Tuhinga
Te haumanu kikorangi metilīni mā te aho: te rangahau i te maimoatanga
Ki te rongo atu, e rua noa iho ngā mahi o te haumanu kikorangi metilīni mā te aho. Pania te waikano kikorangi, kātahi ka whiti i te aho whero. He hē taua whakaaro, ā, koia te pūtake o te nuinga o te rangirua mō tēnei maimoatanga. E toru ngā wāhanga o te tukanga e rangahautia ana, ā, me noho tahi aua wāhanga ki te wāhi kotahi i te wā kotahi: ko te matū tairongo ki te aho i tōna āhua ngongo aho, ko ngā pūaho he tika te roangaru i tētahi horopeta kua inea, me te hāora rāpoi hei whiwhi i te pūngao ka whakawhitia. Ki te tangohia tētahi o aua wāhanga, kāore he tikanga mahi hei whakaputa i te pānga e kerēmetia ana.
Ka whakamārama tēnei tuhinga i tā ngā kairangahau whakaahua i taua pūnaha e toru nei ōna wāhanga, i ngā tawhā e whakahaerehia ana e rātou, me te take e kore ai tētahi roangaru me tētahi tau pūngao kua whakaputaina e taea te huri hei tukanga mō te kāinga. Kei tētahi arotake motuhake mō te kikorangi metilīni me te rangahau mate pukupuku ngā putanga mō te mate pukupuku, ā, kua whakaemihia ngā whakamahinga niho ki te rangahau haumanu mā te aho mō te waha me ngā niho. Kāore aua kōrero e tāruatia ki konei.
He matū tairongo ki te aho te waikano, ehara i te matū whakapoke tae noa iho
He kaha te ngongo a te kikorangi metilīni i te aho whero, ā, kei te takiwā o te 664 ki te 666 nm te tihi ngongo o te waetahi, me te tino tiketike o tōna kaha ngongo mō ia mole. Nā taua awhe ngongo ka whakamahia ngā pūtake aho whero i roto i ngā rangahau haumanu kikorangi metilīni mā te aho, i te nuinga o te wā kei te awhe tata ki te 630 ki te 680 nm. Ka kanapa pea te āhua o tētahi rama kei waho i taua awhe, engari he tino iti pea te whakahihikotanga whaihua ka tukuna e ia. Ka whakamāramatia ngā mātāpono roangaru o taua kōwhiringa i roto i te āhua o te ngongo a te kikorangi metilīni i te aho whero.
Ko te ngongo te tīmatanga noa iho. Ka whakawhiti te waikano kua whakahihikotia ki tētahi āhua takitoru e roa ake ai tōna noho, ā, mai i reira ka taea ngā ara matū e rua e whakahohea ana e te aho. I te matū Momo I, ka whakawhiti te waikano kua whakahihikotia i ngā irahiko, i ngā ngota hauwai rānei, ki ngā matū e tata ana, ā, ka whakaputa i ngā tuwhena, tae atu ki ngā tauhohenga superoxide ka whai ake. I te matū Momo II, ka whakawhiti tika te waikano takitoru i te pūngao ki te hāora kei tōna āhua pūtake, ā, ka whakaputa i te hāora takitahi. Ina whai hāora te taiao, ko te mahi matua a te kikorangi metilīni he whakaoho i te hāora takitahi, ā, kua pūrongotia tētahi tukunga ine pūaho e tata ana ki te 0.5 i roto i te wai. Ka piki, ka heke rānei ngā takoha a te Momo I i runga i te taiao o taua wāhi. Ka whakaatu te arotake 1993 mō ngā tauhohenga matū o te kikorangi metilīni mā te aho ki ngā matū koiora i aua ara e rua, me te take e kore ai te tapanga waikano e whakaatu i tō rāua taurite.
