Impamvu uburyo methylene blue yinjiza urumuri buhinduka uko yibanda

Fata icupa rimwe ry'igisukika cy'ibanze cya methylene blue, maze usuke mu birahuri bibiri. Uzuza icya mbere ukoresheje icyo gisukika cy'ibanze, naho icya kabiri ukoresheje icyagabanyirijwe ukwibanda inshuro icumi. Nk'uko byitezwe, ibara ryo mu kirahuri cya kabiri riracuyutse kurushaho. Itegereze neza, ubone ko hari ikindi cyahindutse. Ubwoko bw'ibara bwahindutse. Igisukika kimwe kijya gusa n'ubururu butamurutse bw'ikirere, ikindi kikajya gusa n'ubururu burimo ibara ry'umuhengeri. Kugabanya ukwibanda ntibyagabanyije ubukana bw'ibara gusa. Byahinduye ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bwinjiza igice kinini cy'urumuri.

Igitekerezo gisobanura iryo hinduka kiroroshye. Methylene blue yashongeye mu gisukika ntiba iri mu bwoko bumwe gusa. Katiyoni imwe y'irangi, yitwa monomeri, ishobora kwiyegeranya na katiyoni ya kabiri impande zazo zibangikanye, zigakora dimeri; kandi dimeri zishobora gukomeza kwibumbira mu matsinda manini. Buri bwoko bugira sipekitirumu yabwo yo kwinjiza urumuri. Icyo igikoresho gipima sipekitirumu y'urumuri cyerekana ni igiteranyo cy'ibyinjiye mu moko yose ari muri iyo kiveti, muri iyo mimerere. Hindura uko ayo moko avanze, sipekitirumu ihinduke, nubwo ingano yose y'irangi yagabanutse ikurikije igipimo cyo kuvanga cyoroshye.

Monomeri na dimeri byinjiza urumuri mu buryo butandukanye

Tekereza monomeri nk'ikarita irambuye ifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi mwiza ukwirakwiye mu miterere yayo y'impeta. Amakarita abiri nk'ayo ashobora kubangikana impande zayo zirebana. Imiriro myiza irasunikana, ariko ubuso burambuye bw'impeta aromatiki bukururana binyuze mu mikoranire yo kubangikana, naho amazi na iyoni bifite umuriro utandukanye biri hafi yabyo bikagabanya uko zisunikana. Ibyo bituma habaho ibice bibiri bifatanye bifite imimerere ya elegitoroni bisangiye. Ihinduka ryemewe hagati y'imimerere yabyo riba ku rwego rw'ingufu ruri hejuru y'urw'ihinduka rya monomeri. Bityo umurongo wa dimeri ugaragara ku burebure bw'umuraba bugufi kurusha umurongo wa monomeri, naho amatsinda manini akagira uruhare mu kwagura uruhande rwerekeza ku bururu, nk'akabyimba ku murongo.

Iyo ukwibanda kuri hasi cyane mu mazi asukuye, monomeri ni zo ziba nyinshi kandi umurongo w'uburebure bw'umuraba burebure ni wo uba ukomeye. Uko ukwibanda kw'irangi ryose kwiyongera, ubwoko bugizwe n'ibice bibiri bufata umugabane ugenda wiyongera, maze umurongo w'uburebure bw'umuraba bugufi ukarushaho gukomera ugereranyije n'uwa mbere. Bityo ikigereranyo cy'iyo mirongo ibiri cyerekana uko uruvange rugizwe, aho kwerekana ukwibanda kose mu buryo butaziguye. Igipimo gifashwe ku burebure bw'umuraba bumwe ntigishobora gutandukanya ayo moko yombi hatabanje gukekwa ubwoko buhari.

