Isihloko
I-methylene blue, i-malachite green noma usawoti we-aquarium: yikuphi okufanele inkinga?
Kuvela amachashaza amhlophe ku-tetra, bese kuthi ngemizuzu embalwa kuvele iziphakamiso ezintathu: i-methylene blue, i-malachite green, usawoti. Zontathu zishintsha umbala wamanzi. Zontathu zinabasebenzisi abazinamathelayo. Akukho kuzo okuyikhambi lazo zonke izinkinga, futhi ukubuza ukuthi yikuphi okungcono kweqa isinyathelo esinquma impendulo: yini engalungile ngenhlanzi, futhi yini ngempela ehlanganiswa ilebula yomkhiqizo ngamunye.
Lezi yizindlela ezintathu ezahlukene ezipakishwe ngendlela efanayo. I-methylene blue ingudayi onokusetshenziswa kwase-aquarium okuselebula okuphathelene nesikhunta emaqandeni, isikhunta esingajulile nesingesibi, ama-protozoa athile angaphandle, nokusiza lapho kunobuthi be-nitrite noma be-cyanide. I-malachite green, evame ukuthengiswa ixutshwe ne-formalin, ngokuyinhloko iyindlela yokwelapha izimuncagazi zangaphandle, eqondiswe ku-Ich nasezidalwaneni ezihlobene nayo. Usawoti we-aquarium awuwona umuthi nhlobo ngokwemithethonqubo; usiza ukulawula ibhalansi yamanzi nosawoti emzimbeni futhi ungumthombo we-chloride evikela ku-nitrite, kanti ubuye usetshenziswe kwezinye izimuncagazi zangaphandle emazingeni kasawoti amathangi amaningi anezinhlobo ezixubile angenakuwabekezelela. Ukukhetha phakathi kwawo ngokombala noma ngokomkhuba yikho okubangela ukuba izinhlanzi ezingenamazenga, izimfanzi, izitshalo nezihlungi zebhayoloji zilimale kanye nenkinga ehlosiwe.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwalezi zinto ezintathu
Ithebula elingezansi lisekelwe kumalebula abakhiqizi naseziqondisweni zezinsizakalo zokweluleka zamanyuvesi. Ukugxila kwezithako nemiyalelo kuyashintsha phakathi kwezinhlobo zemikhiqizo, ngakho thatha ilebula esebhodleleni lakho njengomthombo onegunya, kanti leli thebula ulithathe njengomhlahlandlela wokukuqondisa.
| I-methylene blue (isb. Kordon, 2.303%) | Izingxube ze-malachite green (isb. Kordon Rid-Ich Plus, API Super Ick Cure) | Usawoti we-aquarium (sodium chloride) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe | Isikhunta emaqandeni ezinhlanzi, izifo zesikhunta ezingajulile, ama-protozoa angaphandle asohlwini (Ichthyophthirius, Chilodonella, Costia), ukusiza lapho kunobuthi be-nitrite noma be-cyanide. Imiyalelo yomkhiqizo kaKordon ibala lokhu kusetshenziswa futhi ikhipha ngokusobala i-Oodinium, izifo zamagciwane, ama-fluke nezifo zesikhunta ezinzima. | Izimuncagazi zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi i-Ich yasemanzini angenasawoti kanye ne-Costia, i-Trichodina ne-Chilodonella, kuye ngomkhiqizo; ilebula ye-Rid-Ich Plus kaKordon yengeza i-Cryptocaryon ne-Amyloodinium yasolwandle nezinye izifo zesikhunta, kodwa ikhipha amagciwane, ama-fluke, ama-copepod nezikelemu. | Ukusiza ibhalansi yamanzi nosawoti emzimbeni ngesikhathi sokuphathwa, ukuvikela ku-nitrite ngokuncintisana kwe-chloride nayo emaphashini ezinhlanzi, nama-protozoa athile angaphandle lapho izinga likasawoti liphezulu. Iziqondiso zokweluleka ze-UF/IFAS zichaza usawoti njengento esetshenziswa ekufuyweni kwezilwane zasemanzini engabekwa eqhulwini eliphezulu ekulawulweni, hhayi njengomuthi wezinhlanzi ogunyaziwe. |
| Ukusetshenziswa emaqandeni | Ilebula ithi uphephile emaqandeni ezinhlanzi nasezinhlanzini ezisanda kuchanyuselwa ekuvimbeleni isikhunta, futhi inenqubo ecacisiwe yamaqanda. Umhlahlandlela wezindawo zokuchanyuselwa namaqanda uchaza lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokuningiliziwe. | Umkhiqizo kaKordon we-malachite green kuphela nawo unelebula yokuvimbela nokwelapha isikhunta emaqandeni, nemiyalelo yawo yokucwilisa isikhathi eside noma kafushane; ubuthi buncike ekugxileni, ekuchayekeni nasohlotsheni lwenhlanzi. Imikhiqizo exutshiwe ye-Ich ayinaso leso sitatimende, ngakho hlola ibhodlela elithile. | Awuyona indlela yokwelapha isikhunta emaqandeni. |
