Nkhani
Kemistri ya methylene blue: kapangidwe, fomula, katundu, ndi mayina
Methylene blue nthawi zambiri amatanthauza methylthioninium chloride, mchere wokhala ndi utoto wa organic wa chaji yabwino ndi ayoni wa chloride wa chaji yotsutsana nawo. Mchere wopanda madzi uli ndi fomula C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S ndipo kulemera kwa fomula yake ndi pafupifupi 319.85 g/mol. Madzi omwe ali m'kapangidwe ka makhiristo amasintha kulemera kwa zinthu zoyezedwa popanda kusintha mtundu wa katayoni wa utoto wake.
Kusiyana kumeneku kumafotokoza zinthu zingapo zomwe zimaoneka ngati zikutsutsana m'makatalogu a mankhwala. Zolembedwa zinganene molondola kuti chaji yonse ya mchere ndi ziro, pomwe zikufotokoza utotowo kuti uli ndi katayoni. Katalogu ina inganene 373.90 g/mol chifukwa zinthu zake ndi trihydrate. Musanagwiritse ntchito katundu wina, dziwani chimene nambalayo ikufotokoza.
Mayina amasonyeza magawo osiyanasiyana a zinthuzo
Zolembedwa za methylene blue mu ChEBI zimazindikiritsa mchere wa chloride, zimatchula CAS 61-73-4, ndipo zimaphatikizapo mayina akuti methylthioninium chloride, Basic Blue 9, ndi C.I. 52015. Dzina lake lotsatira dongosolo la maina a kemistri ndi 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride.
Dzina lakuti methylthioninium lopanda “chloride” limazindikiritsa katayoni wa organic. Kutchula haidireti kumawonjezera kusiyana kwina: methylene blue chloride yolumikizana ndi madzi ochuluka monga momwe zafotokozedwera m'zinthu zolimba. Polemba zofunikira pogula, lembani pamodzi dzina lonse la mankhwalawo, fomula, mtundu wa haidireti, ndi chizindikiro cha wopereka zinthuzo. Musadalire mawu otchula mtundu wa utoto okha. Kuyerekeza kwa methyl blue ndi utoto wokhala ndi mayina ofanana kumafotokoza chifukwa chake mayina oyandikana angatanthauze mankhwala osiyanasiyana.
Werengani zithunzi za kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu
Kapangidwe A: katayoni wa methylthioninium
Zizindikiro: zizindikiro za N zabuluu zimasonyeza maatomu atatu a nitrogen; S wachikasu amasonyeza sulfur; atomu iliyonse mwa maatomu awiri akunja a nitrogen ili ndi magulu awiri a methyl. Mapeto a mizere opanda zizindikiro pamagulu amenewo amaimira maatomu a carbon pamodzi ndi maatomu awo a hydrogen osajambulidwa. Mphete zitatu zolumikizanazo zimapanga chimango chapakati cholumikizana kudzera m'dongosolo la ma elekitironi. Chithunzi chochokera ku gwerochi chimasonyeza njira imodzi yoimira chaji yolembedwa.
Kapangidwe ka katayoni mu ChEBI kali ndi fomula C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺, chaji yonse +1, ndi kulemera kwapakati 284.408. Malo 3 ndi 7 ali ndi magulu a dimethylamino olowa m'malo. Chizindikiro chabwino cha chaji pa atomu imodzi m'chithunzi ndi njira yowerengera pa chithunzicho; sichiyenera kutanthauziridwa ngati mapu a kugawikana konse kwa ma elekitironi.
Kapangidwe B: mchere wa chloride
Zizindikiro: Cl⁻ wobiriwira ndi ayoni wa chloride wa chaji yotsutsana ndi katayoni. Wajambulidwa mwadala osalumikizidwa ndi kapangidwe ka organic. Katayoni mmodzi wa +1 ndi anayoni mmodzi wa −1 amapanga gawo la fomula lopanda chaji yonse. Zithunzi zonse ziwiri za kapangidwe zachokera ku ChEBI ndipo zasinthidwa kukhala WebP popanda kusintha zomangira kapena zizindikiro za maatomu.
Zolembedwa za PubChem za CID 6099 zimagwiritsa ntchito dzina lina lotsatira dongosolo la maina a kemistri komanso malo osiyana a zomangira ziwiri ndi chaji yolembedwa. Njira zoimirira zimenezi zimasunga kulumikizana komweko kwa maatomu. Sizitsimikizira kuti pali haidireti wina kapena chinthu china chowonjezeredwa.