Ni yo mpamvu sipekitirumu zifatwa nk'ibipimo fatizo zigomba buri gihe kujyana n'imimerere zapimiwemo. Amakuru fatizo ya sipekitirumu ya methylene blue ashyira mu mbonerahamwe aho imirongo iherereye, hamwe n'igisukika gishongesha, umunyu urimo, pH, ubushyuhe n'intera y'ukwibanda byatumye iboneka. Kuvuga umwanya w'impinga utatanze iyo mimerere bituma uwo mubare utagira ibisobanuro bihagije. Laboratwari ebyiri zishobora zombi kuba zivuga ukuri kuri sipekitirumu zitandukanye z'irangi rimwe, kubera ko zapimye imvange zitandukanye.

Ibihindura uburinganire

Ukwibanda ni ko kintu kigira uruhare runini. Kugira ngo dimeri ikorwe, monomeri ebyiri zigomba guhura; bityo umugabane wa dimeri wiyongera vuba kurusha ukwiyongera gukurikira umurongo ugororotse kw'ingano yose y'irangi. Konstante z'ikorwa rya dimeri mu mazi zatangajwe ziri mu bihumbi kuri molar hafi y'ubushyuhe bwo mu cyumba, bityo umugabane wa dimeri ukazamuka cyane mu ntera ya micromolar. Guhuza amakuru yose n'urugero rw'imibare rwagutse, rukubiyemo irangi kuva kuri micromolar kugeza kuri millimolar, byagaragaje uruhare rwa tetrameri rutari zeru no munsi ya 34 micromolar. Ibyo byerekana ko umuntu atagomba kwiringira urugero rw'imibare rufata ko hari amoko abiri gusa igihe ukwibanda kuri muri za mirongo za micromolar. Imigabane nyayo iterwa n'igisukika ayo moko arimo; ni yo mpamvu iyi ngingo itanga icyerekezo cy'impinduka aho gutanga imbonerahamwe imwe yo guhindura ibipimo ikoreshwa hose.

Umunyu ni ikintu cya kabiri kigira uruhare. Iyoni zashongeye zigabanya ugusunikana hagati ya katiyoni ebyiri. Bityo kongeramo sodium chloride n'izindi elektrolite zisa na yo bituma uruvange rwerekeza kuri dimeri n'amatsinda yibumbiye hamwe, nubwo ukwibanda kw'irangi kutahindutse. Izi ngaruka zigaragara mu bushakashatsi ku kwibumbira hamwe kwa methylene blue mu bisukika by'umunyu no mu mazi, aho irangi kuva hafi ya 1 micromolar kugeza kuri 3.4 millimolar ryapimwe muri sodium chloride kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 0.15 molar. Muri urwo rugero rw'imibare, umugabane wa tetrameri wageze hafi ya 0.93 aho irangi n'umunyu byombi byari byinshi. Bityo sipekitirumu yapimwe mu mazi n'iyapimwe mu gisukika cy'umunyu gihuje n'imimerere y'umubiri ntizishobora gusimburana nk'ibipimo fatizo.

Ubushyuhe butuma impinduka yerekeza mu rundi ruhande. Kubangikana kurekura amazi yari afatanye n'ibice by'irangi, kandi kunyeganyega guterwa n'ubushyuhe kukabangamira. Bityo gushyushya igisukika akenshi bitandukanya dimeri zimwe zikongera kuba monomeri, naho gukonjesha bigafasha ibice gufatana. Entalipi yo gutandukana yabonetse mu rugero rw'imibare iri munsi ya zeru, hafi ya minus 30 kilojoules per mole hagati ya 282 na 333 kelvin, ibyo bikemeza ko gufatana kurekura ubushyuhe. Sampuli ikonje ipimwe ako kanya ikimara kuvanwa muri firigo ishobora kugaragara ko yibumbiyemo amatsinda menshi kurusha iyo sampuli imwe ipimwe imaze kuringanira n'ubushyuhe bwo mu cyumba.

