Narkewar methylene blue da shirya ruwan haɗi: jagorar dakin gwaje-gwaje

Ma'aikatan fasaha biyu kowannensu ya shirya ruwan haɗin methylene blue mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari daga foda. Ɗaya ya auna gram 1.00 sannan ya cika flask ɗin zuwa 100 mL. Ɗayan ya auna gram 1.00, ya zuba shi cikin ruwa 100 mL, sannan ya ɗauka ya gama. Ma'aikaci na uku ya auna gram 1.00 daga wani rukunin samarwa dabam, sai ya samu ƙarfin haɗi da ya bambanta har ana iya auna bambancin. An yi wa dukkan kwalaben ukun lakabi iri ɗaya. Babu wanda ya ƙunshi daidai abin da lakabinsa ya faɗa, kuma bambance-bambancen sun samo asali ne daga abubuwa uku da ake saurin rikita su: yawan sinadarin da ruwan narkarwa zai iya ɗauka, ainihin abin da fodar da aka auna ta ƙunsa, da abin da kason cikin ɗari yake nufi.

Wannan jagorar ta shafi shirya haɗe-haɗe na dakin gwaje-gwaje kawai: sinadaran rini, sinadaran nuna alamar sauyi, haɗin tushe don nazari, da haɗe-haɗen da aka rage ƙarfinsu don amfani. Ba girke-girken maganin sha ko na allura ba ne, kuma bai kamata a ɗauki ƙarfin haɗe-haɗen da ke nan a matsayin adadin maganin da za a yi amfani da shi ba.

Abin da iyakar narkewa take ƙayyadewa, da abin da ba ta ƙayyadewa ba

Yawan methylene blue da zai iya narkewa cikin ruwa yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran sinadaran rini. Bayanan sinadarin methylene blue a PubChem sun nuna kusan gram 43.6 a kowace lita a 25 C, wanda yake daidai da gram 4.36 a kowace 100 mL, ko kashi 4.36 cikin ɗari w/v. Wani bincike mai zaman kansa na daidaituwar narkewa a zafin jiki ɗaya ya auna 43.21 g/L, kuma ya tabbatar da ƙimar da aka bayar a baya cikin iyakar kuskuren gwaji.

Wannan adadin iyaka ne, ba burin da za a kai ba. Haɗin tushe mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari yana da 10 g/L, ƙasa da rubu'in wannan iyaka. Haɗin tushe mai kashi 0.1 cikin ɗari yana da 1 g/L, kusan ɗaya bisa arba'in na iyakar. Idan haɗin kashi 1 cikin ɗari ya bar daskararrun barbashi da ba su narke ba bayan haɗawa yadda ya kamata a zafin ɗaki, kusan ba iyakar narkewa ce matsalar ba. Yawanci rashin jiƙewar fodar gaba ɗaya ne, ruwan sanyi, dunƙulen foda da ke buƙatar ƙarin lokaci, ko kuskuren tantance sinadarin da ake narkarwa. Ruwan ɗumi da motsawa suna warware yawancin waɗannan matsalolin. Idan an yi amfani da dumama, a bar flask ɗin ya koma zafin da aka yi masa daidaiton ma'auni kafin a cika shi zuwa jimillar da ake so.

Narkewa cikin sauran ruwan narkarwa ya fi ƙasa, kuma bayanan tushe daban-daban ba su cika dacewa ba, wani ɓangare saboda nau'in hydrate na sinadarin da aka gwada ya bambanta. Ruwa shi ne ruwan narkarwa na ma'auni don haɗin tushe na yau da kullum a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ethanol yana narkar da sinadarin rinin amma yana ɗaukar adadi mai ƙasa sosai fiye da ruwa; chloroform ma yana narkar da shi, pyridine kuwa kaɗan ne kawai, yayin da diethyl ether kusan ba ya narkar da shi. A jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka auna, acetone da ethyl acetate sun yi ƙasa sosai da ruwa. Don aikin da ba na ruwa ba, a ɗauki duk wani adadi daga littafin bayani a matsayin ƙiyasin farawa, sannan a tabbatar da shi da ainihin rukunin sinadarin da za a yi amfani da shi, maimakon ɗaukarsa a matsayin iyakar shirya haɗin. Muhimmin abin a aikace mai sauƙi ne: idan manufar ita ce samun ƙayyadadden ƙarfin haɗi cikin ruwa a kashi 1 cikin ɗari ko ƙasa da haka, ruwa yana ba da babban tazara kafin a kai iyakar narkewa.