Ka tautohu taua arotake i te whāinga matua i roto i ngā waikawa karihi. Ko te guanine te tino iti o te pūmanawa whakahāora i waenga i ngā pūtake DNA, nō reira ka whakahāoratia nuitia ake e te hāora takitahi, ka hua mai ngā matū pērā i te 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine. Kāore e hiahiatia te kuhunga o te waikano ki waenga i ngā paparanga DNA kia puta ai taua tūkino. Heoi, ka whakatūpato hoki te arotake kia kaua e whakaarotia ko te DNA anake te kaupapa. Ka whakahāora te kikorangi metilīni i ngā pūmua, i ngā ngako, me ngā kiriuhi, ā, ko te whāinga e mate ai te pūnaha i tētahi whakamātautau ka whakawhirinaki ki te wāhi e noho ai te waikano. Nō reira, he tohu ngoikore te kukū i te wairewa rumaki mō te horopeta kei te whāinga. Me wehe tonu e ngā kaipānui tēnei matū e whakahohea ana e te aho i ngā mahi hāora-whakaheke a te waikano i te kore aho, pēnei i ngā whakamārama mō te mahi a te kikorangi metilīni i roto i ngā pūtau.
He pūhui tīmatanga mō te whanaketanga, ehara i te rongoā kua tino arotauhia
Ko te puna matua tuarua ko te arotake 2005 mō te whanaketanga o ngā matū phenothiazinium tairongo ki te aho. Ka tirohia e taua arotake te kikorangi metilīni hei hanganga tīmatanga e mōhiotia ana ōna ngoikoretanga, kaua hei matū tairongo ki te aho kua oti te whakawhanake. Mā ngā panonitanga iti ki te hanganga ka rerekē te piringa ki te ngako, te urunga ki ngā pūtau, te wāhi noho i roto i ngā pūtau, te whakaputanga hāora takitahi, te paitini i te kore aho, me te ātete ki te whakahekenga. Hei tauira, mā te tāpiri rōpū methyl ki te wāhanga kawe tae ka piki te piringa ki te ngako me te whakaputanga hāora takitahi, ā, ka pōturi te whakahekenga ki te āhua leuco kāore e kaha mahi. I ngā mahi rangahau i takea mai ai taua arotake, he nui ake te paitini nā te aho o ngā pūhui ōrite kua tāpirihia he rōpū methyl, i te tata ki te 7.2 J per square cm. Kāore tonu te nui ake o te piringa ki te ngako e pai ake ai i ngā wā katoa, nā te mea ka heke te memeha mēnā he nui rawa te aukati i te wai, ka kaha ake te whakahuihui rāpoi, ā, ka whakakotitihia pea te āhuahanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tauhohenga matū mā te aho.
Me āta whakamārama te āhua leuco, nā te mea kāore e kitea. He kikorangi te kikorangi metilīni kua whakahāoratia, ā, ka ngongo i te aho whero. Ko te leuco-methylene blue kua whakahekea he tata kore tae, ā, he ngoikore te ngongo i taua awhe anō. Nō reira, ko te waikano kua whakahekea i roto i ngā pūtau, i roto rānei i te kiko he iti te hāora, ka tangohia mō tētahi wā i te huinga matū ka taea te whakahohe e te aho, kia whakahāoratia anō rā anō. Nā reira ka panoni te āhua hāora-whakaheke o te kiko i te kukū whaihua o te matū tairongo ki te aho, ahakoa ka pūmau te kukū i tukuna. Kei te hītori o te kikorangi metilīni i te rongoā te hītori o ngā hanga matū, tae atu ki ngā whakamahinga tōmua o tēnei whānau waikano i ngā mahi haumanu me ngā taiwhanga.
