigega kimwe gito cya betta, amakosa yose akunze gukorwa mu kuvura amafi yo mu bigega aruhurira: amazi make cyane atuma ikosa ryo gupima rigira ingaruka nini, ifi ihumeka umwuka wo hejuru y'amazi, n'ikimenyetso cy'amababa yashishutse kidashobora kwerekana indwara imwe gusa.

Ibi bibazo n'ibisubizo byibanda ku mafi ya betta. Bishingira ku kuba waramaze gukurikira inzira rusange yo gufata icyemezo ku kuvura amafi yo mu kigega, kandi bisigira ingingo ebyiri impapuro zazo bwite: ibimenyetso bya gihanga rusange ku kubora kw'amababa n'indwara ziterwa n'uduhumyo, hamwe n'uburyo rusange bwo kuvurira amafi mu bwogero ugereranyije no mu kigega.

Ese ubururu bwa metilene buvura kubora kw'amababa y'ifi ya betta?

Ntibishobora kwemezwa muri rusange. Banza usome ikirango. Amakuru ya Kordon ku gicuruzwa cy'ubururu bwa metilene asobanura igicuruzwa kivanzwe mu mazi gifite 2.303%, kigenewe kurwanya uduhumyo ku magi y'amafi no kuvura indwara z'uduhumyo zo ku ruhu. Afite kandi imikoreshereze y'inyongera yo kurwanya zimwe muri porotozowa zo hanze no gufasha igihe hemejwe uburozi bwa nitirite cyangwa siyanide. Icyo kirango ntigishyira mu byo iki gicuruzwa kigenewe kuvura indwara ziterwa na bagiteri, inzoka za flukes, Oodinium, n'indwara z'uduhumyo zikomeye kurushaho.

Ibyo kidafitiye amabwiriza yo kuvura ni byo bigena icyemezo mu bihe byinshi byo kubora kw'amababa. Mu mafi ya betta, kubora kw'amababa akenshi guterwa na bagiteri, nka Aeromonas cyangwa Pseudomonas, cyangwa n'indwara ya columnaris; uduhumyo tukazaza nyuma ku ngirabuzima zari zisanzwe zangiritse. Bityo, inkombe y'ibaba isa n'ipamba ishobora kuba indwara y'uduhumyo yaje yiyongera ku kibazo cya bagiteri iki gicuruzwa cy'irangi kitagenewe kuvura. Kuvura imikurire yera igaragara mu gihe indwara ya bagiteri iri munsi yayo ikomeza ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kunanirwa: amazi ahinduka ubururu, umworozi akumva ko hari icyo yakoze, ariko amababa agakomeza kwangirika no kugabanuka.

Bityo, igisubizo cy'ukuri kigira ibyo gishingiraho. Niba umuganga w'amatungo yo mu mazi asuzumye ifi yawe ya betta akemeza indwara y'uduhumyo yo ku ruhu, ubururu bwa metilene buri mu mikoreshereze yanditse ku kirango. Niba hemejwe ko ari ukubora kw'amababa guterwa na bagiteri, ntiburi muri iyo mikoreshereze, kandi ukeneye indi gahunda. Ibimenyetso bya gihanga bisobanura uwo mupaka, harimo ibyo ubururu bwa metilene bwagaragajwe ko bukora n'ibyo butagaragajwe ko bukora ku ndwara ya ich, kubora kw'amababa, n'indwara z'uduhumyo, bisuzumwa mu mabwiriza ku bimenyetso bya gihanga ku kubora kw'amababa n'indwara z'uduhumyo. Ntugafate umwanzuro wo kuri iyo paji ngo uwugire ingano yo gukoresha; ahubwo uyisome ufite indwara yamaze gusuzumwa.

Ese nshobora kuvurira ifi yanjye ya betta mu kigega cyayo?

Hitamo igikoresho cyihariye cyo kuvuriramo, kitarimo imitako cyangwa ibindi bintu. Ibintu bitatu biranga ikigega isanzwe ibamo bituma gushyiramo umuti mu buryo butaziguye bitaba byiza; ibyo uko ari bitatu bishingiye ku kirango cy'igicuruzwa, si ku nkuru zitaragenzuwe.

Icya mbere, uwakoze igicuruzwa aburira abantu kutagikoresha muri sisitemu zishingira ku kuyungurura hakoreshejwe ibinyabuzima. Bagiteri zihindura amoniya ziyitunganya mu gihe ifi yawe ya betta ikomeza kuyisohora mu gihe cyo kuvurwa; ubuvuzi bubangamira izo bagiteri busimbuza ikibazo kimwe ikindi. Icya kabiri, ikirango kiburira ko igicuruzwa gishobora kubangamira imikurire y'ibimera, kandi kivuga ko amakara akoreshwa mu kuyungurura agikura mu mazi, naho ibikoresho bifite utwenge bikakinywa. Ibyo bituma ingano nyakuri ifi ihura na yo mu kigega kirimo imitako n'akayunguruzo idashobora kumenyekana neza. Icya gatatu, silikoni y'ikigega ishobora gufata ibara burundu; ni ingaruka ku isura gusa ariko idashobora gukurwaho, kandi ni ngombwa kuyimenya mbere yo gusukamo igicuruzwa.

