Ukuncibilika kwe-methylene blue nokulungiswa kwezixazululo: umhlahlandlela waselabhorethri

Ochwepheshe ababili ngamunye benza isixazululo se-methylene blue esingamaphesenti angu-1 ngempushana. Omunye ukala igremu elingu-1.00 bese egcwalisa iflaski kuze kufike ku-100 mL. Omunye ukala igremu elingu-1.00, alifake emanzini angu-100 mL, bese ethi useqedile. Uchwepheshe wesithathu ukala igremu elingu-1.00 leqoqo elihlukile lokukhiqiza bese ethola ukugxila okuhlukile okungalinganiswa. Womathathu amabhodlela anamalebula afanayo. Alikho eliqukethe lokho okushiwo ilebula ngokuphelele, futhi umehluko uvela emiqondweni emithathu okulula ukuyidida: ukuthi uketshezi lokuncibilikisa lungamumatha okungakanani, ukuthi impushana ekaliwe iyini ngempela, nokuthi iphesenti libhekisela kuphi.

Lo mhlahlandlela umayelana nokulungiswa kwezixazululo zaselabhorethri kuphela: odayi bokungcolisa amasampula, izinkomba, izixazululo eziyisisekelo zokuhlaziya, nezixazululo ezihlanjululwe ukuze zisetshenziswe. Akuyona indlela yokwenza umuthi ophuzwayo noma ojovwayo, futhi amazinga okugxila lapha akufanele athathwe njengemithamo yomuthi.

Lokho okunqunywa ukuncibilika, nalokho okungakunqumi

Ukuncibilika kwe-methylene blue emanzini kuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye odayi. Irekhodi le-PubChem lenhlanganisela ye-methylene blue libika cishe amagremu angu-43.6 ilitha ngalinye ku-25 C, okulingana namagremu angu-4.36 ku-100 mL ngamunye, noma amaphesenti angu-4.36 w/v. Ucwaningo oluzimele lokufinyelela esimweni sokulingana kulelo zinga lokushisa lwalinganisa u-43.21 g/L futhi lwaqinisekisa inani langaphambili ngaphakathi komkhawulo wephutha lokuhlola.

Lelo nani liwumkhawulo ophezulu, hhayi okuhlosiwe. Isixazululo esiyisisekelo esingamaphesenti angu-1 singu-10 g/L, okungaphansi kwekota yomkhawulo ophezulu. Isixazululo esiyisisekelo esingamaphesenti angu-0.1 singu-1 g/L, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezingamashumi amane yalowo mkhawulo. Uma ukulungiswa kwesixazululo esingamaphesenti angu-1 kushiya izinhlayiya eziqinile ezinganyamalali ngemva kokuxuba kahle ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, inkinga cishe ayikaze ibe umkhawulo wokuncibilika. Ngokuvamile kuba ukungamanziswa ngokuphelele, amanzi abandayo, izigaxa zempushana ezidinga isikhathi esengeziwe, noma into encibilikiswayo ekhonjwe ngokungeyikho. Amanzi afudumele nokugovuza kuxazulula okuningi kwalokhu. Uma kusetshenziswe ukushisa, vumela iflaski ibuyele ezingeni lokushisa eyakalibhrethwa kulo ngaphambi kokuyigcwalisa ifike emthamo wokugcina.

Ukuncibilika kwezinye izinhlobo zoketshezi lokuncibilikisa kuphansi futhi akuvumelani kahle phakathi kwemithombo yolwazi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi isimo se-hydrate sento ehloliwe siyahluka. Amanzi ahlala ewuketshezi lokuncibilikisa oluyinkomba yezixazululo eziyisisekelo ezivamile zaselabhorethri. I-ethanol iyawuncibilikisa udayi kodwa imumatha omncane kakhulu kunamanzi, i-chloroform nayo iyawuncibilikisa, i-pyridine iwuncibilikisa kancane kuphela, kanti i-diethyl ether cishe ayiwuncibilikisi nhlobo. I-acetone ne-ethyl acetate zinokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu kunamanzi ezilinganisweni ezilandelanayo. Emsebenzini ongasebenzisi amanzi, thatha noma yiliphi inani elisencwadini yezinkomba njengokulinganiselwa kokuqala futhi uliqinisekise ngeqoqo langempela lokukhiqiza, kunokuba ulithathe njengomkhawulo wokulungiswa kwesixazululo. Iphuzu elisebenzayo lilula: uma umgomo kuwukugxila okucacisiwe esixazululweni samanzi okungamaphesenti angu-1 noma ngaphansi, amanzi anikeza indawo enkulu ngaphambi kokufinyelela umkhawulo.

