Maƙala
Dorewar shuɗin methylene: haske, pH, abubuwan narkarwa, da rushewa
Ruwan ma'aunin shuɗin methylene mai ƙarancin taro ya nuna 0.842 a 664 nm ranar Litinin. Ranar Juma'a, wannan kwalbar ta nuna 0.791, kuma babu wanda ya canja taron sinadarin. Tambayar farko ita ce ko an rasa wani ɓangare na rinin. Tambaya ta biyu, wadda ta fi wahala, ita ce abin da "rasawa" yake nufi.
Dorewar shuɗin methylene ba sifa guda ɗaya ba ce. Ta ƙunshi hanyoyi da dama waɗanda duk suke rage ma'aunin shan haske a tsawon raƙuman haske guda ɗaya. Karɓar electron da za a iya juyawa, sauye-sauyen taruwar ƙwayoyin sinadari, da rushewar da ba za a iya juyawa ba suna kama da juna idan an auna su a tsawon raƙuman haske guda ɗaya. Wannan shafi yana bambanta su domin a fassara sakamakon gwaji daidai.
Abin da ake tattaunawa a nan shi ne dorewar haɗin sinadari da na gwaji. Don ajiyar kwalba, yadda ake kula da kwalbar da aka buɗe, da tambayoyin ƙarewar wa'adi, duba jagorar wa'adin ajiya ga masu amfani. Ba a sa ranar ƙarewar wa'adi a nan ba, domin dole ne a tabbatar da tsawon rayuwar ruwan sinadari bisa takamaiman taronsa, mazubinsa, da yanayin ajiyarsa.
Fara da abin da ake bayyanawa
Busasshen shuɗin methylene da shuɗin methylene da aka narkar suna da halaye daban-daban. Bayanan PubChem kan shuɗin methylene suna bayyana gishirin chloride, wanda nauyinsa bisa tsarin sinadari yake kusan 319.9 g/mol ga nau'in da ba ya ɗauke da ruwa, tare da lu'ulu'u masu duhun kore da ruwan sinadari mai zurfin shuɗi a cikin ruwa da alcohol. Tsofaffin bayanan da aka tattara suna bayyana trihydrate a matsayin mai ɗorewa a iska, kuma takardun tsaro na yanzu suna buƙatar mazubi mai rufewa sosai, a bushe, a sanyaye, a wurin da iska ke gudana, kuma a kare shi daga haske.
Wannan yana sa sinadarin mai tauri ya fi ɗorewa a yanayin ajiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullum. Wannan ba ya nufin ruwan sinadarinsa yana da irin wannan dorewar. Bayanin samfurin USP na yanzu ya ce a shirya ruwan sinadari mai ɗauke da shuɗin methylene sabo kafin bincike, a rufe marufinsa sosai, a kare shi daga haske, kuma a ajiye shi ƙasa da 30 C. Wannan umarni hanya ce ta taka-tsantsan a aikin bincike, ba hujjar cewa kowane ruwan sinadari zai dusashe cikin kwanaki ba. Yana nufin dole ne a nuna dorewar ruwan shuɗin methylene da hujja, ba a ɗauka kawai ba. Samfurin ƙa'idar USP kan shuɗin methylene ya bayyana tushen gwajin ƙayyade yawan sinadarin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen wannan hukunci.
Haske: babban abin da ke jawo asarar da za a iya kauce mata
Shuɗin methylene yana shan haske a zangon da hasken yau da kullum yake fitarwa. Monomer yana shan haske sosai kusa da 658 zuwa 665 nm, tare da wata kafaɗa a bakan shan haske ta dimer kusa da 605 zuwa 610 nm da zangunan ultraviolet kusa da 292 nm da ƙasa da haka. Saboda haka, jan hasken teburin gwaji yana dacewa kai tsaye da zangon shan hasken rinin. Hasken fluorescent, fararen LED, da UV-A ma suna iya dusashe ruwan sinadari mai ƙarancin taro a yanayin gwaji. Babu wani launin haske guda ɗaya da yake da cikakkiyar aminci; abin da za a yi kawai shi ne rage fallasawa.
Hulɗar sinadari da haske tana farawa da yanayin triplet. Hasken da rinin ya sha yana kai shi yanayin da makamashinsa ya ƙaru, kuma triplet da ya samu zai iya miƙa makamashi ko electron ga oxygen da ya narke. Monomer mai ƙarancin taro yana da ƙwarewa wajen samar da oxygen na singlet, tare da ƙimar quantum da aka ruwaito kusa da 0.5 a ruwa. Wata sananniyar madogara kan wannan tsarin ita ce nazarin triplet na shuɗin methylene da oxygen na singlet.