Te ripanga rangahau: ngā mea ka rerekē me ō rātou tikanga
Ko te ripanga i raro nei te rauemi whakatairite taketake mō tēnei tuhinga. Ko ia haupae he taurangi maimoatanga me pūrongo e ngā rangahau. Pānuitia ngā tīwae kia kitea ai te take ka huri te tikanga o ngā tautuhinga katoa ina panonitia tētahi.
| Taurangi | Ngā mea ka pūrongotia e ngā rangahau | Te take ka panoni i te putanga |
|---|---|---|
| Te hanga o te matū tairongo ki te aho | He waikano herekore i roto i te wai, i te wairewa tote, i te wairewa whakatau pH rānei; he kawe ethanol me Cremophor i ngā mahi rangahau kararehe; he liposome, he matūriki waerau, he kawe cyclodextrin rānei i ngā mahi whakamātautau | Ka panoni te wairewa kawe me te rauemi kawe i te urunga, i te wāhi noho, me te kuhu mā ngā tauārai pērā i te hanganga kiriata koiora, i te kiko puku rānei |
| Te kukū i tukuna | Ka pūrongo ngā rangahau patu moroiti ki te tangata i te tata ki te 0.0003 ki te 0.06 M, me ngā wā 1 ki te 5 meneti i waenga i te tuku rongoā me te tuku aho; kei ngā rangahau puku ki ngā kararehe ētahi tauira e tata ana ki te 500 micrograms per mL i tukuna ki roto tonu i te puku | Mā te kukū whānui teitei ake ka nui ake pea te hanganga waerua e ngongo ana tata ki te 590 nm, ka heke hoki ngā tauhohenga whaihua a ngā waetahi mā te aho, nō reira kāore te whakarua i te kukū e whakarua ai i te pānga |
| Te wā i waenga i te tuku rongoā me te tuku aho | He meneti i ngā whakaritenga patu moroiti ki te mata o te tinana; he roa ake, ā, ka whakawhirinaki ki te kawe i ngā tauira rangahau puku | Mā te roanga o te wā ka whakatauria te wāhi noho o te waikano ina tae mai te aho, ā, mā tēnā ka whakatauria te whāinga koiora matua |
| Roangaru | I te nuinga o te wā, tata ki te 630 ki te 680 nm | Me inaki ki te awhe ngongo o ngā waetahi; ka panoni ngā wairewa he nui ngā waerua i te ngongo whaihua |
| Te kaha aho mō ia horahanga | Kei te tata ki te 50 ki te 750 mW per square cm ngā pūrongo patu moroiti ki te tangata; kei te 100 mW per square cm, kei raro iho rānei, te nuinga o ngā rangahau patunga ki ngā kararehe | Ka whakapau te kaha aho teitei i te hāora o te wāhi kia tere ake i te whakakapi mā te rere toto, ka heke ai te tōtika ahakoa he ōrite te pūngao aho whakaemi kua tohua |
| Te pūngao aho whakaemi mō ia horahanga | Kei te tata ki te 6 ki te 18 J per square cm ngā pūrongo patu moroiti ki te tangata, i roto i te 8 hēkona ki te 10 meneti; kei te tata ki te 12 ki te 360 J per square cm ngā rangahau patunga ki ngā kararehe | Kāore e oti te whakaahua i te horopeta mā te pūngao katoa mēnā kāore te kaha aho, te wā, me te āhuahanga e whakaurua |
| Te whai hāora | He onge te whakahaere tika; ka whakapaetia mai i te momo kiko, te tere tuku pūngao aho, me te whakawehenga o te tuku aho | Ka whakapau te matū Momo II i te hāora, nō reira ka rerekē pea ngā pānga o ngā tautuhinga aho ōrite i ngā whāinga he pai te rere toto me ngā whāinga he iti te hāora |
| Te whāinga me te horopaki | Ngā tauira whakapokenga kiri me ngā patunga, ngā tauira kiriata koiora o te waha, ngā pūnaha mate pukupuku carcinoma me melanoma kua whakatipuria, ngā puku kiore, ngā pūrongo tawhito mō ngā puku kiri | He tino rerekē te āhuahanga, te hōhonutanga, ngā āhuatanga whatu, me te nui o te tūkino ki te tinana ka whakaaetia, nō reira kāore rawa ngā tau patu moroiti e taea te whakawhiti ā-tau ki ngā mahi rangahau puku |
Ko ngā awhe i runga ake nei he awhe i kitea i ngā rangahau, ehara i te kawa e tūtohutia ana. Ko taua wehenga te kaupapa o te ripanga. Ko te whānui tonu o ngā horopeta aho kua pūrongotia he taunakitanga kāore he horopeta aho kikorangi metilīni e taea te whakawhiti ki ngā horopaki katoa. Kei te kikorangi metilīni hei patu i ngā kiriata koiora ētahi horopaki taiwhanga e pā ana ki ngā mahi kiriata koiora e whakahohea ana e te aho. Kei ngā whakamārama taketake mō te tairongo o te kiri ki te aho me te horopeta aho ngā kōrero whānui ake mō te kiri me te haumanu mā te aho.