Impushana ayiyona into eyodwa kuphela

Impushana ye-methylene blue ethengiselwa ukusetshenziswa elabhorethri ingusawoti we-chloride onamanzi esakhiweni sayo samakristalu, futhi inani lalawo manzi liyahlukahluka. I-ion engenamanzi inesisindo samangqamuzana esingu-319.85 g/mol. I-trihydrate evame ukucashunwa ingu-373.90 g/mol kanti i-pentahydrate ingu-409.93 g/mol, okuyizinani afakwe etafuleni emininingwaneni yemonografi ye-USP efingqwe kanye nerekhodi le-PubChem.

Amabhodlela athengiswayo avame ukubhalwa ukuthi aqukethe i-trihydrate, CAS 7220-79-3, kodwa ucwaningo lwesimo esiqinile luthole ukuthi into yangempela ingaba i-pentahydrate, i-hydrate engaphelele enamanzi asondele ku-2.2, i-dihydrate, noma i-monohydrate, kungabikho isigaba esihlukile samakristalu e-trihydrate kokunye ukuhlaziya. Udayi ubuye udonse umswakama emoyeni, ngakho okuqukethwe kwamanzi ebhodleleni elivuliwe kuyashintsha. Ekungcoliseni amasampula ukuze kubhekwe izici zawo, lokhu akunamthelela omkhulu. Emsebenzini wokuhlaziya olinganisa amanani, kubaluleke kakhulu, yingakho umhlahlandlela wokufunda okuqukethwe okuyinhloko nokwamanzi esitifiketini sokuhlaziya ubheka idokhumenti yeqoqo lokukhiqiza njengobufakazi obunamandla kunegama elithi trihydrate eliselebula elingaphambili.

Kulokhu kuvela izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa izibalo, futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe eyodwa kuphela ngesikhathi. Uma isitifiketi sinikeza inani lokuqukethwe okuyinhloko kanye namanzi noma ukuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa, sebenzisa lawo manani ngokuqondile. Uma kungekho mininingwane yesitifiketi futhi ukugxila kufanele kuvezwe ngokulingana nento engenamanzi, sebenzisa isiphindaphindi se-hydrate esibalwe ngokwethiyori: u-373.90 uhlukaniswe ngo-319.85, noma u-1.169, ku-trihydrate ngokwegama, no-409.93 uhlukaniswe ngo-319.85, noma u-1.282, ku-pentahydrate ngokwegama. Ungazisebenzisi zombili izindlela zokulungisa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokho kubala amanzi kabili.

Okushiwo iphesenti

Iphesenti le-w/v lisho amagremu ento encibilikiswayo ecacisiwe ku-100 mL ngamunye wesixazululo sokugcina, hhayi ku-100 mL ngamunye wamanzi okuqala. Ngakho amaphesenti angu-1 w/v angu-1.000 g ku-100 mL wokugcina ngamunye, okulingana no-10 mg/mL noma u-10 g/L. Isixazululo esingamaphesenti angu-0.1 singu-0.100 g ku-100 mL wokugcina ngamunye, okulingana no-1 mg/mL. Ukudida okuvamile kwamaphesenti angu-1 no-1 mg/mL kuyiphutha lesiphindaphindi esiyishumi, futhi kufanele kuhlolwe wonke amalebula ukuze kugwenywe lokhu.

Ingxenye yesibili yencazelo ukucaciswa kwento encibilikiswayo. Isixazululo esingamaphesenti angu-1 sempushana ye-trihydrate njengoba ikaliwe nesixazululo esingamaphesenti angu-1 esivezwe ngokulingana nento engenamanzi ziyizixazululo ezihlukile. Izibonelo ezibaliwe ezingezansi zisho kokubili umthamo wokugcina nesisekelo njalo, okuwumkhuba ovimbela inkinga yochwepheshe abathathu engenhla.

Izibonelo zokulungiswa ezibaliwe, nokucatshangelwe nge-hydrate kucacisiwe

Zonke izibonelo zithatha ngokuthi impushana ihlanzekile futhi iyi-hydrate eshiwo, namanzi awuketshezi lokuncibilikisa ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni. Khulisa noma unciphise amanani ngokwesilinganiso esifanayo kweminye imithamo.

