Inyandiko
Gukoresha agatonyangisha gafite ibimenyetso by'ibipimo ku bururu bwa metilene: gusoma ingano neza
Agatonyangisha gafite ibimenyetso by'ibipimo gapima ingano y'igisukika. Kugira ngo umenye ubwinshi bw'ubururu bwa metilene buri muri iyo ngano, ugomba no kumenya ikigero cy'ubwinshi cyanditswe ku ruvange. Agatonyangisha cyangwa iyo mibare ntibikubwira ubwinshi umuntu akwiriye gufata.
Tangirira ku bibazo bitatu bitandukanye: Ni ikihe gipimo cyanditse iruhande rw'ibimenyetso? Igisukika kigeze ku kihe kimenyetso? Akarango kavuga ko muri buri mililitiro harimo miligarama zingahe? Gutandukanya ibyo bibazo birinda ikosa rikunze kubaho: gufata igitonyanga, mililitiro na miligarama nk'ibipimo bisimburana.
Ibyo urupapuro rw'igicuruzwa rwemeza
Urupapuro rw'uruvange rwo mu mazi rwa Blupreme rwa 100 mL ruvuga ko ikigero cy'ubwinshi ari 1% y'uburemere ku ngano, ihwanye na 10 mg/mL, kandi rugasobanura ko agatonyangisha kazana na rwo gafite ibimenyetso kuri 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, na 1 mL. Umubare wa 100 mL ugaragaza ibiri mu icupa; imibare mito igaragaza ingano zipimwa mu gatonyangisha.
Koresha akarango n'igikoresho byazanye n'icupa ryawe. Ibisobanuro by'igicuruzwa ntibyemeza urugero rw'ikosa rwemewe mu ipimwa ry'agatonyangisha runaka. Urupapuro rwatangajwe ntirutanga igipimo cy'imibare kigaragaza ukuri kw'ibipimo, bityo kuba hari ikimenyetso cya 0.25 mL ntibigomba gufatwa nk'icyemezo cy'uko gashobora gupima neza kugeza ku wundi mubare nyuma y'akadomo.
Igishushanyo gikurikira ni igishushanyo cy'umwimerere kigamije gusobanura, si ifoto cyangwa icyemezo cy'igenzura ry'ibipimo. Igisukika cyashushanyijwe kibonerana kugira ngo ubuso bwacyo bugaragare neza.
Ahantu hasi cyane ku buso bw'igisukika bugaragara bwunamye hagati haringaniye na 0.5 mL. Imibare ibiri yerekana impamvu ingano imwe ishobora kubamo ubwinshi butandukanye. Izi ni ingero zo gupima, si ibipimo bisabwa gufatwa.
Soma ibimenyetso by'ibipimo mbere yo kuzuza
Banza umenye ibipimo bikoreshwa. Ikimenyetso cyanditseho mL gipima ingano. Ikimenyetso cyanditseho mg cyagaragaza ubwinshi gusa ku kigero cy'ubwinshi cyihariye igikoresho cyakorewe. Agatembabuye k'ikirahure katagira ibimenyetso ntigatanga umubare wizewe w'ingano.
Hanyuma, genzura uko imibare ikurikirana n'intera iri hagati yayo. Mu bipimo byashushanyijwe, 0.25 mL iri hafi y'isonga, 0.5 mL iri hejuru yayo, na 1 mL iri hejuru kurushaho. Ikinyuranyo cy'imibare kuva kuri 0.5 kugera kuri 1 mL ni kabiri icy'uva kuri 0.25 kugera kuri 0.5 mL. Ntukibwire ko buri mibare ibiri yanditse yegeranye igaragaza iyongera ringana.
Niba ikindi gikoresho gifite ibimenyetso bito biri hagati, menya icyo buri kimwe kingana uhereye ku mibare yanditse ku mpande zombi. Urugero, intera eshanu zingana hagati ya 0.5 na 1 mL zingana na 0.1 mL buri imwe: ikinyuranyo cya 0.5 mL, kigabanyijwe na gatanu. Bara intera, aho kubara imirongo igaragara. Urwo rugero ntiruvuga ko agatonyangisha kazana n'igicuruzwa gafite ibyo bimenyetso by'inyongera.
Shyira ubuso bw'igisukika ku rwego rw'amaso
Kurikiza amabwiriza yo kuzuza igikoresho. Ku gatonyangisha gasanzwe gafite agapira gafinywa, finya ako gapira mbere yo kwibiza isonga, hanyuma ukarekure buhoro kugira ngo igisukika cyinjire mu gatembabuye. Ntukareke igisukika cyinjira mu gapira. Imyanya y'umwuka igaragara mu gisukika gipimwa ifata umwanya wagombye kubamo igisukika; ongera ukinjize aho kwemera igipimo kirimo utubumbe tw'umwuka.
Fata agatembabuye gahagaze kagororotse, ushyire ikimenyetso ukeneye ku rwego rw'amaso. Kurebera hejuru umanura amaso cyangwa kurebera hasi uyazamura bishobora gutuma ubuso busa n'aho bwimukiye ahandi ugereranyije n'ibimenyetso by'ibipimo. Iri kosa ryo kureba ryitwa parallax.
Ubuso bw'igisukika bwihinnye bwitwa meniscus. Ku buso bugaragara bwunamye hagati, uburyo busanzwe bwo gusoma bukoresha ahantu ho hagati hari hasi cyane, nk'uko igishushanyo kibyerekana. Amabwiriza ya NIST yo gusoma meniscus asobanura gushyira ubuso ku rwego rw'amaso n'impamvu uburyo bwo gusoma bugomba guhuza n'ubwakoreshejwe mu kugenzura ibipimo by'igikoresho. Anavuga ku ngorane ziterwa n'ibisukika bitabonerana.