Fodar ba abu iri ɗaya ba ce

Fodar methylene blue da ake sayarwa don amfani a dakin gwaje-gwaje gishirin chloride ne da ke ɗauke da ruwa a cikin tsarin kristal ɗinsa, kuma adadin ruwan yana bambanta. Ion ɗin da ba shi da ruwa yana da nauyin ƙwayar sinadari na 319.85 g/mol. Trihydrate da aka fi ambata yana da 373.90 g/mol, yayin da pentahydrate yake da 409.93 g/mol; waɗannan ƙimomi suna cikin jadawalin bayanan monograph na USP da aka taƙaita tare da bayanan PubChem.

Sau da yawa kwalaben da ake sayarwa suna da lakabin trihydrate, CAS 7220-79-3, amma binciken sinadarin a yanayin daskararre ya gano cewa ainihin sinadarin na iya zama pentahydrate, hydrate mai kusan ƙwayoyin ruwa 2.2, dihydrate, ko monohydrate, ba tare da wani keɓantaccen tsarin kristal na trihydrate ba a wasu nazarce-nazarce. Sinadarin rinin kuma yana shaƙar danshi, don haka adadin ruwan kwalbar da aka buɗe yana sauyawa. Wannan ba ya da tasiri sosai ga yin rini don duban siffa kawai. Amma yana da muhimmanci ƙwarai ga nazarin da ke auna adadi, shi ya sa jagorar karanta ma'aunin tsarki da adadin ruwa a takardar shaidar nazari take ɗaukar takardar rukunin samarwa a matsayin hujjar da ta fi kalmar trihydrate a lakabin gaba.

Hanyoyin gyaran lissafi biyu sun samo asali daga wannan, kuma ɗaya kawai ya kamata a yi amfani da ita a lokaci guda. Idan takardar shaidar ta bayar da ma'aunin tsarki da adadin ruwa ko raguwar nauyi bayan busarwa, a yi amfani da waɗannan adadin kai tsaye. Idan babu bayanan takardar shaida kuma dole ne a bayyana ƙarfin haɗin bisa daidaitaccen adadin sinadari marar ruwa, a yi amfani da ma'aunin ninkawa na hydrate na ka'ida: 373.90 a raba da 319.85, wato 1.169, don abin da aka bayyana a matsayin trihydrate, da 409.93 a raba da 319.85, wato 1.282, don abin da aka bayyana a matsayin pentahydrate. Kada a yi amfani da gyaran biyu lokaci guda. Yin haka yana ƙirga ruwan sau biyu.

Ma'anar kashi cikin ɗari

Kashi cikin ɗari w/v yana nufin gram na sinadarin da aka ƙayyade a kowace 100 mL na ruwan haɗin ƙarshe, ba a kowace 100 mL na ruwan da aka fara da shi ba. Saboda haka, kashi 1 cikin ɗari w/v yana nufin 1.000 g a kowace 100 mL na ruwan haɗin ƙarshe, daidai da 10 mg/mL ko 10 g/L. Haɗin kashi 0.1 cikin ɗari yana nufin 0.100 g a kowace 100 mL na ruwan haɗin ƙarshe, daidai da 1 mg/mL. Rikita kashi 1 cikin ɗari da 1 mg/mL da ake yawan yi kuskure ne na ninki goma, kuma yana da kyau a duba kowane lakabi don kauce masa.

Ɗayan ɓangaren ma'anar shi ne ƙayyade sinadarin da aka narkar. Ruwan haɗi mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari na fodar trihydrate kamar yadda aka auna ta, da ruwan haɗi mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari da aka bayyana bisa daidaitaccen adadin sinadari marar ruwa, haɗe-haɗe ne daban-daban. Misalan da ke ƙasa suna bayyana jimillar ruwan haɗin ƙarshe da tushen lissafin kowane lokaci, kuma wannan ɗabi'ar ce ke hana matsalar ma'aikatan fasaha uku da aka ambata a sama.

Misalan shiryawa, tare da bayyana nau'in hydrate da aka ɗauka

Dukkan misalan sun ɗauka cewa fodar tsantsa ce ta nau'in hydrate da aka bayyana, kuma ruwa ne ruwan narkarwa a zafin ɗaki. A ƙara ko a rage adadin daidai gwargwado idan ana son wasu jimilloli.