Ubundi buryo ni ugukoresha igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo kitarimo ibindi bintu, gifite ingano y'amazi izwi, icyuma gishyushya, uburyo bworoheje bwo kwinjiza umwuka mu mazi, kandi kitarimo ikintu gifite utwenge. Ubu buryo bunarinda ikigega gisanzwe kubamo ifi guhura n'igicuruzwa. Ariko kuyitandukanya n'izindi yonyine ntibituma amazi aba meza. Igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo ntikiba gifite akayunguruzo k'ibinyabuzima kamaze gukora neza, bityo amoniya ishobora kwiyongera vuba mu mazi make. Amabwiriza ya UF/IFAS ku miti ikoreshwa muri sisitemu zisubizamo amazi ayazengurutsa asaba gutandukanya amafi arwaye kugira ngo avurwe, akanasobanura ko ingaruka z'imiti ziterwa n'ingano n'igihe cyo kuyihura na yo, hamwe n'imiterere ya sisitemu. Kurikirana amazi yo kuvuriramo, genzura ubushyuhe, kandi utandukanye ibikoresho byo kuvura n'ibindi. Ibisobanuro birambuye ku kuba igicuruzwa kibangikana n'utuyunguruzo, ibimera, uduseke, na sisitemu z'amazi y'inyanja biri mu mabwiriza ku kubangikana n'ibigega n'ibinyabuzima bibibamo.

Ifi yanjye ya betta iba mu kigega gito. Nakwirinda nte gushyiramo umuti urenze urugero?

Mu mazi make, amakosa mato yo gupima ahinduka amakosa manini mu gipimo cy'umuti uri mu mazi. Igitonyanga kimwe cyibeshywe mu kubara mu gikoresho cyo kuvuriramo cya 2 liter gihindura igipimo incuro nyinshi kurusha icyo gitonyanga kimwe cyibeshywe mu kigega cya 40 liter. Amafi ya betta akunze kororerwa, bityo akanavurirwa, muri ayo mazi make.

Uburyo bwo kwirinda bushingira ku gukurikiza intambwe. Andika ibintu bine mbere yo gutegura amazi yo kuvuriramo: izina nyaryo ry'igicuruzwa, igipimo cy'ikinyabutabire gikora kiri mu icupa, ingano yapimwe y'amazi yo kuvuriramo mu bipimo ikirango gikoresha, n'uburyo uteganya gukoresha. Ijanisha riri ku icupa risobanura igipimo cy'umuti wibanze urimo, si igipimo cyo kuvurisha; amabwiriza asobanura ingano y'uwo muti wibanze ishyirwa mu ngano y'amazi yagenwe. Kwibiza ifi igihe gito no kuyireka mu muti igihe kirekire ni uburyo bubiri butandukanye, buri bumwe bugahuza igipimo n'igihe cyabwo. Bityo, ntugahuze igipimo cyo mu mabwiriza amwe n'igihe cyo mu yandi. Amabwiriza yo kuvurira mu bwogero ugereranyije no mu kigega asobanura impamvu ibyo bipimo n'ibihe bidashobora gusimburana, akananyura mu mabwiriza ari ku kirango.

Pima ingano y'amazi aho kwizera ingano ikigega cyitirirwa. Ibiri hasi mu kigega, imitako, n'amazi atageze ku rwego rwo hejuru byose bigabanya ingano yamamazwa ko ikigega gifata; mu gikoresho gito, buri gice cya liter kiburamo kiba ari umugabane munini. Koresha ibipimo bya metiriki na serenge cyangwa pipeti ifite imirongo y'ibipimo kugira ngo upime umuti wibanze, aho kubara ibitonyanga ukanda icupa, kandi utegure amazi yose yo kuvuriramo mbere y'uko ifi iyinjiramo.

Ese urugingo rwa labirente hari icyo ruhindura ku kuvura?

Yego, mu buryo bumwe bufatika. Amafi ya betta afite urugingo rwa labirente: arazamuka agahumeka umwuka wo mu kirere akoresheje urugingo rwabigenewe, akanakura ogisijeni mu mazi akoresheje imishwi yayo. Ni yo mpamvu amabwiriza y'ubworozi asaba ko ashobora kugera ku buso bw'amazi nta kiyabangamiye. Igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo kigomba rero gutuma ifi ishobora kugera ku buso bw'amazi igihe cyose, hejuru y'amazi hakaba umwuka ushyushye kandi ufite ubuhehere, aho kuba umupfundikizo ukonje ufunze cyane.