Ibara ryijimye ry'ubururu bwa metilene rishobora gutuma ubwo buso bugorana kubutandukanya. Ongera urumuri kandi ukoreshe inyuma hafite ibara rimwe ritandukanye n'iry'igisukika. Niba ahantu hateganyijwe gushingirwaho mu gusoma hakomeje kutagaragara, shaka amabwiriza yihariye y'igikoresho cyangwa ikindi gikoresho cyo gupima kiboneye. Ntugasimbuze bucece inkombe yo hasi itagaragara n'iyo hejuru ngo wibwire ko ibisubizo bingana.
Hindura ingano yapimwe mo ubwinshi
Uburyo bwo kubara ni ubu:
Amount in mg = measured volume in mL × concentration in mg/mL.
Ku ijanisha ry'uburemere ku ngano, 1% w/v bivuga 1 g muri 100 mL z'uruvange rwa nyuma. Kubera ko 1 g ari 1,000 mg, ibyo bingana na 10 mg/mL. Ijanisha ritagaragaza icyo rishingiyeho ntiryuzuye: uburemere ku buremere n'uburemere ku ngano bisobanura ibintu bitandukanye.
| Urugero rw'ingano | Ikigero cy'ubwinshi cyasobanuwe neza | Kubara | Ubwinshi burimo |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.25 mL | 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 0.25 × 10 | 2.5 mg |
| 0.5 mL | 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 0.5 × 10 | 5 mg |
| 1 mL | 1% w/v = 10 mg/mL | 1 × 10 | 10 mg |
| 0.5 mL | 0.5% w/v = 5 mg/mL | 0.5 × 5 | 2.5 mg |
Umurongo wa kane ni urugero rw'uruvange rwatekerejwe kugira ngo rugereranywe n'urundi, si ibyemezwa ku kindi gicuruzwa cya Blupreme. Zirikana ko 0.25 mL ku kigero cy'ubwinshi cya mbere na 0.5 mL ku cya kabiri birimo uburemere bungana. Ku rundi ruhande, igipimo kimwe cya 0.5 mL kirimo ikinyabutabire gikubye kabiri kuri 10 mg/mL ugereranyije na 5 mg/mL.
Igikoresho gihindura ibipimo by'ikigero cy'ubwinshi gikora iyi mibare yo guhindura ibipimo. Kubara ubwinshi muri mol kuri litiro muri laboratwari bisaba andi makuru ku miterere ya molekile n'icyashingiweho mu buremere, asobanurwa mu gikoresho kibara ubwinshi bw'ubururu bwa metilene muri mol kuri litiro.
Impamvu ibitonyanga n'“agatonyangisha kuzuye” ari inzira zihuse zitizewe
Igitonyanga ni igice cy'igisukika gitandukana n'isonga, si ingano yapimwe ihuriweho hose. Ubushakashatsi bwa Brown na bagenzi be ku dutonyangisha tw'imiti inyuzwa mu kanwa bwagereranyije gutanga igisukika mu buryo bugenzurwa muri laboratwari no kugikoresha kw'abakorerabushake. Kubogamisha udutonyangisha twageragejwe tugakora inguni ya 45 degrees uvuye ku murongo uhagaze byagabanyije ingano zatanzwe kandi byongera itandukaniro ryazo. Ubu bwari ubushakashatsi ku gutanga ibindi bisukika by'imiti, si igerageza ry'ubururu bwa metilene.
Bityo, umubare w'ibitonyanga muri mililitiro wemejwe ku gikoresho n'igisukika bimwe ntushobora gukoreshwa uko wakabaye ku bindi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, gufinya agapira rimwe ntibisobanura ingano y'“agatonyangisha kuzuye”. Soma ikimenyetso igisukika cyagezeho koko. Ntugasimbuze igipimo cyanditse muri mL kubara ibitonyanga.
Komeza kubahiriza icyo igipimo gisobanura
Andika 0.5 mL, harimo na zeru ibanza. Amabwiriza ya FDA ku gupima imiti y'ibisukika ashimangira guhuza ibipimo byo ku karango n'ibyo ku gikoresho, no gukoresha zeru ibanza ku mibare iri munsi ya rimwe. Aya mahame rusange yo gupima ntiyemeza ko uruvange rugurishwa rukoreshwa mu buvuzi.
Niba ingano yateganyijwe iri munsi y'ikimenyetso cyo hasi cyane, irenze ubushobozi bw'igikoresho, cyangwa isaba ibimenyetso by'ibipimo bito kurusha ibyo igikoresho gifite, hitamo ibikoresho bibereye icyo gipimo ubifashijwemo n'umunyamwuga cyangwa laboratwari bireba. Ntugereranye igice kitagira ikimenyetso ngo utangaze ko igipimo cyacyo ari nyacyo. Kurikiza amabwiriza y'uwakoze igikoresho yo gutanga igisukika no kugisukura; ntukihimbire uburyo bw'inyongera bwo kucyoza cyangwa kukinyuzamo igisukika kugira ngo ugaruze igisukika gisigaye.
Ku bibazo by'ubuvuzi, inyandiko yihariye ku bipimo by'ingano y'ubururu bwa metilene ifatwa isobanura impamvu ubwinshi bwabazwe hashingiwe ku karango k'icupa ubwabwo atari inama y'ubuvuzi. Gupima neza bigaragaza ubwinshi buhari. Guhitamo ingano umuntu afata bisaba icyemezo cyihariye cyo mu buvuzi.