Misali A: 100.0 mL na kashi 1 cikin ɗari w/v, bisa trihydrate kamar yadda aka auna shi. A auna 1.000 g na methylene blue trihydrate. A ƙara kusan 70 mL na ruwan da aka tsarkake, a motsa ko a juya har ya narke gaba ɗaya, a mayar da shi duka zuwa flask mai ma'aunin 100.0 mL tare da wanke kwandon da aka fara amfani da shi a zuba ruwan wankewar, sannan a ƙara ruwa har zuwa alamar ma'auni. Sinadarin da aka narkar shi ne trihydrate ɗin da kansa, don haka babu gyaran nauyin ƙwayar sinadari da za a yi. Sakamako: 1.000 g a kowace 100.0 mL na ruwan haɗin ƙarshe, ko 10 mg/mL bisa fodar kamar yadda aka auna ta.

Misali B: 100.0 mL na 1 mg/mL, bisa daidaitaccen adadin sinadari marar ruwa, daga abin da aka bayyana a matsayin trihydrate. Manufar ita ce samun 100.0 mg na methylene blue marar ruwa a cikin 100.0 mL na ruwan haɗin ƙarshe. A ninka da 1.169 don yin gyara saboda ƙwayoyin ruwa ukun: 100.0 mg ninki 1.169 daidai yake da 116.9 mg. A auna 116.9 mg na abin da aka bayyana a matsayin trihydrate, a narkar cikin kusan 70 mL na ruwa, sannan a cika zuwa 100.0 mL na ruwan haɗin ƙarshe a flask mai ma'auni. Daga abin da aka bayyana a matsayin pentahydrate, ma'aunin ninkawa shi ne 1.282, don haka wannan manufar tana buƙatar 128.2 mg. A rubuta ma'aunin ninkawa da aka yi amfani da shi a lakabin.

Misali C: rage ƙarfin methylene blue daga haɗin tushe mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari zuwa kashi 0.1 cikin ɗari. A yi amfani da C1V1 daidai yake da C2V2. Don yin 100.0 mL na kashi 0.1 cikin ɗari daga haɗin tushe mai kashi 1.0 cikin ɗari, adadin haɗin tushe da ake buƙata shi ne 0.1 ninki 100.0 a raba da 1.0, wanda yake 10.0 mL. A ɗauki 10.0 mL na haɗin tushe mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari da pipette a zuba cikin flask na 100.0 mL, sannan a ƙara ruwa zuwa alamar ma'auni. Ga masu nazari da suka fi son raka'o'in nauyi: kashi 1 cikin ɗari yana da 10 mg/mL, don haka 10.0 mL yana ɗauke da 100 mg, kuma 100 mg a cikin 100.0 mL na ruwan haɗin ƙarshe yana da 1 mg/mL, wato kashi 0.1 cikin ɗari.

Misali D: 1.000 L na ruwan haɗi don amfani mai 10 mg/L daga haɗin tushe mai 1 mg/mL. Haɗin tushe mai 1 mg/mL yana da 1000 mg/L. Adadin da ake buƙata shi ne 10 ninki 1.000 a raba da 1000, wanda yake 0.0100 L, ko 10.0 mL. A ɗauki 10.0 mL na haɗin tushe da pipette sannan a ƙara ruwa har jimillar ruwan haɗin ƙarshe ta kai 1.000 L. Daga haɗin tushe mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari a 10,000 mg/L, wannan manufar tana buƙatar 1.00 mL kawai da za a ƙara masa ruwa har ya kai 1.000 L. Rage ƙarfi a jere cikin matakai biyu yana ba da daidaito mafi kyau fiye da ɗaukar ƙaramin adadi a sikelin microlitre sau ɗaya idan rabon ya wuce kusan ɗaya bisa ɗari.

Kowane ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan cikakken bayani ne kawai saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku: nauyin da aka auna tare da nau'in hydrate da aka ɗauka, jimillar ruwan haɗin ƙarshe, da tushen lissafin ƙarfin haɗin da aka bayyana. Ba za a iya maimaita daidai abin da aka rubuta a littafin gwaji ba idan ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ukun ya ɓace.