Bai kamata a ce oxygen na singlet shi ne kaɗai sanadin kowace kwalbar da ta dusashe ba. Ruwan sinadari da aka haskaka yana ɗauke da nau'ikan leuco waɗanda suka karɓi electron tare da rinukan da aka cire wa rukunin methyl, kuma marubutan nazarin haskaka shuɗin methylene da hasken da ido ke gani sun bayyana cewa har yanzu ba a tantance yadda hanyoyin hulɗar suke rarrabuwa ba. Karɓar electron ta haske da za a iya juyawa, cire rukunin N-methyl ta oxidation, hulɗar nau'ikan oxygen masu saurin yin hulɗa a mataki na biyu, da rarrabuwar ƙwayoyin sinadari daga baya na iya faruwa a lokaci guda.
A wani nazarin kayan abu, rinin da ke cikin ruwa mai taron 10 mg/L a 20 C ya rasa kusan kashi 37 na ma'aunin shan haske bayan mintuna 120 a ƙarƙashin hasken dakin gwaje-gwaje da ido ke gani, da kashi 53 a ƙarƙashin hasken rana, yayin da samfurin kwatantawa da aka ajiye a duhu bai nuna asarar da za a iya ganowa ba ko da a 80 C. Waɗannan alkaluma sun fito ne daga nazarin zafin jiki da haskaka shuɗin methylene a ruwa, kuma suna bayyana wannan tsarin gwaji kaɗai. Suna nuna cewa haske ne ya fi tasiri, ba tsawon lokacin da rabin sinadarin wata kwalba zai ragu ba.
Oxygen yana taka rawa biyu, shi ya sa "fallasawa ga iska" yana da ma'ana fiye da ɗaya. Oxygen yana ba da damar samuwar nau'ikan oxygen masu saurin yin hulɗa daga rinin da haske ya ƙara wa makamashi, amma yana kuma sake mayar da shuɗin leucomethylene marar launi zuwa nau'in shuɗi ta oxidation. Saboda haka, iska na iya dusashe wani ruwan sinadari kuma ta dawo da launin wani. An yi cikakken bayani kan bambancin samuwar leuco da lalacewa a ilimin musayar electron na shuɗin methylene da shuɗin leucomethylene.
Taruwar ƙwayoyin sinadari tana canja yadda kowace ƙwaya ke saurin shafar haske. H-dimer masu fuskantar juna suna komawa yanayin ƙarancin makamashi da sauri kuma suna samar da triplet da oxygen na singlet ƙasa sosai da monomer, kamar yadda aka auna a nazarin halayen dimer na shuɗin methylene ƙarƙashin haske.
pH: dorewa a tsakiya, canjin sinadari a iyakoki
A zangon daga acid zuwa tsaka-tsaki, cation mai shuɗi da ya rasa electron yana jure hulɗar alkali da ke faruwa da kanta fiye da yadda yake yi a babban pH. Taƙaitaccen bayanin makomar sinadarin a muhalli da aka tattara a PubChem bai yi tsammanin cewa rushewa ta ruwa za ta yi tasiri sosai kusa da pH 5 zuwa 9 ba, amma wannan kimantawar muhalli ce, ba tabbatarwar ingancin magani ba.
Wani tsohon nazari ya gano cewa rini mai ƙarancin taro kusa da 25 C yana ɗorewa kusan gaba ɗaya a ƙasa da kusan pH 9.5, tare da fara cire rukunin alkyl kusa da pH 9.5 zuwa 9.8 da canji mai sauri a pH 12 cikin kwanaki. Wannan sakamakon yana cikin wani nazarin farko kan dorewar shuɗin methylene a ruwan alkali, kuma ya kamata a ɗauke shi a matsayin hujjar yadda hulɗar take faruwa, ba ƙa'idar inganci ba.
Alkali mai ƙarfi na iya sauya hanyar hulɗar sinadarin. A alkali mai taron 0.1 M a ruwa, babban sinadarin da aka ware shi ne Bernthsen methylene violet, wani samfurin rushewa ta ruwa a yanayin alkali, kamar yadda aka gano a nazarin rushewar rinukan phenothiazine ta alkali. Wannan rushewar sinadari ce, ba sauyin launin manunin pH ba.
Karɓar electron yana samar da shuɗin leucomethylene, wanda kusan ba shi da launi kuma iska tana sauƙin sake mayar da shi ta oxidation; hakan ya fi sauri a babban pH kuma ya fi jinkiri a acid. An bayyana yadda wannan ya dogara da oxygen a nazarin karɓar electron ta haske da sake oxidation na shuɗin methylene. Saboda haka, ɓacewar launin shuɗi tana tabbatar da cewa yawan nau'in da ya rasa electron ya ragu ne kawai, ba ko karɓar electron, taruwar ƙwayoyin sinadari, ko lalacewa ne ya jawo hakan ba.