| Izinhlobo ezizwela kalula | Hlola uhlobo nesigaba sokuphila ngokuhambisana nelebula; umhlahlandlela ojwayelekile wezinhlanzi zase-aquarium uchaza ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana. | Kuyahlukahluka ngokwakheka komkhiqizo: ilebula yamanje ye-API inciphisa umthamo ube uhhafu ezinhlanzini ezingenamazenga, kuyilapho uKordon evumela i-Rid-Ich Plus kuma-loach nama-catfish kodwa exwayisa ngokuyisebenzisa kuma-mormyrid nasema-stingray amanzi angenasawoti. | Ukubekezelela kuncike ohlotsheni, hhayi emazengeni. I-UF/IFAS ixwayisa ngokukhethekile ukuthi amanye ama-tetra awawubekezeleli kahle usawoti nokuthi ama-tetra nezinhlanzi ze-elephant-nose akufanele zigcinwe emanzini anosawoti isikhathi eside. |
| Izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezitshalo | Ngokwelebula, uphazamisa ukukhula kwezitshalo; ukuhambisana nezilwane ezingenamgogodla kufanele kuhlolwe ngomkhiqizo ngamunye. | Akufanele kusetshenziswe kuma-aquarium anezixhobo zamakhorali noma izilwane ezingenamgogodla ngaphandle uma udokotela wezilwane zasemanzini eyala ngenye indlela; ezinye izitshalo eziphilayo ziyazwela. | Izitshalo zingase zingawabekezeleli amazinga kasawoti okwelapha i-Ich angu-4 kuya ku-5 ppt, kanti ukubekezelela kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla kuyehluka ngohlobo nokugxila. |
| Isihlungi sebhayoloji | Ungasebenzisi ezinhlelweni ezincike ekuhlungeni kwebhayoloji; uphazamisa amagciwane aguqula i-ammonia abe yi-nitrite ne-nitrate. Ukwelapha kufanele kwenziwe ethangini lokwelapha noma lokuchanyusela elingenazihlobiso; buyekeza umhlahlandlela wokuhambisana namathangi nezilwane zasemanzini ngaphambi kokwelapha ithangi lokubukisa elinezilwane. | UKordon uthi i-Rid-Ich Plus ngeke iphazamise ukuhlunga kwebhayoloji lapho isetshenziswa ngokwemiyalelo. Susa ikhabhoni esebenzayo ngesikhathi sokwelapha nganoma yimuphi walaba dayi. | Awubulali zonke izilwanyana ezisesihlungini sebhayoloji, kodwa izinga eliphezulu likasawoti licindezela izinhlelo zamanzi angenasawoti; ukulungisa isihlungi sebhayoloji esihlulekile kusadinga ukushintshwa kwamanzi nokulungiswa kwesihlungi, njengoba iziqondiso zezilwane ze-Merck zigcizelela. |
| Isimo ngokuphathelene nabantu nezinhlanzi zokudla | Ukusetshenziswa ezinhlanzini zokuhlobisa; hhayi ezinhlanzini zokudla. | Awugunyaziwe ezinhlanzini zokudla e-United States; izilawuli ze-FDA zokungenisa imikhiqizo zibheka izinsalela ze-malachite green njengokungcoliswa komkhiqizo, kanti i-EU ibeka umkhawulo wokuthatha isinyathelo ongu-0.5 µg/kg we-malachite green kanye nesimo sayo sezinsalela. Phatha odayi ngokucophelela futhi ubagcine kude nezingane nalapho kulungiswa khona ukudla. | Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokuqapha lapho uphatha usawoti; ingozi isezilwaneni ngenxa yezinga likasawoti, hhayi emithethweni yezinsalela. |
Ukusebenzisa ithebula ekuthatheni izinqumo
Izimo ezine ezivamile zibonisa indlela imininingwane esemigqeni ehlangana ngayo.
Isikhunta emaqandeni. Lapha yilapho i-methylene blue isetshenziswa khona ngokuyinhloko, inenqubo yamaqanda eselebuleni nesitatimende esicacile sokuphepha emaqandeni nasezinhlanzini ezisanda kuchanyuselwa. Usawoti awunakho ukusetshenziswa okufanayo okuselebula. I-malachite green kuphela (umkhiqizo kaKordon onesithako esisodwa esisebenzayo) nayo inemiyalelo yesikhunta emaqandeni elebuleni, kodwa izingxube zokwelapha i-Ich azinayo, ngakho ibhodlela onalo yilona elinqumayo. Qala uqinisekise ukuthi amaqanda avundisiwe; awukho udayi ongasindisa amaqanda angavundisiwe.