Igisukika gishongesha gishyiraho imimerere y'ibanze. Amazi, kubera ingaruka zikomeye agira ku bice bitayakururwa, atuma katiyoni z'irangi zirambuye zibangikana. Alukoro nka ethanol na methanol zikikiza impeta neza kurushaho kandi zigatandukanya amatsinda yibumbiye hamwe. Bityo, ku kwibanda kumwe kw'irangi, monomeri ziba nyinshi muri ethanol kurusha mu mazi. Ibisukika byunganira igishongesha bidatanga proton na byo bigira izo ngaruka: mu mvange z'amazi na DMSO kuri 293 kelvin, DMSO yongewemo yagabanyije ikorwa rya dimeri. Ibyo byerekana ko imiterere y'amazi igira uruhare mu gutera kubangikana. Ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso bisaba kwitonderwa mu byerekezo byombi. Iyo ukwibanda kwabyo kurenze igipimo ntarengwa cyo gukora miseli, miseli zishobora gufasha monomeri gushonga buri imwe ukwayo, zigatuma sipekitirumu yongera gusa n'iya monomeri. Munsi y'icyo gipimo, ikinyabutabire kigabanya ubukana bwo ku buso gifite umuriro utandukanye n'uw'irangi gishobora ahubwo guteza kubangikana: ku irangi rya 100 micromolar, ikorwa rya polimeri ryatewe na SDS ryageze ku rwego rwo hejuru hafi ya 4 millimolar SDS, hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'igipimo miseli zitangiriraho, mbere y'uko ibice byongera kwigabanya ku byiciro bitandukanye igihe ibyo binyabutabire byiyongeraga. Ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'imikoranire y'irangi n'igisukika gishongesha hamwe n'ibisukika bifite amatsinda atunganijwe kuri sipekitirumu za methylene blue bwerekana uko molekile ziherereye hafi y'irangi, atari ukwibanda rusange gusa, zigena cyane imirongo igaragara.

pH igira uruhare cyane cyane iyo iri ku bipimo bikabije. Mu ntera yegereye pH itabogamye ikoreshwa mu mirimo myinshi ya laboratwari, methylene blue iguma mu bwoko bwayo busanzwe bw'ubururu bufite umuriro mwiza, kandi kwibumbira hamwe ni byo bigira uruhare runini kuri sipekitirumu. Aside cyangwa baze bikomeye, imikoranire yo kugabanya no kongera urwego rwa okisidasiyo ikora ubwoko bwa leuco butagira ibara, cyangwa gufatana na poroteyine n'uduce tw'ibintu, buri kimwe cyongeraho imimerere itari muri monomeri na dimeri gusa. Iyo sipekitirumu ihindutse nyuma yo kongeramo igisukika gikomeza pH, banza ugenzure niba kigizwe n'umunyu cyangwa ibice bishobora gufatana n'irangi, mbere yo kuvuga ko impinduka zose zatewe na pH yonyine. Amakuru fatizo ya shimi no kongerwaho proton atandukanya ibyo bibazo byerekeye ubwoko bw'ikinyabutabire n'ikibazo cyo kwibumbira hamwe gisobanurwa hano.

Impamvu umurongo ugororotse wa Beer-Lambert ugorama

Isano ya Beer-Lambert ivuga ko igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri kingana n'ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri bukubwe n'ukwibanda, bigakubwa n'uburebure bw'inzira y'urumuri. Ni itegeko ryo kubara. Rifata ko ibintu bibarwa biguma bisa uko umubare wabyo uhinduka: ubwoko bumwe bwinjiza urumuri, sipekitirumu idahinduka, nta mpinduka za shimi ziterwa n'ukwibanda, urumuri rwo gupima rufite uburebure bw'umuraba bumwe, nta gutatanya urumuri cyangwa kongera kurusohora, kandi urumuri rugaca koko mu nzira ifite uburebure bwavuzwe.