Tebulo la katundu lokhala ndi magwero
Kulemera kwa mafomula pansipa kumatsatira chithunzithunzi cha monograph ya methylene blue ya USP. Miyezo yakuthupi ndi zitsanzo zochokera m'mbiri ya trihydrate inayake yogulitsidwa, ndipo mikhalidwe yoyezera yomwe ilipo yasungidwa.
| Katundu | Mtengo kapena kufotokoza | Maziko ndi kutanthauzira |
|---|---|---|
| Katayoni wa utoto | C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺; +1; pafupifupi 284.41 g/mol | Katayoni yekha, osaphatikiza chloride ndi madzi; ChEBI 43830 |
| Chloride yopanda madzi | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S; 319.85 g/mol | Gawo la fomula la mchere lopanda chaji yonse; USP |
| Monohydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·H₂O; 337.90 g/mol | Molekyulu imodzi ya madzi pa gawo lililonse la fomula la mchere; USP |
| Trihydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·3H₂O; 373.90 g/mol | Mamolekyulu atatu a madzi pa gawo lililonse la fomula la mchere; USP |
| Pentahydrate | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·5H₂O; 409.93 g/mol | Mamolekyulu asanu a madzi pa gawo lililonse la fomula la mchere; USP |
| Maonekedwe akuthupi | Cholimba | Chinthu cha Merck/Sigma 1.04122, cholembedwa kuti trihydrate |
| Kachulukidwe ka cholimba komwe kananenedwa | 1.757 g/cm³ pa 22 °C | Chinthu 1.04122; si kachulukidwe ka yankho lamadzimadzi lokonzedwa |
| Kachulukidwe ka ufa wonse komwe kananenedwa | 400–600 kg/m³ | Chinthu chomwecho; kamaphatikiza mipata pakati pa tinthu ta ufa |
| pH yomwe inanenedwa | 3 pa 20 °C, 10 g/L m'madzi | Chinthu chomwecho ndi mikhalidwe yotchulidwa ya yankho lamadzimadzi |
| Kusungunuka komwe kwalembedwa | 50 g/L | Chinthu chomwecho; cholembedwa chomwe chikuonetsedwa sichitchula kutentha |
| Cholembedwa chokhudza kutentha | 190 °C, kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala | Chinthu chomwecho; si malo osungunukira pa mgwirizano wa magawo omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kufotokoza mikhalidwe |
| pKa | Imafunika peyala ya asidi/besi ndi malo ake ofotokozedwa | Si yofanana ndi pH ya zomwe zili m'botolo kapena yankho lamadzimadzi |
Zolembedwa za chinthu za wopanga zimathandizira mizere yokhudza chinthucho. Zolembedwa zimenezi ndi mfundo zothandiza poyerekezera, osati zofunikira pa ufa uliwonse kapena madzi omalizidwa kukonzedwa. Kusiyana pang'ono kwa kulemera kwa mafomula m'mankhokwe a data kungasonyezenso njira zowerengera kulemera kwa maatomu ndi kuzunguliza manambala; imeneyo ndi nkhani yosiyana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri chifukwa cha haidireti.
Chifukwa chake madzi a m'makhiristo amasintha kuwerengera
Milimolu imodzi ya chloride yopanda madzi yangwiro imalemera 319.85 mg; milimolu imodzi ya trihydrate yangwiro imalemera 373.90 mg. Iliyonse ili ndi milimolu imodzi ya makat ayoni a utoto. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kuchokera pa tebulo, kulemera kwa trihydrate ndi kokulirapo ndi pafupifupi 16.9% pa kuchuluka komweko kwa utoto.
Choncho, 1.000 g/L ya chloride yoyera yopanda madzi ikufanana ndi pafupifupi 3.13 mmol/L, pamene 1.000 g/L ya trihydrate yoyera ikufanana ndi pafupifupi 2.67 mmol/L. Izi ndi zitsanzo zochokera pa fomula, musanakonze kuwerengera mogwirizana ndi kuyesa kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo kapena madzi omwe ayezedwa. Gwiritsani ntchito chowerengera cha molarity ya methylene blue kuti mtundu wa mankhwala womwe mwasankha ukhale womveka bwino.
