Tuhinga
Te mātai matū o te puru metilīni: te hanganga, te tātai, ngā āhuatanga, me ngā ingoa
Ko te tikanga noa o te puru metilīni ko te haumāota methylthioninium, he tote kei roto he waikano waro whai utanga hiko tōrunga me tētahi katote tauaro haumāota. Ko te tātai o te tote wai-kore ko C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S, ā, ko tōna papatipu tātai he tata ki te 319.85 g/mol. Ka whakarerekē te wai whakatioata i te papatipu o tētahi matū kua paunatia, engari kāore e whakarerekē i te tuakiri o tōna katote tōrunga waikano.
Mā taua wehewehenga e whakatau ētahi taupatupatu e kitea ana i ngā putumōhio matū. Ka tika tonu te pūrongo a tētahi rekoata he kore te utanga hiko tapeke o te tote, me tana whakaahua anō i te waikano hei matū whai katote tōrunga. Ka pūrongo pea tētahi atu putumōhio i te 373.90 g/mol nā te mea he haidrāti toru tōna matū. I mua i te whakamahi i tētahi āhuatanga, tautuhia te mea e whakaahuatia ana e taua tau.
Ka tautuhi ngā ingoa i ngā taumata rerekē o te matū
Ka tautuhi te rekoata ChEBI mō te puru metilīni i te tote haumāota, ka whakarārangi i te CAS 61-73-4, ā, kei roto ngā ingoa methylthioninium chloride, Basic Blue 9, me C.I. 52015. Ko tōna ingoa pūnahanaha ko 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride.
Ko te ingoa methylthioninium, me te kore o te kupu “chloride”, e tautuhi ana i te katote tōrunga waro. Ka tāpiri te tohu haidrāti i tētahi atu wehewehenga: he haumāota puru metilīni e hono ana ki tētahi rahinga wai kua tohua i roto i te matū totoka. Mō tētahi whakaritenga hoko, tuhia ngātahitia te ingoa matū katoa, te tātai, te tūāpapa haidrāti, me te tautohu a te kaiwhakarato. Kaua e whakawhirinaki ki te kupu tae anake. Ka whakamārama te whakataurite o te puru metile me ngā waikano he ingoa rite ō rātou i te take ka tautuhi ngā ingoa tata ki a rātou anō i ngā matū rerekē.
Pānuitia ngā hanganga rāpoi ngota
Hanganga A: te katote tōrunga methylthioninium
Ngā tapanga: ka tautuhi ngā tohu N puru i ngā ngota hauota e toru; ka tautuhi te S kōwhai i te whanariki; kei ia ngota hauota o waho ngā rōpū metile e rua. Ko ngā pito rārangi kāore he tapanga i runga i aua rōpū e tohu ana i ngā ngota waro me ō rātou hauwai kāore i āta whakaaturia. Ka hanga ngā mowhiti hono e toru i te anga tauutuutu matua. E whakaatu ana tēnei tānga taketake i tētahi whakaaturanga o te utanga hiko ōkawa.
Ko te tātai o te hanganga katote tōrunga a ChEBI ko C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺, ko te utanga hiko tapeke ko +1, ā, ko te papatipu toharite ko 284.408. Kei ngā tūnga 3 me 7 ngā rōpū whakakapi dimethylamino. Ko tētahi tohu tōrunga ōkawa kei runga i tētahi ngota i tētahi tānga he tikanga kaute mō taua whakaaturanga; kaua e whakamāoritia hei mahere o te tohanga irahiko katoa.
Hanganga B: te tote haumāota
Ngā tapanga: ko te Cl⁻ kākāriki te katote tauaro haumāota. Kua āta wehea mai i te hanganga waro. Mā tētahi katote tōrunga +1 me tētahi katote tōraro −1 e puta ai he waeine tātai kūpapa. I tāruatia ngā tānga hanganga e rua mai i ChEBI, ā, i hurihia ki te WebP me te kore e whakarerekē i ō rāua hononga, i ngā tapanga ngota rānei.
Ka whakamahi te rekoata PubChem mō te CID 6099 i tētahi atu ingoa pūnahanaha me tētahi whakatakotoranga rerekē o ngā hononga takirua me te utanga hiko ōkawa. Ka mau tonu i ēnei whakaaturanga te tūhonohono ngota kotahi. Kāore ēnei e whakaū ana i te noho mai o tētahi haidrāti rerekē, o tētahi kai whakauru tāpiri rānei.