Ibi bifite akamaro mu buryo bubiri. Icya mbere, amabwiriza yose asaba gupfundikira amazi yo kuvuriramo hafi cyane y'ubuso bwayo, cyangwa kuzuza igikoresho kugera ku munwa wacyo, abangamira uburyo ifi ihumeka. Siga umwanya w'umwuka kandi ukoreshe umupfundikizo utuma umwuka unyuramo. Amazi yo kuvuriramo agume ku bushyuhe busanzwe, butajegajega kandi bushyushye ifi imenyereye; amabwiriza y'abaganga b'amatungo asaba ubushyuhe bwa 76 kugeza kuri 81F mu bigega bya betta, ubusanzwe bugumishwa kuri urwo rwego n'icyuma gishyushya. Icya kabiri, guhumeka ku buso bw'amazi ntibirinda ifi amazi mabi. Amoniya na nitirite byangiza imishwi kandi bigatera ifi guhangayika, nubwo ishobora kubona umwuka. Ni yo mpamvu igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo kigomba gukomeza kugenzurwa nubwo ifi ikirimo ishobora kumira umwuka. Nubonamo gukomeza guhumeka bigoranye, intege nke, cyangwa kwikuba ku bintu, fata ibyo nk'ibimenyetso by'ikibazo cy'amazi cyangwa cy'indwara kitarakemutse, aho kubifata nk'aho bisaba kongeramo irangi.

Ni iki ngomba kugenzura mbere yo gukoresha ubururu bwa metilene?

Banza ugenzure aho ifi iba mbere yo kwemeza indwara. Amabwiriza ya UF/IFAS yo kwita ku buzima bw'amafi asaba kubanza kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi igihe amafi agaragara nk'arwaye. Mu gihe hagaragaye uburwayi, ibipimo by'ibanze bigomba gusuzumwa ni ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi, amoniya, nitirite, na pH. Ikigega cya betta gifite amazi asa n'asukuye gishobora kuba kirimo amoniya yangiza amafi; ku bipimo byangiza amafi, iyo amoniya ntigira ibara cyangwa impumuro. Gusobanukirwa igipimo cya amoniya yose bisaba kumenya ubushyuhe na pH, nk'uko UF/IFAS ibisobanura ku bijyanye na amoniya muri sisitemu z'ubworozi bwo mu mazi.

Kurikiza intambwe zo gufata icyemezo kimwe n'izo wakurikiza ku yandi mafi yo mu bigega: banza wemeze ubuziranenge bw'amazi n'imikorere y'ibikoresho, uhuze ikibazo cyasuzumwe n'imikoreshereze nyakuri igicuruzwa kigenewe, wemeze igicuruzwa nyacyo n'amabwiriza asomeka, ugenzure ko igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo gishobora kubahiriza ibisabwa ku kirango kugira ngo kibangikane n'igicuruzwa, upime ingano nyakuri y'amazi, maze ushyireho gahunda yo gukurikirana no kurangiza ubuvuzi, hamwe n'inzira yo kwiyambaza ubufasha burushijeho igihe bikenewe. Ibisebe, gukomeza guhumeka bigoranye, cyangwa gukomeza gupfa bisaba gusuzumwa vuba n'umuganga w'amatungo yo mu mazi cyangwa inzobere mu buzima bw'amafi, aho kongera gukoresha irangi.

Ese buri fi nshya ya betta igomba kwibizwa mu muti wo kwirinda indwara?

Nta mpamvu yo kubigira igikorwa gisanzwe. Kuba amazi atwarwamo amafi ari ubururu si ikimenyetso cy'uko buri fi nshya yungukira mu bwogero bw'umuti. Mu igerageza ryatangajwe na Laboratwari y'Ubworozi bwo mu Mazi yo mu Turere Dushyuha ya Kaminuza ya Florida, ubururu bwa metilene bwakoreshejwe mu bwogero bwo kwirinda indwara ntibwateje imbere isura cyangwa imyitwarire by'amafi byapimwe. Irindi gerageza ryo gutwara amafi yo mu bwoko bwa velvet swordtail ryagaragaje ko gukoresha umuti byatumye agira isura nziza ako kanya, ariko nyuma y'icyumweru isura zayo zari zimaze gusa. Uburyo butandukanye bwo guhura n'umuti, ibyagaragajwe bitandukanye, kandi nta nama imwe rusange yo kubukoresha mu gutwara amafi.

Ku fi nshya ya betta, kuyishyira mu kato no kuyikurikirana biruta gukoresha umuti wo kwirinda indwara. Amabwiriza ya UF/IFAS yo gutunga ikigega cy'amafi mu buryo bushinzwe ashyira akato, kuyungurura bikwiye, imirire, n'ubuziranenge bw'amazi mu bikorwa bisanzwe byo kwirinda indwara. Itegereze ifi, upime amazi, kandi ukoreshe umuti gusa igihe hari impamvu yemejwe muri iyo gahunda.

Mu magambo make

Vuga ikibazo cyasuzumwe, wemeze ko kiri mu byo igicuruzwa kigenewe kuvura nk'uko byanditse ku kirango, kandi uvurire mu gikoresho kitarimo ibindi bintu, gifite ingano y'amazi yapimwe, gituma ifi igera ku buso bw'amazi, hamwe na gahunda yo gukurikirana. Kubora kw'amababa kutarasuzumwa si impamvu yemewe yo gukoresha umuti. Ikigega gito kitagira ingano y'amazi yapimwe ntigitanga igipimo cy'umuti. Kandi ikigega cy'ubururu kitagira gahunda yo gukurikirana si ubuvuzi.