Te take ka rerekē ngā pānga koiora ahakoa he ōrite ngā tau pūngao
E whā ngā pōhēhētanga ka hoki mai ina whakahuahia ngā tawhā kua whakaputaina me te kore o tō rātou horopaki.
Tuatahi, ehara te pūngao aho whakaemi i te horopeta katoa. Ka rerekē ngā tukunga aho e rua he ōrite te roangaru me te J per square cm mēnā ka tere te tuku i tētahi, ka pōturi te tuku i tērā atu. Ko te take, ka whakawhirinaki te whakapau hāora, te whakatikatika i te wā e tukuna ana te aho, me te whakakorenga tae o te waikano nā te aho ki te tere me te wā. Ki te pūrongotia te pūngao me te kore e pūrongo i te kaha aho me te wā tuku, kāore e rawaka te whakaahua i te whakamātautau.
Tuarua, ka panoni ngā āhuatanga whatu o te kiko i te tikanga o te tautuhinga rama. Nā te ngongo, te marara, te āhuahanga o te mata, me te marara whakamuri, ka tino rerekē pea te pūngao aho whakaemi i roto i te kiko i te uara i inea ki te puare o te rama. E ai ki ngā tuhinga haumanu mō te ine horopeta, i ētahi āhuatanga ka tata te rerekētanga ki te whakarea o te rua. Ko tētahi tau i tāruatia mai i tētahi pepa e whakaahua ana i te āhuahanga o taua pepa, kāore i ngā āhuahanga katoa.
Tuatoru, mā te wāhi noho ka whakatauria te whāinga. Ka tohatoha tētahi waikano katote tōrunga ki ngā kiriuhi, ngā pungao, ngā lysosome, ngā anga huakita, te hanganga i waho i ngā pūtau rānei, i runga i te hanga matū, te utu hiko, te piringa ki te ngako, te wā tatari, me te kiko. Ka tuhi te arotake 1993 mō ngā tauhohenga matū mā te aho i te tūkino ki ngā waikawa karihi, ngā pūmua, ngā ngako, ngā kiriuhi, ngā wāhanga o roto i ngā pūtau, ngā huaketo, ngā huakita, ngā pūtau kararehe whāngote, me ngā pūnaha puku. Koia tonu te take e taea ai e te waikano me te aho ōrite te patu mā ngā ara rerekē i ngā whakaritenga rerekē.
Tuawhā, ka pau te hāora i te whakamahinga. Mā ngā tere tuku pūngao aho teitei ka tere ake te whakapau i te hāora i te whakahoki mai mā te tūringiringi me te rere toto, ka puta ai he kore hāora taupua i waenganui tonu i te tukunga aho. Ina pēnā, he iti, he kore rānei, te pānga Momo II tāpiri ka hua i te tāpiri aho. Ka rangahautia te whakawehenga o te tuku aho me te whakaheke i te kaha aho, hei whakautu i tēnei here, i roto i ētahi o ngā mahi rangahau. Koia hoki te take me noho ngā paenga haumaru me te whai hāora o te kiko ki ngā paerewa haumaru me te tirotiro haumanu, kaua ki tētahi pukapuka tohutohu rama.