Tanthauzo la USP limafotokoza kuyesa kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo potengera zinthu zouma. Choncho, peresenti yotengera zinthu zouma ndi kulemera kwa ufa monga walandiridwira ziyenera kutanthauziridwa pamodzi. Madzi a m'makhiristo si umboni wokha wakuti zinthu zaipitsidwa. Kuyerekeza mwatsatanetsatane kwa trihydrate ndi yopanda madzi kumafotokoza mmene mungawerengere malebo amenewo.
Chaji sitsimikizira kuti pali koloidi
“Chaji ya sol ya methylene blue” imasakaniza mafunso awiri osiyana. Ayoni wa utoto uli ndi chaji +1. Kuti zinthu zokonzedwa zikhale sol pamafunika zambiri zokhudza dongosolo la tinthu tomwazika.
Tanthauzo la IUPAC la sol limakhudza dongosolo la koloidi loyenda ngati madzi. Silipangitsa yankho lililonse lamadzimadzi la utoto wa chaji kukhala koloidi. Komanso fomula ya mchere yopanda chaji yonse sikutanthauza kuti ayoni ake osungunuka aliyense alibe chaji. Zonena za chaji ya tinthu kapena zeta potential zimafunika zinthu zenizeni zokonzedwazo ndi mikhalidwe yoyezera, osati fomula ya molekyulu yokha.
pH, pKa, ndi polarity zimayankha mafunso osiyana
IUPAC imatanthauzira pH kudzera mu ntchito yogwira ntchito ya ayoni wa hydrogen m'yankho lamadzimadzi. Choncho ufa wouma wa methylene blue ulibe pH ya m'madzi yodziyimira yokha. Cholembedwa chothandiza cha pH chimatchula chosungunulira, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka, kutentha, ndi kapangidwe ka chisakanizo. Kuwonjezera buffer kungasinthe pH ya yankho lamadzimadzi popanda kusintha mtundu wa mankhwala womwe walembedwa pa lebulo la utoto.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, konstant ya kulekanika kwa asidi imafotokoza mgwirizano winawake wa kusintha kwa mankhwala, ndipo pKa ndi logarithm yake ya maziko 10 yotengedwa ndi chizindikiro choipa. “pKa ya methylene blue” yothandiza iyenera kutchula mitundu ya mankhwala yomwe ili ndi protoni ndi yomwe yachotsedwa protoni, komanso malo ake. Nambala yokha sikukuuzani ngati ikunena za utoto womwe waoksidizidwa kapena mtundu wina wa mankhwala. Kusamutsa protoni ndi kusamutsa elekitironi ndi njira zosiyana; onani kemistri ya redox ya methylene blue ndi leucomethylene blue pa yachiwiriyo.
“Kodi ili ndi polarity kapena ilibe?” kumafunikanso cholinga chofotokozedwa. Methylene blue chloride ili ndi ayoni, pomwe katayoni wake wa organic ali ndi chimango chachikulu cha carbon. Kufotokoza kumeneku n'kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kupatsa chinthu chonse nambala imodzi ya polarity. Monga momwe kufotokoza kwa IUPAC kwa polarity ya chosungunulira kumanenera, kuzunguliridwa ndi mamolekyulu a chosungunulira kumadalira njira zosiyanasiyana za kugwirizana. Pokonza zinthu, gwiritsani ntchito kusungunuka koyezedwa mu chosungunulira chomwe mukufuna ndi mikhalidwe yomwe ili mu buku lotsogolera pa kusungunuka ndi kukonza yankho lamadzimadzi.
Ndi kachulukidwe kotani koyenera pakusintha mayunitsi?
Ngakhale 1 g/cm³ ikufanana ndi 1 g/mL, kusintha yuniti sikusintha chimene chinayezedwa. Kachulukidwe ka cholimba sikangagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha mamililita a yankho lamadzimadzi lofooka kukhala magalamu a yankho limenelo. Kachulukidwe ka ufa wonse kamayankha funso linanso chifukwa kuunjikana kwake kumasiya mpweya pakati pa tinthu.
Kuti musinthe kulemera pa voliyumu kukhala kulemera pa kulemera, pezani kachulukidwe ka yankho lamadzimadzi lomalizidwa kukonzedwa pa kutentha kotchulidwa. Poyeza kulemera ndi molarity, tsimikizirani fomula ya zinthuzo ndi maziko a kuyesa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo. Kufananitsa katundu ndi chinthu chomwe chikuy ezedwa kumapewa zolakwika zomwe kuwonjezera manambala pambuyo pa kadontho sikungakonze.