Isifo samachashaza amhlophe (Ich). Izingxube ze-malachite green ziyindlela enalokhu kusetshenziswa elebuleni, kanti usawoti ungaba usizo olungeziwe ngamagremu angu-4 kuya ku-5 ngelitha izinsuku ezingu-7 kuya ku-10, kodwa kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezibekezelela lelo zinga likasawoti nasemazingeni okushisa achazwe iziqondiso ze-UF/IFAS nge-Ich. I-methylene blue ibala i-Ichthyophthirius phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwayo kwesibili, kodwa izici zayo zizonke (ukulimaza isihlungi sebhayoloji, ukubhekana nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezimuncagazi) ziyenza ibe yindlela engafanele kangako ekuqubukeni kwe-Ich ethangini lokubukisa. Qondanisa ukuxilongwa nomkhiqizo obala leyo nkinga ekusetshenzisweni kwawo okuyinhloko.
Igazi elinsundu nobuthi be-nitrite. Ilebula ye-methylene blue iyichaza njengosizo lokuguqula i-methemoglobin ibuye isondele ku-hemoglobin ethwala umoya-mpilo, kuyilapho i-chloride evela kusawoti incintisana nokungeniswa kwe-nitrite emaphashini ezinhlanzi. Lezi zindlela ziyalekelelana, kodwa akukho kuzo okususa i-nitrite emanzini. Ubuthi be-nitrite budinga ingxoxo yabo ehlukile, ehlukanisa usizo olusezingeni legazi nokulungiswa kwamanzi (ukushintshwa kwamanzi, ukulungiswa kwesihlungi) okuyikho okuqeda ngempela ukuchayeka.
Amachashaza angakaxilongwa, ukuzihlikihla noma ukuntengantenga. Yima. Umhlahlandlela we-UF/IFAS wokuphatha impilo yezinhlanzi ubeka ukuhlolwa kwamanzi (umoya-mpilo oncibilikile, i-ammonia, i-nitrite, i-pH) ngaphambi kwemithi, ngoba amanzi angekho esimweni esihle alingisa isifo sezimuncagazi. Udayi othelwa enkingeni ye-ammonia welapha ukukhathazeka komgcini, hhayi inhlanzi.
Kungani i-malachite green inezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu
Abagcini bama-aquarium ngezinye izikhathi bayabuza ukuthi kungani omunye udayi uyindlela ejwayelekile yokwelapha amaqanda, kanti omunye uholela ekuhlolweni kwezinsalela emachwebeni. Impendulo yindlela umzimba oyiguqula ngayo. Izinhlanzi ziguqula i-malachite green ibe yi-leucomalachite green, isimo esincibilika emafutheni futhi esihlala ezicutshini ezidliwayo amasonto kuya ezinyangeni, kanti izifundo ze-FDA ngezinsalela zibhala ngalokhu kuhlala isikhathi eside kuma-trout nakuma-salmon. Le ndlela izinsalela ezihlala ngayo yiyo eyenza i-malachite green ingakaze igunyazwe ezinhlanzini zokudla futhi eyenza i-EU iyinqabele ezilwaneni ezikhiqizela ukudla.
Izincazelo eziphathelene nomdlavuza zidinga ukunemba. Imibhalo emidala yezikhungo ibiza i-malachite green ngokuthi ingase ibangele umdlavuza noma kusolwa ukuthi iguqula ufuzo; ukuhlolwa kwamanje kwe-IARC kubeka i-malachite green uqobo ku-Group 3 (ayikwazi ukuhlukaniswa) kanti isimo sayo sezinsalela, i-leucomalachite green, siku-Group 2B (ingase ibangele umdlavuza), ngokusekelwe ebufakazini bezilwane. Akukho kulokhu kuhlukaniswa okwenza ukwelashwa kwe-Ich ezinhlanzini zokuhlobisa kube ukuchayeka kwabantu entweni ebangela umdlavuza, kodwa kokubili kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukusetshenziswa ezinhlanzini zokudla kunqatshelwe nokuthi kungani izinyathelo zokuqapha ekuphatheni eziselebula kufanele zihlonishwe kunokuba zinganakwa.
Kungahlanganiswa yini?
Lapha yilapho izeluleko zezinkundla zokuxoxa zeqa khona amalebula. Ubufakazi buhlukaniseka bube amaqoqo amathathu.