He tukanga nā te mātanga haumanu e ārahi, ehara i te tohutaka mō te kāinga
Ka tukuna te maimoatanga e rangahautia ana ki ngā wāhi e noho tahi ai te tātaritanga, te ine horopeta, me te tirotiro. Me whakaū tētahi tangata i te āhua o te wharanga me tōna hōhonutanga, me kōwhiri i tētahi hanga matū me tētahi wā i waenga i te tuku rongoā me te tuku aho e hāngai ana ki taua whāinga, me whakatika i te pūtake aho ki ngā inenga tika mō tētahi rohe kua tautuhia me tētahi āhuahanga kua tautuhia, me aroturuki hoki i te kiri, ngā karu, te mamae, me te urupare o te kiko o taua wāhi. Ka whakaahua te arotake whanaketanga phenothiazinium i te katoa o te kaupapa hei arotau i te hononga o te hanganga me te mahi i raro i ngā tikanga whakahaere, kaua hei waikano me te aho whero noa iho.
Ka hapa te tārua i te kāinga i ngā taurangi whakahaere katoa i te wā kotahi. He onge ngā rama mā te kiritaki e pūrongo ana i te kaha aho mō ia roangaru kua whakatikahia ki ngā inenga tika i te tawhiti maimoatanga. Kāore te kukū waikano i pania e whakaatu i te hautanga waetahi, i te wāhi noho rānei i roto i ngā pūtau. Kāore e mōhiotia te whai hāora o te kiko, ā, ka panoni i te wā e tukuna ana te aho. Kāore tētahi o ngā awhe kua whakahuatia e whakamana i tētahi kawa mō te kāinga, ā, kua āta waiho tēnei tuhinga kia kaua e whakaatu i tētahi tohutaka ka taea te whakamahi. Me whakamahi ngā kaipānui e aromatawai ana i te kounga whānui o ngā taunakitanga i te āhua o te pānui i tētahi rangahau kikorangi metilīni i mua i te whakatau mai i tētahi pepa kotahi. Me tīmata ngā kaipānui e hiahia ana ki ngā huarahi whakamahi aho anake, me te kore matū tairongo ki te aho, ki te haumanu aho whero me te kore matū tairongo ki te aho.
Ngā mea kāore tēnei tuhinga e whakaū
Kāore tēnei tuhinga e whakaū ana ka whakaora te haumanu kikorangi metilīni mā te aho i tētahi mate kiri, ka whakakore i tētahi whakapokenga, ka maimoa rānei i tētahi puku. I ine ngā arotake tikanga mahi kua whakahuatia ki konei i ngā tauhohenga matū mā te aho, ā, i whakatairite i ngā hanganga waikano; kāore aua arotake i whakatakoto i tētahi kukū haumanu, i tētahi pūngao aho whakaemi rānei hei whakamahi. Ko ngā awhe tawhā kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei i ahu mai i ngā pūrongo tangata me ngā tauira kararehe huhua, he rerekē ō rātou whāinga, hōhonutanga, hanga matū, me ngā putanga i inea. Kāore e taea te tango i tō rātou toharite hei aratohu. Ka aromatawaitia motuhaketia ngā taunakitanga mō ngā puku, tae atu ki ngā herenga o ngā pūrongo haumanu tōmua mō te basal cell carcinoma, te Kaposi sarcoma, me te melanoma, i roto i te kohinga rangahau mate pukupuku. He kaupapa motuhake ngā pātai mō te parakore me te kimi pūtake mō ngā rawa kounga taiwhanga, kāore e pā tika ana ki te maimoatanga, ā, ka kōrerotia aua pātai i te āhua o te kōwhiri i tētahi hua kikorangi metilīni.