Isibonelo A: 100.0 mL wamaphesenti angu-1 w/v, ngesisekelo se-trihydrate njengoba ikaliwe. Kala u-1.000 g we-methylene blue trihydrate. Faka cishe u-70 mL wamanzi ahlanziwe, ugovuze noma uzungezise kuze kuncibilike ngokuphelele, kudlulisele konke eflaskini yokulinganisa umthamo engu-100.0 mL ngokuhlanza isitsha bese ufaka nalawo manzi okuhlanza, bese ufaka amanzi kuze kufike emugqeni. Into encibilikiswayo yi-trihydrate uqobo, ngakho akukho kulungiswa kwesisindo samangqamuzana okudingekayo. Umphumela: 1.000 g ku-100.0 mL wokugcina ngamunye, noma u-10 mg/mL wempushana njengoba ikaliwe.

Isibonelo B: 100.0 mL ka-1 mg/mL, ngesisekelo sokulingana nento engenamanzi, kusuka ku-trihydrate ngokwegama. Okuhlosiwe ngu-100.0 mg we-methylene blue engenamanzi ku-100.0 mL wokugcina. Phindaphinda ngo-1.169 ukuze ulungise izibalo zamanzi amathathu: 100.0 mg ephindwe ngo-1.169 ilingana no-116.9 mg. Kala u-116.9 mg we-trihydrate ngokwegama, uyincibilikise cishe ku-70 mL wamanzi, bese ugcwalisa kuze kufike ku-100.0 mL wokugcina eflaskini yokulinganisa umthamo. Uma kusetshenziswa i-pentahydrate ngokwegama, isiphindaphindi singu-1.282, ngakho okuhlosiwe okufanayo kudinga u-128.2 mg. Bhala elebuleni ukuthi kusetshenziswe siphi isiphindaphindi.

Isibonelo C: ukuhlanjululwa kwe-methylene blue kusuka esixazululweni esiyisisekelo esingamaphesenti angu-1 kuya kumaphesenti angu-0.1. Sebenzisa u-C1V1 olingana no-C2V2. Ukuze wenze u-100.0 mL wamaphesenti angu-0.1 ngesixazululo esiyisisekelo esingamaphesenti angu-1.0, umthamo wesixazululo esiyisisekelo odingekayo ungu-0.1 ephindwe ngo-100.0 yahlukaniswa ngo-1.0, okungu-10.0 mL. Sebenzisa i-pipette ukudlulisela u-10.0 mL wesixazululo esiyisisekelo esingamaphesenti angu-1 eflaskini engu-100.0 mL bese ufaka amanzi kuze kufike emugqeni. Kubahlaziyi abakhetha amayunithi esisindo: amaphesenti angu-1 angu-10 mg/mL, ngakho u-10.0 mL uqukethe u-100 mg, futhi u-100 mg ku-100.0 mL wokugcina ungu-1 mg/mL, okungamaphesenti angu-0.1.

Isibonelo D: 1.000 L wesixazululo esisetshenziswayo esingu-10 mg/L kusuka esixazululweni esiyisisekelo esingu-1 mg/mL. Isixazululo esiyisisekelo esingu-1 mg/mL singu-1000 mg/L. Umthamo odingekayo ungu-10 ephindwe ngo-1.000 yahlukaniswa ngo-1000, okungu-0.0100 L, noma u-10.0 mL. Sebenzisa i-pipette ukudlulisela u-10.0 mL wesixazululo esiyisisekelo bese uhlanjululwa ngamanzi kuze kufike ku-1.000 L wokugcina. Kusuka esixazululweni esiyisisekelo esingamaphesenti angu-1 ku-10,000 mg/L, okuhlosiwe okufanayo kudinga kuphela u-1.00 mL ogcwaliswa kuze kufike ku-1.000 L. Ukuhlanjululwa okulandelanayo ngezinyathelo ezimbili kunikeza ukunemba okungcono kunokudlulisa okukodwa kwama-microlitre lapho isilinganiso sidlula cishe okukodwa kweziyikhulu.

Ngayinye yalezi iyincazelo ephelele kuphela ngoba iqukethe amaqiniso amathathu: isisindo esikaliwe kanye nokucatshangelwe nge-hydrate yaso, umthamo wokugcina wesixazululo, nesisekelo sokugxila okushiwo. Okubhalwe encwadini yokubhalela okuntula noma yiliphi kulawa mathathu akunakuphindwa ngokunembile.

Inqubo egwema amaphutha avamile

Qala ngokuncibilikisa impushana emthamo ongaphansi komthamo wokugcina, bese ugcwalisa ufike emthamo odingekayo. Ukufaka impushana ngokuqondile emanzini asevele esemthamo wokugcina ogcwele kukhiqiza isixazululo esinomthamo ophelele odlula umugqa ohlosiwe, futhi ukugxila kuba phansi. Hlanza ibhika ngokuligeza bese uthela amanzi okuhlanza eflaskini ukuze kungasali umbala; umbala ojulile wenza ukulahleka okuncane kubonakale, okuyinzuzo uma kukhuthaza ukudluliselwa kwakho konke okuqukethwe.