Kwibumbira hamwe kurenga ku gisabwa cya mbere. Mu buryo bw'imibare, igipimo cyose cyo kwinjiza urumuri gikomeza kuba igiteranyo cy'ibipimo by'amoko yose: uburebure bw'inzira y'urumuri bukubwe n'ubushobozi bwa buri bwoko bwo kwinjiza urumuri, bigakubwa n'ukwibanda kw'ubwo bwoko. Buri bwoko bukurikiza iryo tegeko. Uruvange ntirurikurikiza, kuko ukwibanda kw'amoko atandukanye kudahinduka gukurikije umurongo ugororotse uko ingano yose y'irangi ihinduka. Bityo umurongo wo kugena ibipimo ugereranya igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri ku murongo wa monomeri n'ingano yose y'irangi utangira ugororotse igihe igisukika gifite ukwibanda guke cyane, ukagorama werekeza hasi uko ukwibanda kwiyongera. Ibyo biterwa n'uko buri ngano y'irangi yongewemo izana umugabane wa monomeri ugenda ugabanuka. Umurongo upimwe ku murongo wa dimeri ugorama werekeza mu rundi ruhande. Ubushakashatsi ku kwibumbira hamwe bugaragaza neza ko iyi mikorere ari yo itera gutandukira itegeko rya Lambert-Beer bigaragara mu bipimo. Guhuza umurongo ugororotse n'igice kigoramye, hanyuma ukawukoresha mu kubara ibipimo biri hanze y'icyo gice, ni ikosa risanzwe. Uwo murongo wemewe gusa mu ntera no mu gisukika wagenewe.

Kugabanya ukwibanda biteza undi mutego ufitanye isano n'uwo. Kugabanya ukwibanda kw'igisukika cy'ibanze cyibanze cyane kugira ngo kigere mu ntera igikoresho gishobora gupima ntibigumana ikigereranyo cy'amoko. Igisukika cyagabanyirijwe ukwibanda kiri muri kiveti cyongera kugera ku buringanire bwerekeza kuri monomeri. Bityo sipekitirumu yacyo isobanura neza sampuli yagabanyirijwe ukwibanda, ariko ntisobanure neza igisukika cy'ibanze. Kubara usubira kuri sipekitirumu y'igisukika cy'ibanze wongera ibipimo byo kwinjiza urumuri bigarura igereranya ry'ingano yose gusa iyo uburyo bwo kugena ibipimo bwari busanzwe bwita kuri iryo hinduka. Ntibyigera bigarura ishusho y'umurongo w'umwimerere. Umuntu wese ugereranya sipekitirumu y'igisukika cyibanze cyane n'igipimo fatizo cy'igisukika gifite ukwibanda guke aba agereranya imvange ebyiri zitandukanye.

Uburebure bw'inzira y'urumuri ni igice cy'igisubizo

Igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri cyiyongera uko intera urumuri runyura muri sampuli yiyongera. Kiveti ya 10 mm itanga igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri gikubye inshuro icumi icy'iya 1 mm irimo igisukika kimwe. Iryo gereranya riba nyaryo gusa iyo igisukika ari kimwe, kandi kwibumbira hamwe bituma icyo gisabwa kiba ingenzi cyane.

Mu bikorwa, uburebure bw'inzira y'urumuri ni igikoresho cyo kuguma mu ntera y'ibipimo byemewe. Inzira ndende ituma igikoresho gishobora gutahura neza ibisukika bifite ukwibanda guke kandi bigizwe ahanini na monomeri. Inzira ngufi ituma sampuli yibanze cyane iguma mu ntera y'igikoresho bitabaye ngombwa kuyigabanyiriza ukwibanda cyane, kuko ibyo byasubiraho uburinganire bw'amoko. Gahunda y'ubushakashatsi ku kwibumbira hamwe yatanze imibare iri hejuru yakoze ibyo nyine: udukoresho twa 1 centimeter ku irangi rya 1.1 kugeza kuri 34 micromolar, n'utwa 0.01 centimeter ku irangi rya 94 micromolar kugeza kuri 3.4 millimolar. Utwuma dushyirwaho udutonyanga duto cyane n'ibikoresho bisoma amasahani ya laboratwari byongeraho imiterere yabyo y'inzira y'urumuri, ifite inzira ngufi kandi rimwe na rimwe zihindagurika, hamwe n'ubuso irangi rifite umuriro mwiza rishobora gufataho. Tanga uburebure bw'inzira hamwe n'umubare, nk'uko amakuru fatizo ya sipekitirumu atanga igisukika gishongesha n'umunyu. Igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri kitajyanye n'uburebure bw'inzira y'urumuri si igisubizo. Ni inkuru idafite gihamya.