Te ripanga āhuatanga whai tohutoro
E whai ana ngā papatipu tātai i raro nei i te arokite o te monokarāwhi USP mō te puru metilīni. He tauira ngā inenga ā-tinana nō tētahi rekoata haidrāti toru arumoni kua tohua, ā, kua puritia ngā tikanga inenga e wātea ana.
| Āhuatanga | Uara, whakaahuatanga rānei | Tūāpapa me te whakamāramatanga |
|---|---|---|
| Katote tōrunga waikano | C₁₆H₁₈N₃S⁺; +1; tata ki te 284.41 g/mol | Ko te katote tōrunga anake, kāore he haumāota, he wai rānei; ChEBI 43830 |
| Haumāota wai-kore | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S; 319.85 g/mol | He waeine tātai tote kūpapa; USP |
| Haidrāti kotahi | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·H₂O; 337.90 g/mol | Kotahi te rāpoi wai mō ia waeine tātai tote; USP |
| Haidrāti toru | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·3H₂O; 373.90 g/mol | E toru ngā rāpoi wai mō ia waeine tātai tote; USP |
| Haidrāti rima | C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S·5H₂O; 409.93 g/mol | E rima ngā rāpoi wai mō ia waeine tātai tote; USP |
| Āhua ā-tinana | Totoka | Te hua Merck/Sigma 1.04122, kua tapaina hei haidrāti toru |
| Kiato totoka kua pūrongotia | 1.757 g/cm³ i te 22 °C | Te hua 1.04122; ehara i te kiato o tētahi wairewa kua whakaritea |
| Kiato pūranga kua pūrongotia | 400–600 kg/m³ | Ko taua hua anō; ka whakauru i ngā wāhi i waenganui i ngā korakora paura |
| pH kua pūrongotia | 3 i te 20 °C, 10 g/L i roto i te wai | Ko taua hua anō me ngā tikanga wairewa kua tohua |
| Memehatanga kua whakarārangitia | 50 g/L | Ko taua hua anō; kāore te tāurunga e whakaaturia ana e tohu i te pāmahana |
| Tāurunga pāmahana | 190 °C, he pirau matū | Ko taua hua anō; ehara i te ira rewa taurite kāore he here whakamārama |
| pKa | Me tautuhi he takirua waikawa/pāpāhua me te taiao matū | Kāore e taea te whakakapi ki te pH o tētahi pounamu, wairewa rānei |
Ka tautoko te rekoata hua a te kaiwhakanao i ngā haupae e hāngai pū ana ki taua hua. He tohu tohutoro whai hua ēnei tāurunga, ehara i te whakaritenga mō ia paura, mō ia wē kua oti te whakarite rānei. Ka ahu mai anō ngā rerekētanga iti o ngā papatipu tātai i waenganui i ngā pātengi raraunga i ngā tikanga taumaha ngota me te whakaawhiwhi; he take rerekē tēnā i te rerekētanga haidrāti tino nui ake.
Te take ka whakarerekē te wai here i te tātaitanga
Ko te papatipu o tētahi mirimora haumāota wai-kore pai rawa ko 319.85 mg; ko te papatipu o tētahi mirimora haidrāti toru pai rawa ko 373.90 mg. Kei ia mea tētahi mirimora o ngā katote tōrunga waikano. Ina tātaihia mai i te ripanga, he tata ki te 16.9% nui ake te papatipu haidrāti toru mō te rahinga waikano kotahi.
Nō reira, ka hāngai te 1.000 g/L o te haumāota wai-kore parakore ki te tata ki te 3.13 mmol/L, engari ka hāngai te 1.000 g/L o te haidrāti toru parakore ki te tata ki te 2.67 mmol/L. He tauira ēnei e ahu mai ana i te tātai, i mua i te whakatikatika mō te whakamātautau ihirangi tūturu, mō te ihirangi wai kua inea rānei. Whakamahia te tātaitai kukū ā-mora o te puru metilīni kia āta mārama tonu ai te momo matū kua kōwhiria.