Hanyar aiki da ke hana kurakuran da aka saba yi

Da farko a narkar da fodar cikin ruwa da adadinsa bai kai jimillar ƙarshe ba, sannan a cika zuwa jimillar da ake so. Zuba foda kai tsaye cikin cikakken adadin ruwan ƙarshe yana samar da ruwan haɗi wanda jimillarsa ta wuce alamar da aka nufa, kuma ƙarfin haɗin zai yi ƙasa. A wanke beaker ɗin a zuba ruwan wankewar cikin flask don kada launi ya rage a baya; tsananin launin yana sa a ga ƙananan asarar sinadari, wanda yake da amfani idan hakan ya sa an tabbatar da mayar da dukan sinadarin.

A haɗa har babu barbashin da ya rage kafin a cika zuwa jimillar da ake so, sannan a duba ta hanyar haske. A tace ne kawai idan hanyar gwajin ta buƙaci hakan. Methylene blue yana manne wa saman wasu kayan membrane, don haka tacewa na iya rage ƙarfin haɗin tushe da aka gama tabbatar da ƙarfinsa. An rubuta wannan a binciken mannewar sinadari a saman membrane, kuma yana da kyau a tuna da shi duk lokacin da tacewa ko tabbatar da ƙarfin haɗi yake cikin hanyar gwajin. Idan dole ne haɗin tushe da aka tace ya kasance yana da shaidar ƙarfinsa, a tabbatar da ƙarfin bayan tacewa maimakon kafin ta.

A adana ruwan haɗin da aka shirya a kwalabe masu launin amber ko waɗanda ba sa bari haske ya ratsa, a zafin ɗaki, tare da kare su daga haske mai ƙarfi. A sa lakabin sinadarin da aka narkar, tushen hydrate, ƙarfin haɗi, ruwan narkarwa, kwanan wata, da wanda ya shirya. Dusashewar launi saboda ci gaba da samun haske sananniyar hanyar lalacewa ce, don haka gefen tagogi da firij masu haske wurare ne marasa kyau na adanawa ko da sinadarin rinin yana kama da mai ɗorewa. Abin da ake sa ran zai ɗore da tazarar sake gwaji suna cikin jagorar adanawa da ɗorewar ruwan haɗin da aka shirya, amma a matsayin ƙa'idar aiki, ya dace a sake shirya haɗin tushe don nazari sabo ko a sake tabbatar da ƙarfinsa maimakon ci gaba da amincewa da shi har abada.

A yi mu'amala da fodar da haɗin tushe masu ƙarfi da safar hannu, kayan kariyar ido, rigar dakin gwaje-gwaje, da murfin saman teburin aiki, tare da ƙarin kwandon kariya ga kwalabe don kama duk abin da ya zube. Sinadarin rinin yana saurin tabo fata, tufafi, teburin aiki, da robobi, kuma takardun bayanan tsaro na masu samarwa suna rarraba fodar a matsayin mai cutarwa idan aka haɗiye, da mai tayar da ƙaiƙayin ido da fata gwargwadon darajar sinadarin. Cikakken bayani kan matakan kariya yana cikin hanyoyin mu'amala da adanawa cikin aminci, amma hana yaɗuwar rinin shi kansa matakin tabbatar da inganci ne: rinin da ya rage a kayan gilashi da pipette yana iya gurɓata wasu samfura a nazarin sinadarai masu ƙanƙantar adadi.

Bayani kan darajar sinadari

Don ruwan tsoma rini da gwaje-gwajen nuna yadda abu yake aiki, duk wata darajar dakin gwaje-gwaje mai tsabta da aka shirya a ƙarfin da ya dace tana aiki. Don aikin auna adadi ko kwatantawa, darajar tana da muhimmanci saboda abubuwan gurɓatawa suna bambanta: ragowar Azure B da thiazines masu alaƙa, ƙarafa masu nauyi, ragowar ruwan narkarwa, da yawan ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙanƙanta. Wannan ne ya sa zaɓen darajar da ke da cikakkiyar takardar shaidar nazari yake cikin shirya haɗin, ba wani abin tunawa daga baya ba. Cikakkiyar takardar rukunin samarwa tana bayyana ainihin sinadarin, ma'aunin tsarki da tushen lissafinsa, adadin ruwa, da jerin abubuwan gurɓatawa da aka gwada a zahiri. Ta haka gyaran hydrate a misalan da ke sama zai yi amfani da ƙimomin da aka auna maimakon ɗaukar cewa trihydrate ne kawai. Idan rukunan samarwa biyu suka bayar da ƙarfin haɗi daban-daban daga nauyi ɗaya da aka auna, takardar shaidar yawanci tana bayyana dalilin.