Uburyo bunoze bwo gupima bukomoka kuri iyo mikorere. Reka sampuli ziringanire ku bushyuhe bumwe mbere yo kuzisoma. Koresha kiveti zo mu bwoko bumwe kandi zireba mu cyerekezo kimwe, ibisukika byo gukuraho igipimo fatizo bihuje kandi birimo umunyu n'igisukika gikomeza pH bimwe, n'ibikoresho by'ibirahuri bisukuye. Ibyo ni ngombwa kuko methylene blue ifata ku buso bw'ikirahuri na pulasitiki, kandi kiveti yasigayemo ibara iba ifite ibisigisigi bya sampuli iheruka yari yibanze cyane. Soma ibipimo vuba nyuma yo gutegura sampuli igihe umuvuduko wo kwibumbira hamwe ugira uruhare, kandi ukore buri murongo wo kugena ibipimo mu gisukika gifite ibigize bimwe no ku burebure bw'inzira y'urumuri bumwe n'ibya sampuli zitaramenyekana. Mu gusuzuma ukoresheje amaso, ibuka ko ijisho ridapima sipekitirumu neza. Kumenya niba ibara ry'igisukika rishobora kwemeza ubuziranenge ni ikindi kibazo gifite igisubizo cya oya, kandi impinduka z'ubwoko bw'ibara ziterwa no kwibumbira hamwe ni imwe mu mpamvu.

Igishushanyo cyo gushyira iruhande rw'igikoresho

Igishushanyo gikurikira gihina iyi ngingo mu nyandiko imwe yifashishwa aho bakorera muri laboratwari. Ibisukika bitatu bifite irangi rimwe, ariko bitandukanye mu kwibanda kose no mu munyu birimo. Sipekitirumu zabyo zerekanywe mu buryo bw'igishushanyo zigaragaza ko umurongo wa monomeri w'uburebure bw'umuraba burebure ugenda utakaza umugabane ugafatwa n'umurongo wa dimeri w'uburebure bw'umuraba bugufi uko kubangikana kwiyongera. Imimerere zanditse ku gishushanyo kuko, zitariho, iyo mirongo idashobora kongera gukoreshwa. Ku myanya y'imirongo yapimwe mu mimerere yasobanuwe, koresha amakuru fatizo ya sipekitirumu. Ku buryo irangi ryinjira mu ngirabuzimafatizo iyo rimaze gushonga, reba kwinjira mu ngirabuzimafatizo binyuze mu kugabanya urwego rwa okisidasiyo no kwigabanya hagati y'ibice bitandukanye. Ku buryo ingano y'urumuri n'imiterere y'inzira yarwo birushaho kugira uruhare mu bipimo by'impinduka za shimi ziterwa n'urumuri, reba gushyirwa ku rumuri n'imiterere y'uburyo bwo gupima.

Itegeko ryo kuzirikana rifite ibice bibiri. Sipekitirumu igaragaza uruvange ruri muri kiveti mu mimerere yasobanuwe. Uburyo bwo kugena ibipimo bwakozwe muri iyo mimerere imwe ni bwo bwonyine buhindura igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri mo ukwibanda kose.