Ka whakaatu te tautuhinga USP i te whakamātautau ihirangi i runga i te tūāpapa kua whakamaroketia. Nō reira, me whakamārama ngātahi te ōrau i runga i te tūāpapa kua whakamaroketia me te papatipu paura i tōna āhua i te taenga mai. Ehara te wai whakatioata i te taunakitanga aunoa o te parahanga. Ka whakamārama te whakataurite taipitopito o te haidrāti toru me te momo wai-kore i te pānuitanga o aua tapanga.
Kāore te utanga hiko e whakaū i tētahi pūnaha koroi
Ka whakakotahi te kōrero “te utanga hiko o te sol puru metilīni” i ngā pātai motuhake e rua. Ko te utanga hiko o te katote waikano ko +1. Kia mōhiotia mēnā he sol tētahi ranunga kua whakaritea, me whai mōhiohio mō te pūnaha kua marara.
E pā ana te tautuhinga IUPAC o te sol ki tētahi pūnaha koroi wē. Kāore taua tautuhinga e mea ana he pūnaha koroi ngā wairewa katoa o tētahi waikano whai utanga hiko. Waihoki, kāore tētahi tātai tote kūpapa e tohu ana he kūpapa takitahi ōna katote kua memeha. Me whai te kerēme mō te utanga hiko korakora, mō te pūmanawa zeta rānei i ngā tikanga whakarite me ngā tikanga ine tūturu, kaua ko te tātai rāpoi ngota anake.
He rerekē ngā pātai e whakautua ana e te pH, te pKa, me te tōpūtanga hiko
Ka tautuhi a IUPAC i te pH mā te hohe o ngā katote hauwai i roto i te wairewa. Nō reira, kāore he pH ā-wai motuhake o te paura puru metilīni maroke. Ka tohu tētahi tāurunga pH whai hua i te whakarewa, te kukū, te pāmahana, me te hanganga ranunga. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi pūreirei e whakarerekē ai te pH o te wairewa me te kore e whakarerekē i te tuakiri e tāngia ana ki te tapanga waikano.
Engari, ka whakaahua te pūmau whakawehe waikawa i tētahi taurite motuhake, ā, ko te pKa tōna taupū kōaro tōraro ki te pūtake 10. Kia whai hua tētahi “pKa o te puru metilīni”, me whakaingoa ngā momo matū kua tāpirihia he iraoho, kua tangohia he iraoho hoki, me te taiao matū. Kāore tētahi tau anake e whakaatu mēnā e pā ana ki te waikano kua hāoratia, ki tētahi atu momo matū rānei. He tukanga rerekē te whakawhiti iraoho me te whakawhiti irahiko; tirohia te mātai matū hāoratanga-whakahekenga o te puru metilīni me te puru reukometilīni mō te tukanga tuarua.
Me whai aronga kua tautuhia hoki te pātai “he tōpū hiko, he tōpū hiko-kore rānei?” He matū katote te haumāota puru metilīni, engari kei roto i tōna katote tōrunga waro tētahi anga waro whānui. He whai hua ake taua whakaahuatanga i te hoatu ki te matū katoa i tētahi kaute tōpūtanga hiko kotahi. E ai ki te kōrero a IUPAC mō te tōpūtanga hiko o ngā whakarewa, ka whakawhirinaki te whakarewatanga ki ngā pāhekoheko maha. Mō ngā mahi whakarite, whakamahia te memehatanga kua inea i roto i te whakarewa e whakamaheretia ana me ngā tikanga kei te aratohu memehatanga me te whakarite wairewa.
Ko tēhea kiato me whakamahi i tētahi hurihanga?
Ahakoa he ōrite te 1 g/cm³ ki te 1 g/mL, kāore te whakarerekē i te waeine e whakarerekē i te mea i inea. Kāore e taea e te kiato o tētahi matū totoka te huri i ngā miririta o tētahi wairewa waimeha hei karamu o taua wairewa. Ka whakautu te kiato pūranga paura i tētahi atu pātai anō, nā te mea ka toe he hau i waenganui i ngā korakora i te whakakīnga.
Mō te huri i te papatipu-ia-rōrahi ki te papatipu-ia-papatipu, tikina te kiato o te wairewa kua oti te whakarite i tētahi pāmahana kua tohua. Mō te pauna me te kukū ā-mora, whakaūngia te tātai o te matū me te tūāpapa whakamātautau ihirangi. Mā te whakahāngai i te āhuatanga ki te mea e inea ana e ārai ngā hapa kāore e taea te whakatika mā te tāpiri noa i ngā mati ā-ira.