Abubuwan narkarwa da taruwar ƙwayoyin sinadari: bakan na iya motsawa ba tare da asara ba
Ruwa yana narkar da gishirin chloride cikin sauƙi. PubChem ya tattara ƙimar kusan 43.6 g/L a ruwa a 25 C tare da bayanin narkewa a ethanol da chloroform ba tare da ƙayyade adadi ba, yayin da ƙa'idojin sinadaran magani suke amfani da kalmomi kamar narkewa kaɗan ko narkewa da ƙyar ga takamaiman kayan sinadari. Nau'in hydrate, tsabta, ƙarfin ion, da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su suna bayyana wani ɓangare na bambancin. Jagorar narkewar shuɗin methylene da shirya ruwan sinadarinsa ta bayyana yadda ake bayar da rahoton nau'in sinadarin da ya zama tushen wata ƙima.
Zaɓin abin narkarwa yana canja rabon nau'ikan sinadarin, ba narkewa kaɗai ba. A gaurayen ruwa da methanol, nazarin bakan yana bambanta monomer, dimer, da trimer da ke cikin ruwa tare da monomer da ke cikin methanol, kamar yadda aka nuna a nazarin taruwar shuɗin methylene a gaurayen abubuwan narkarwa. Alcohol ba ya kawar da taruwar ƙwayoyin sinadari: dimer da taruka masu ƙwayoyi fiye da haka suna ci gaba da kasancewa a methanol, ethanol, propanol, da butanol, bisa ga nazarin taruwar ƙwayoyin sinadari da ta dogara da abin narkarwa.
A aikin gwaji, abin narkarwa, ƙarfin ion, zafin jiki, da taron sinadari na iya canja matsayin kololuwar bakan da ƙarfin shan haske ba tare da lalata rinin ba. A sa samfurin gwaji da na ma'auni cikin tsarin abin narkarwa iri ɗaya, kuma a tabbatar da dangantakar layi madaidaiciya. Ma'anar dokar Beer-Lambert ta IUPAC ta bayyana yanayin da ma'aunin shan haske yake bin taron sinadari.
Dusashewar da za a iya juyawa da rushewar da ba za a iya juyawa ba
Cire rukunin N-methyl a hankali yana samar da Azure B, sannan nau'ikan Azure masu ƙarancin rukunin methyl da thionine. Shigar da iska cikin kwalbar ba ya juyar da wannan mataki, kuma ainihin rarrabuwar hanyoyin hulɗar tana bambanta, don haka bai kamata a zana ta a matsayin jerin matakai guda ɗaya mai tsauri ba. An tsara wannan hanyar sadarwar hulɗa a nazarin kayayyakin cire rukunin methyl daga shuɗin methylene.
Shuɗin leucomethylene yana a ɗayan ɓangaren. Shi ne nau'in da ya karɓi electron biyu, kusan marar launi, kuma oxygen ko wani abin oxidation zai iya sake samar da rinin shuɗi. Ƙa'idojin sarrafa sinadaran magani suna nuna ɓangaren da ba za a iya juyawa ba: ƙa'idar USP ta yanzu tana ƙayyade Azure B a matsayin takamaiman ƙazanta, wanda ya dace da kasancewar cire rukunin methyl a matsayin hanyar samuwar ƙazanta da ya kamata a sa ido a kai.
Oxidation daga baya yana samar da sinadarai waɗanda aka buɗe wa zobe ko aka rarraba zuwa gutsattsari. Wannan lalacewa ce. Dakin gwaje-gwaje ba ya buƙatar gano kowane gutsattsari. Abin da yake buƙata shi ne kauce wa kiran kowace raguwar ma'aunin shan haske da suna guda ɗaya.
Teburin hujjojin dorewa bisa yanayi
Wannan shi ne babban abin dubawa na shafin. Kowane layi yana nuna wani yanayi, halin da hujjoji suka fi tallafawa, da matakin sarrafa gwaji da ke hana yanke hukunci marar daidai.