Okokuqala, i-malachite green kanye nosawoti kunobufakazi obukusekelayo. Imiyalelo ye-API yosawoti we-aquarium incoma ukusebenzisa usawoti wayo kanye nomkhiqizo wayo wokwelapha i-Ich, kanti i-UF/IFAS iphawula ukuthi usawoti uvame ukufakwa ezinhlelweni ezelashwa nge-formalin ukuze kuthuthukiswe indlela ezisabela ngayo. Lokho kusekela lo mqondo emikhiqizweni ehambisanayo, hhayi kuwo wonke amabhodlela aseshalofini. I-Ich-X kaHikari, ingxube ye-formalin ne-malachite green, ithatha isikhundla esiphambene: imiyalelo yayo eselebuleni ithi akufanele ihlanganiswe nosawoti noma nezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Ngakho ukuhambisana nosawoti kuyisici somkhiqizo othile, akukaze kube umthetho ojwayelekile.
Okwesibili, kulokhu kubuyekezwa, i-methylene blue kanye nosawoti akunayo ilebula ekusekelayo noma inqubo yenyuvesi. Awukho umyalelo kaKordon noma inqubo ye-UF/IFAS noma ye-Merck encoma ukwelapha nge-methylene blue nosawoti ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukungabi khona kwenqubo akubona ubufakazi bokulimala, kodwa kusho ukuthi noma ubani ohlanganisa lokhu okubili uyazizamela ngaphandle kwenqubo ehloliwe, futhi akufanele ethule le ngxube njengendlela esunguliwe.
Okwesithathu, amanye amalebula akwenqabela ngokucacile ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha. UKordon uyala abasebenzisi ukuba bangahlanganisi i-Rid-Ich Plus nanoma yimuphi omunye umuthi. Lowo musho owodwa uphendula imibuzo eminingi ethi “ngingangeza yini” mayelana nalowo mkhiqizo: cha.
Umthetho ojwayelekile usebenza kokunye. Inkinga eyodwa, ilebula eyodwa, inkambo eyodwa yokwelapha. Odayi banciphisa umoya-mpilo oncibilikile osele ongase utholakale (i-formalin ikwenza lokhu ngokusobala), usawoti wengeza umthwalo ekulinganiseni amanzi nosawoti emzimbeni, kanti izinhlanzi ezigulayo sezivele zisebenza kanzima ekuphefumuleni. Ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha kwandisa ingcindezi futhi kwenza kungabi lula ukubona ukuthi iyiphi into edale ukusabela okubi. Qeda inkambo eyodwa noma uthathe isinqumo esicacile sokuyiyeka, ulungise amanzi phakathi kwemizamo, ngaphambi kokuqala enye.
Inqubo yokukhetha
Landela lezi zinyathelo ngokulandelana nganoma yisiphi isifo sangaphandle esisolekayo noma inkinga yamaqanda.
- Hlola amanzi (umoya-mpilo, i-ammonia, i-nitrite, i-pH) bese uqala ngokulungisa ukwehluleka kwemishini, ngokwe-nhlaka yokuthatha izinqumo nge-aquarium.
- Yisho inkinga ngokunemba ngangokunokwenzeka: isikhunta emaqandeni, amachashaza amhlophe, igazi elinsundu ngemva kokukhuphuka kwe-nitrite, noma engaziwa. Ukungaziwa kusho ukuxilonga ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imithi, ngosizo lukadokotela wezilwane zasemanzini noma uchwepheshe wempilo yezinhlanzi uma inkinga iphikelela noma inzima.
- Khetha into ebala leyo nkinga ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuyinhloko okuselebula, bese ufunda yonke imininingwane esebhodleleni: ukugxila, izexwayiso zezinhlobo, izitatimende ngezilwane ezingenamgogodla nezitshalo, izitatimende ngesihlungi sebhayoloji, nezinqatshelwe zokuhlanganisa.
- Yelapha endaweni ehambisana nalokho ilebula ekulindele. I-methylene blue kufanele ibe sethangini lokwelapha noma lokuchanyusela elingenazihlobiso, kude nokuhlunga kwebhayoloji; ukwelapha i-Ich kudinga ukuba kukhishwe ikhabhoni, kuqinisekiswe ukufakwa komoya, futhi izinqumo ngezinga lokushisa zenziwe kucatshangelwa umoya-mpilo.
- Bhala phansi umkhiqizo, ukugxila, umthamo wamanzi olinganisiwe, isikhathi, nalokho okubonile. Uma inkambo yokwelapha yehluleka, lowo mbhalo yilokho uchwepheshe akudingayo, futhi yiwo ovimbela umzamo olandelayo ukuba ungaphindi iphutha elifanayo ngomthamo ophakeme.
Amabhodlela amathathu aseshalofini awawona amandla amathathu omuthi owodwa. Ayizimpendulo zemibuzo ehlukene. Qala ngokubuza umbuzo ofanele, futhi ukukhetha ngokuvamile kuba lula.