Xuba kuze kungasali zinhlayiya ngaphambi kokugcwalisa ufike emthamo odingekayo, bese uhlola ngokubhekisa ekukhanyeni. Hlunga kuphela uma indlela yokusebenza ikudinga. I-methylene blue inamathela ebusweni bezinye izinto ezakha ulwelwesi, ngakho ukuhlunga kunganciphisa ukugxila kwesixazululo esiyisisekelo esisanda kuqinisekiswa izinga laso. Leli phuzu libhalwe ocwaningweni lokunamathela ebusweni bolwelwesi futhi kufanele likhunjulwe noma nini lapho ukuhlunga noma ukuqinisekisa ukugxila kuyingxenye yendlela yokusebenza. Uma isixazululo esiyisisekelo esihlungiwe kufanele sibe nokugxila okuqinisekisiwe ngesitifiketi, qinisekisa ukugxila ngemva kokuhlunga kunangaphambi kwakho.

Gcina izixazululo ezilungisiwe zivikelekile ekukhanyeni okunamandla, emabhodleleni anombala wenhlaka noma angangenisi ukukhanya, ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, bese uzibhala amalebula anento encibilikiswayo, isisekelo se-hydrate, ukugxila, uketshezi lokuncibilikisa, usuku, nomuntu ozilungisile. Ukufiphala kombala ngenxa yokukhanyiswa okuqhubekayo kuyindlela eyaziwayo yokuwohloka, ngakho onqenqemeni bamafasitela neziqandisi ezinokukhanya akufanele kugcinwe khona, nakuba udayi ubonakala uzinzile. Okulindelwe ngokuzinza nezikhawu zokuhlolwa kabusha kuhambisana nomhlahlandlela wokugcina nokuzinza kwezixazululo ezilungisiwe, kodwa njengomthetho wokusebenza, izixazululo eziyisisekelo zokuhlaziya kufanele zilungiswe kabusha noma ziqinisekiswe kabusha kunokuba zithenjwe unomphela.

Phatha impushana nezixazululo eziyisisekelo ezinokugxila okuphezulu usebenzisa amagilavu, ukuvikelwa kwamehlo, ijazi laselabhorethri, nokumbozwa kwendawo yokusebenzela, kube nezitsha ezengeziwe zokubamba okungachitheka emabhodleleni. Udayi ungcolisa isikhumba, izingubo, izindawo zokusebenzela, namapulasitiki ngokushesha, futhi amaphepha emininingwane yokuphepha abahlinzeki ahlukanisa impushana njengento eyingozi uma igwinyiwe futhi ecasula amehlo nesikhumba kuye ngebanga layo. Izinyathelo eziphelele zokuzivikela zihambisana nemikhuba ephephile yokuphatha nokugcina, kodwa ukulawula ukungcoliswa udayi nakho kuyindlela yokugcina ikhwalithi: udayi osale ezitsheni zengilazi nakuma-pipette uwumthombo wokungcolisana lapho kuhlaziywa amanani amancane kakhulu.

Inothi ngebanga

Ezitsheni zokungcolisa amasampula nasekuboniseni indlela yokusebenza, noma yiliphi ibanga laselabhorethri elihlanzekile elilungiswe ngokugxila okufanele liyasebenza. Emsebenzini wokulinganisa amanani noma wokuqhathanisa, ibanga libalulekile ngoba ukungcola kuyahluka: i-Azure B esele nama-thiazine ahlobene nayo, izinsimbi ezisindayo, izinsalela zoketshezi lokuncibilikisa, nenani lezinto eziphilayo ezincane. Yingakho ukukhetha ibanga elisekelwa isitifiketi sokuhlaziya esiphelele kuyingxenye yokulungiswa kwesixazululo kunokuba kube into ecatshangelwa kamuva. Idokhumenti ephelele yeqoqo lokukhiqiza ibika ubunikazi bento, inani lokuqukethwe okuyinhloko kanye nesisekelo salo, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, neqoqo lokuhlolwa kokungcola elenziwe ngempela, ukuze ukulungiswa kwezibalo ze-hydrate ezibonelweni ezingenhla kusebenzise amanani alinganisiwe esikhundleni sokucatshangelwa kwe-trihydrate ngokwegama. Lapho amaqoqo amabili ekhiqiza ukugxila okuhlukile ngesisindo esifanayo esikaliwe, isitifiketi ngokuvamile siyachaza ukuthi kungani.