| Yanayi | Halin da aka lura da shi | Mai juyawa ko na dindindin | Matakin sarrafa gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje |
|---|---|---|---|
| Busasshen foda, a rufe, a duhu, a sanyaye | Ya fi ɗorewa; ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sinadari mai tauri da haske ke shafarsa | Babu ɗaya daga cikinsu; an kiyaye sinadarin farko | A rufe sosai, a bushe, a kare daga haske, ƙasa da 30 C |
| Ruwan sinadari mai ƙarancin taro a hasken ɗaki | Rushewar shuɗin methylene ta haske a hankali tare da yiwuwar karɓar electron ta haske; ma'aunin 664 nm yana raguwa | Gauraye; ɓangaren leuco yana dawowa, ɓangaren da aka cire wa methyl ba ya dawowa | Gilashin launin amber ko ruwan kasa, ajiya a duhu, rage lokacin haskakawa |
| Irin wannan ruwan sinadari da aka ajiye a duhu | Canji mai matuƙar jinkiri; samfurorin kwatantawa na duhu da aka wallafa sun nuna ƙarancin asara cikin sa'o'i ko da a ɗumi | Yawanci yana nan idan an sarrafa pH da oxygen | A yi amfani da samfurin kwatantawa na duhu tare da kowane jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka fallasa ga haske |
| Kasancewar oxygen da ya narke | Yana ba da damar hulɗar nau'ikan oxygen masu saurin yin hulɗa daga rinin da makamashinsa ya ƙaru; yana kuma mayar da rinin leuco zuwa shuɗi | Duka biyun, bisa ga hanyar da ta fi rinjaye | A bayyana yadda aka shigar da iska; kada a ɗauki fallasawa ga iska a matsayin lalacewa kaɗai |
| pH daga acid zuwa tsaka-tsaki | Cation da ya rasa electron yana da ɗan juriya ga harin alkali | Yana nan idan sauran yanayi suna kare shi | A daidaita pH, buffer, da ƙarfin ion tsakanin samfurin gwaji da na ma'auni |
| pH na alkali, kusa da 9.5 da sama | Ana gano cire rukunin alkyl, yana ƙara sauri da ƙarin pH; kayayyakin rushewa ta ruwa a alkali mai ƙarfi | Canjin sinadari na dindindin | A guji ajiyar sinadaran ma'auni a alkali; a tabbatar da kowace hanyar alkali dabam |
| Ruwa idan aka kwatanta da alcohol ko gaurayen abin narkarwa | Matsayin kololuwar bakan, ƙarfin shan haske, da rabon monomer zuwa tarukan ƙwayoyin sinadari suna canjawa | Sake rarrabuwar bakan, ba hujjar asara ba | Tsarin abin narkarwa iri ɗaya ga samfuran gwaji da daidaita ma'auni; a duba cikakken bakan |
| Mai babban taro idan aka kwatanta da mai ƙarancin taro | Ƙarin dimer da taruka masu ƙwayoyi fiye da haka; ƙarancin kunna hulɗar haske ga kowace ƙwaya | Canjin rabon nau'ikan sinadari, wanda zai iya juyawa idan an rage taro muddin babu hulɗar sinadari da ta faru | A tabbatar da dangantakar layi madaidaiciya ta Beer-Lambert a zangon aiki |
| Ruwan sinadari mai ɗumi, a duhu idan aka kwatanta da wanda aka haskaka | Zafi kaɗai yana jawo ɗan canji a samfurorin kwatantawa da aka wallafa; zafi tare da haske yana hanzarta asara | Haske ne ya fi jawo shi a yanayin da aka gwada | A sarrafa zafin jiki a aikin nazarin saurin hulɗa da daidaita ma'auni |
| Raguwa a tsawon raƙuman haske guda ɗaya na 664 nm | Ya dace da dusashewa, karɓar electron, taruwar ƙwayoyin sinadari, manne wa saman abu, ko sassan ba da launi da aka cire wa methyl | Ba za a tantance shi daga tsawon raƙuman haske guda ɗaya ba | A binciki cikakken bakan kuma a yi amfani da samfurorin kwatantawa na duhu da haske |
Matakan sarrafa gwaji don aikin auna adadi
A shirya sinadaran ma'aunin bincike sabo kuma a rage lokacin fallasawa. A daidaita zafin jiki, pH, abin narkarwa, ƙarfin ion, da zangon taron sinadari tsakanin sinadaran ma'auni da samfuran gwaji. A haɗa samfurin kwatantawa na duhu idan ana nazarin rushewa, da samfurin kwatantawa da aka fallasa ga haske ba tare da mai hanzarta hulɗa ba a gwaje-gwajen hulɗar sinadari da haske. Idan bakan yana da muhimmanci, a rubuta cikakken bakan hasken da ido ke gani maimakon tsawon raƙuman haske guda ɗaya, domin rinukan da aka cire wa methyl da tarukan ƙwayoyin sinadari suna shan haske a wurare masu kusa amma ba iri ɗaya ba. An rubuta bayanan bakan da ya dogara da taron sinadari, waɗanda suka zama tushen wannan shawara, a nazarin taron sinadari da taruwar ƙwayoyinsa ta hanyar bakan.
Kada a mayar da wani sakamako a wannan shafi zuwa wa'adin ajiya. Tsawon rayuwar da aka tabbatar yana da alaƙa da takamaiman haɗin sinadari, mazubi, taron sinadari, sararin iska da ke saman ruwan sinadarin a mazubi, sarrafa ƙananan halittu, da yanayin ajiya. Wannan tabbatarwar tana ƙarƙashin jagorar wa'adin ajiya ga masu amfani, wadda wannan shafi yake tallafawa amma ba ya maye gurbinta.