Shuɗin methylene da gani: abin da binciken retina ya nuna da inda ya tsaya

Mai karatu ya ga wani bincike da shuɗin methylene ya kare retina a cikinsa, sai ya yi tambayar da za a sa ran yi: ya kamata a saka shi a ido? Binciken shuɗin methylene da gani bai amsa wannan tambayar ba, domin babu ɗaya daga cikin muhimman binciken da ya gwada wannan amfani. Ɗaya ya yi allurar rinin cikin ruwan vitreous na idon beraye tare da wani abu mai guba. Ɗaya ya ƙara shi a ruwan da ke kewaye da ƙwayoyin da aka ware a kwanon gwaji. Ɗaya ya saka shi cikin ruwan shan beraye masu sauyin halitta. Kowane sakamako ya shafi hanyar bayarwa da samfurin gwajin da aka yi amfani da su.

Wannan labarin ya yi bayani kan bincike uku kafin gwajin asibiti, nau'ikan ƙwayoyin retina biyu, da iyakar da ke tsakanin kariya a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje da maganin ido a asibiti. Abin da suka nuna ya yi daidai: shuɗin methylene na iya sauya damuwar mitochondria a ƙwayoyin retina a yanayi da aka sarrafa, amma wannan sakamakon bai ba da hujjar shafa ruwan da ake sayarwa a kasuwa a ido ba.

Nau'ikan ƙwayoyi biyu, cututtuka biyu daban

Retina tana da shimfiɗu, kuma shimfiɗar da abin ya shafa tana da muhimmanci. Haske yana fara bugun ƙwayoyin karɓar haske da ke ɓangaren retina na waje. Saƙonninsu suna ratsa ƙwayoyin jijiya na tsakiya zuwa ƙwayoyin ganglion na retina a ɓangarenta na ciki, waɗanda rassan jijiyoyinsu suke fita ta jijiyar gani. Zanen da ke ƙasa ya jera sunayen shimfiɗun.

Ƙwayoyin ganglion na retina su ne ƙwayoyin da glaucoma da lalacewar jijiyar gani suke barazana ga su. Idan binciken yanar gizo ya ambaci shuɗin methylene da glaucoma, yawanci wannan shimfiɗar ta ciki da rassan jijiyoyinta ake nufi. Ƙwayoyin karɓar haske su ne ƙwayoyin da lalacewar ɓangaren retina na waje ke barazana ga su. Su ne suka fi buƙatar makamashi a retina, kuma suna aiki kusa da iyakar ikon samar da makamashinsu ta amfani da oxygen, wanda ke barin musu ƙaramin tanadi idan rukunin I na mitochondria ya kasa aiki. Sakamako a wani nau'in ƙwaya ba ya shafi ɗayan kai tsaye, kuma bincike ukun da ke ƙasa sun ware su. An bayyana dabarar bambance samfuran gwaji da abin da za a iya kammalawa a yadda ake karanta binciken shuɗin methylene.

Ƙwayoyin ganglion a idon bera mai rai

A bincike na farko cikin ukun, masu bincike sun kwaikwayi lalacewar jijiyar gani ta yin ƙaramin allurar rotenone cikin ruwan vitreous na ido ɗaya na bera, suna amfani da ɗayan idon a matsayin gwajin kwatanci da ruwan ɗaukar sinadarin kaɗai. Rotenone yana toshe rukunin I na mitochondria, hanyar shiga da ke tura electrons daga NADH zuwa mataki na gaba. Rashin aikin rukunin I shi ne kuma abin da ya haɗa wannan samfurin gwaji da lalacewar jijiyar gani ta Leber da ake gada, cutar ƙwayoyin ganglion da jijiyar gani.

Bayan awa ashirin da huɗu, shimfiɗar ƙwayoyin ganglion a idanuwan da aka yi wa rotenone ta fi sirara kuma tana da ƙwayoyi kaɗan fiye da idanuwan kwatanci. Lokacin da aka yi allurar shuɗin methylene tare da rotenone, an hana wannan lalacewar gwargwadon adadin da aka bayar, inda mafi girman adadin da aka gwada (0.07 mg/kg, ƙasa sosai da LD50 na bera) ya kiyaye kauri da yawan ƙwayoyin duka. Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a lokaci guda a nama na ƙwaƙwalwa da aka niƙa suka nuna tasiri biyu: shuɗin methylene ya kawar da damuwar oxidation da rotenone ya haifar, kuma ya kawar da raguwar amfani da oxygen. Marubutan sun gabatar da yiwuwar hanyar lalacewa ta yawan tayar da ƙwayoyin jijiya, inda rotenone yake raunata ƙwayoyin amacrine masu daidaita saƙonni, ƙwayoyin ganglion su riƙa aika saƙonni fiye da kima, sannan aikin kariya daga oxidation ya katse lalacewar da hakan ke haifarwa. An yi cikakken bayanin hanyoyin sinadarai da aka gabatar don bayyana wannan kariyar a hanyoyin aikin shuɗin methylene a mitochondria.

Wannan sakamakon yana da iyaka uku. An yi allurar rinin tare da abin mai guba kai tsaye cikin ido, wanda hanya ce ta kai sinadari, ba jadawalin magani ba. Lokacin lura ya kasance awa 24. Kuma ma'aunin cytochrome oxidase ya ƙaru a rukunonin biyu da suka samu rauni, abin da marubutan suka fassara a matsayin aiki fiye da kima, ba hujjar dawo da aikin numfashin ƙwayoyi a retina mai rai ba.

Ƙwayoyin ganglion da aka ware a kwanon gwaji

Bincike na biyu ya cire ido gaba ɗaya daga gwajin. Masu bincike sun ware ƙwayoyin ganglion na retina kai tsaye daga ƙananan beraye, sannan suka bijirar da su ga rotenone, staurosporine mai haifar da apoptosis, ko ƙarancin oxygen na awa 72, sa'an nan suka auna yawan waɗanda suka rayu da rinin bambance ƙwayoyi masu rai da matattu. Shuɗin methylene a maida hankali na 1 da 10 micromolar cikin ruwan renon ƙwayoyi ya inganta rayuwarsu a gaban kowane abin cutarwa, kusan ninki 1.5 zuwa 1.9 gwargwadon yanayin gwajin. Wani gwajin da aka yi tare da shi ya nuna cewa shuɗin methylene ya kiyaye aikin cytochrome c oxidase lokacin bijirar da ƙwayoyin ga hydrogen peroxide.

Wannan nazarin aikin sinadari ne a ƙwayoyin da aka ware. Sinadarin ya isa ƙwayoyin ta hanyar yaɗuwa cikin ruwan renonsu a maida hankali da aka ƙayyade, ba tare da cornea, shimfiɗar hawaye, ruwan tabarau na ido, vitreous, jini, ko tsarin garkuwar jiki a hanya ba. Wannan sauƙin shi ne manufar samfurin gwajin: yana nuna cewa ana iya kare ƙwayoyin ganglion kansu idan sinadarin ya isa gare su. Bai bayyana ko digo a saman cornea zai iya kai wani maida hankali da aka ƙayyade zuwa ɓangaren retina na ciki ba. An guji maida hankali sama da 10 micromolar saboda gubarsa ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin, tunatarwa cewa alaƙar adadin sinadari da martanin ƙwayoyi a kwanon gwaji na iya tafiya ta ɓangaren taimako ko cutarwa.

Ƙwayoyin karɓar haske a beraye masu sauyin halitta da jerin ƙwayoyin gwaji

Bincike na uku ya shafi ɓangaren retina na waje. Masu bincike sun yi amfani da berayen Harlequin, waɗanda suke da ƙarancin sinadarin haifar da apoptosis da ke sa rukunin I bai kammala haɗuwa ba, sannan suka duba tsarin ƙwayoyin karɓar haske, alamomin sassan wajensu, da lafiyar tsarin mitochondria lokacin da berayen suka kai watanni 11. An ba su shuɗin methylene ta ruwan sha don ya shiga dukkan jiki bayan yaye su, a kusan 10 mg/kg a kowace rana. Beraye masu sauyin halitta da aka ba sinadarin sun kiyaye kaurin retina, alamomin rhodopsin da opsin, da lafiyar tsarin mitochondria fiye da waɗanda ba a ba su ba.

Gwajin ƙwayoyin da aka yi tare da shi ya yi amfani da ƙwayoyin 661W, jerin ƙwayoyin bera masu kama da ƙwayoyin karɓar haske waɗanda aka sa su ci gaba da hayayyafa ba tare da tsayawa ba. An bijirar da su ga rotenone tare da shuɗin methylene ko ba tare da shi ba na awa 24. Yawan waɗanda suka rayu ya inganta a 30 micromolar, kuma ƙananan maida hankali sun dawo da rabon NADH zuwa NAD+ zuwa yadda aka saba tare da rage damuwar oxidation. Babban abin lura shi ne abin da shuɗin methylene bai yi ba: bai dawo da ATP ba. Kariyar ta yi daidai da rage damuwar redox da lafa wa hanyoyin damuwa, ciki har da martanin mitochondria ga sunadaran da ba su naɗe yadda ya kamata ba da alamomin mitophagy, maimakon dawo da wadatar makamashi.

Wannan bambancin yana da muhimmanci ga iƙirarin shuɗin methylene kan retina. Sinadari na iya sa ƙwayar karɓar haske da ke cikin damuwa ta ci gaba da rayuwa ba tare da gyara ƙarancin makamashinta ba, wanda ke takaita duk wani bayani na yiwuwar magani zuwa damuwar redox maimakon farfaɗowa gaba ɗaya.

Kwatanta bincike ukun

Kwatancin da ke ƙasa ya bayyana kowane bincike bisa samfurin gwaji da hanyar bayarwa, domin waɗannan ginshiƙai biyu ne suke ƙayyade abin da sakamakon zai iya goyon baya.

Kowane layi bincike ne kafin gwajin asibiti. Babu wanda ya shigar da marasa lafiya, ya auna gani, ko ya gwada haɗin sinadari da aka shirya don ido.

Dalilin da wannan ba maganin glaucoma ba ne

Kulawar glaucoma tana rage matsin cikin ido. Kariyar ƙwayoyin jijiya tana ƙoƙarin yin wani abu dabam: kiyaye rayuwar ƙwayoyin ganglion da rassan jijiyoyinsu a yanayin damuwa. Binciken da ke sama yana cikin wannan manufa ta biyu, ba ta farko ba. Babu ɗayansu da ya rage matsin ido, kuma babu wanda ya kwatanta shuɗin methylene da maganin rage matsin ido. Wannan ne ya sa hanyoyin da aka tabbatar na kulawar glaucoma da sarrafa matsin ido suka kasance batun daban da kariyar ƙwayoyin jijiya ta redox, kuma sakamakon rayuwar ƙwayoyi ba yana nufin an ceci gani ba.

Bambancin hanyoyin bayarwa ya ƙara tabbatar da wannan batu. Allura cikin vitreous tare da abin cutarwa tana sanya adadin da aka sani kusa da retina a lokacin rauni. Bayarwa ta ruwan sha tana bijirar da dukkan dabbar ga sinadarin na tsawon watanni, ba tare da sanin maida hankalinsa a retina ba. Ruwan renon ƙwayoyi yana bijirar da ƙwayoyin da ba su da kariyar sauran sassan ido kai tsaye. Babu ɗayan waɗannan da yake hasashen kaso na adadin da aka shafa a saman ido wanda zai ratsa cornea, ya tsira daga wankewar hawaye, ya ratsa ruwan tabarau da vitreous, sannan ya isa ɗaya daga cikin shimfiɗun retina a maida hankali mai amfani. Wannan matsalar kai sinadari wani ɓangare ne na babban batun hanyoyin bayarwa da yaɗuwar shuɗin methylene, inda kowace hanya take buƙatar nata ma'aunin maida hankali.

Bambancin nama yana ƙara wani shinge na biyu. Rinin da ya isa gaban ido bai isa bayansa ba, kuma maida hankali da yake taimaka wa wata shimfiɗa na iya raunata wata. Ba a ƙera ruwan da ake sayarwa a kasuwa, kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta daga gare shi, daidaita pH ɗinsa, ko kiyaye shi kamar shirye-shiryen sinadarai na ido ba. Tsabta, pH, osmolality, da sinadaran taimako duk suna da muhimmanci wajen bijirar da cornea da cikin ido ga sinadarin. Babu wani abu a waɗannan sakamakon retina da ya tabbatar da dacewar saka irin wannan ruwa cikin ido ko shafa shi a kansa. Tambayoyin ƙa'idodin shirya sinadarin suna cikin batun aminci da sarrafa shuɗin methylene.

Inda hujjojin suka tsaya

Idan aka karanta takardun ukun tare, suna goyon bayan iƙirari mai iyaka: a yanayin da aka sarrafa, shuɗin methylene na iya rage damuwar redox ta mitochondria a ƙwayoyin jijiya na retina tare da kiyaye tsarinsu. Iƙirarin ya tsaya inda waɗannan yanayi suka tsaya. Samfuran gwaji na abin mai guba da na lahanin rukunin I na gado ba glaucoma, drusen, ko cutar da ke da alaƙa da ciwon sukari ba ne. Gajerun lokutan lura da ma'aunin tsarin ƙwayoyi ba su zama gani mai ɗorewa ba. Kuma maida hankali mai kariya a wani sashe ba ya zama adadin bayarwa ga wani sashe.

Hujja mafi ƙarfi za ta buƙaci abubuwa daban-daban: ƙayyadadden maida hankali da retina ke samu bayan bayarwa ta hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita a asibiti, ma'aunin aikin gani a dabbobi, amfani da bai dogara da matsin ido ba a samfurin gwajin da ya dace da glaucoma, sannan bayanan aminci da tasiri a mutane. Har sai an samu waɗannan, shuɗin methylene da gani zai kasance hasashen bincike mai iyaka bayyananniya: aikin sinadari a mitochondria na retina da yake da yiwuwar tushe, wanda aka nuna a ƙwayoyi da dabbobi kaɗai, ba tare da wata hanya daga waɗannan binciken zuwa magance idanu ba.