Isihloko
Isibali sokugxila ngamamoli se-methylene blue: uhlobo lwe-hydrate nesisekelo sokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe
Isisindo esifanayo se-methylene blue singanikeza ukugxila ngamamoli okuhlukene kuye ngohlobo lwayo lwamangqamuzana nangendlela okubikwa ngayo ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwayo. Ukubala okusebenzisa isisindo se-chloride engenamanzi kuhlukile kokusebenzisa isisindo se-hydrate. Ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe okusekelwe entweni eyomisiwe kuletha omunye umehluko: iphesenti elibikiwe alichazi ngokuqondile into njengoba ikaliwe.
Vula isibali sokugxila ngamamoli se-methylene blue ukuze ufake isisindo, ivolumu yokugcina yesisombululo, uhlobo lwamangqamuzana, nesisekelo sokubala. Sisebenza esipheqululini sakho, sibonisa ifomula efakwe amanani, futhi sibika i-mol/L, i-mmol/L, ne-µmol/L. Izibonelo ezingezansi ziyizibalo zaselabhorethri, hhayi ukukhetha imithamo yabantu noma yezilwane.
Okukalwa umphumela
Ukugxila ngamamoli kuyigama elijwayelekile lokugxila kwenani lento. Incazelo ye-IUPAC yokugxila kwenani lento ihlukanisa inani lengxenye ngevolumu yengxube:
c = n / V
Lapha, u-n uyinani le-methylene blue ngamamoli, kanti u-V uyivolumu yokugcina yesisombululo ngamalitha. Entweni emsulwa yohlobo olucacisiwe, n = m / M, lapho u-m eyisisindo ngamagremu kanti u-M eyisisindo semoli nge-g/mol. Lobu budlelwano bulandela izincazelo ze-NIST zesisindo semoli nokugxila.
Inani elingezansi kweqhezu liyivolumu ngemva kokuncibilika. “100 mL wesisombululo sokugcina” kanye “100 mL woketshezi oluncibilikisayo olufakiwe” kungamarekhodi ahlukene okulungiselela. Ukubala akukwazi ukuxazulula lokho kungacaci ngemva kokulungiselela.
Khetha into ngaphambi kokukhetha isisindo sayo semoli
Ekubaleni kwe-chloride engenamanzi, leli thuluzi lisebenzisa u-319.85 g/mol. Ku-trihydrate ebhalwe ngokucacile, lisebenzisa u-373.90 g/mol. Ukucaciswa kwe-trihydrate kwe-Thermo Fisher kuveza ifomula enamangqamuzana amathathu amanzi kanye nalesi sisindo semoli sokugcina. Amanzi anezela esisindweni esikaliwe ngaphandle kokwengeza enye iyunithi ye-methylene blue.
Cabanga ngokulungiselela okubili okusekelwe kumanani acatshangwayo, ngakunye kuqukethe u-100 mg wento emsulwa ku-100 mL wesisombululo sokugcina:
| Into ecatshangwayo | Ukubala | Ukugxila |
|---|---|---|
| I-chloride engenamanzi | 0.100 / (319.85 × 0.100) | 3.126 mmol/L |
| I-trihydrate | 0.100 / (373.90 × 0.100) | 2.675 mmol/L |
Lezi yizibonelo ezibaliwe, hhayi izilinganiso ezithathiwe. Ukusebenzisa inani elingezansi kweqhezu lohlobo olungenamanzi ku-trihydrate emsulwa kungabonisa ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu cishe ngo-16.9%. Ukwengeza amadijithi ngemva kwephoyinti ledesimali ngeke kulungise ukucatshangwa okungalungile ngohlobo lwento.
Ibhodlela elichazwa kuphela ngokuthi “i-hydrate” alicacisi inani elingaguquki lamangqamuzana amanzi. Ngakho-ke isibali siyenqaba ukubala okusekelwe kumanani acatshangwayo uma ukubopheka kwamanzi kungacacisiwe. Ukuze uqonde amakhemikhali ayisisekelo, bheka izinhlobo zamangqamuzana ze-methylene blue nokubopheka kwamanzi.
Qondanisa ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe nesisindo esikuchazayo
Umbuzo obalulekile awukona nje ukuthi “Yiliphi iphesenti elisesitifiketini?” Uthi “Yiphesenti lani, elivezwe njengayiphi inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali?” Isibali sihlukanisa izincazelo ezine:
| Isisekelo sokubala | Okufanele ukwazi | Ifomula |
|---|---|---|
| Uhlobo olumsulwa olucatshangwayo | Uhlobo lwamangqamuzana oluqondile; ukucatshangwa okucacile kokuhlanzeka okungu-100% | c = m / (M × V) |
| Uhlobo olukhethiwe njengoba lunjalo | Ingxenye yesisindo yalolo hlobo entweni njengoba ikaliwe | c = m × a / (M × V) |
| Okulingana nohlobo olungenamanzi njengoba into injalo | Okulingana ne-chloride engenamanzi ngesisindo sento njengoba ikaliwe | c = m × a / (319.85 × V) |
| Ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe okungenamanzi okusekelwe entweni eyomisiwe | Ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwe-chloride engenamanzi okusekelwe entweni eyomisiwe nokuncipha kwesisindo okulinganisiwe lapho komiswa okuhambisana nakho | c = m × (1 − d) × a / (319.85 × V) |
Kulezi zifomula, u-a uyiphesenti lokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe elihlukaniswe ngo-100; u-d uyiphesenti lokuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa elihambisana nalo, elihlukaniswe ngo-100. Ifomula yokugcina iwukuguqula okusekelwe ekulinganiseni isisindo phakathi kwezisekelo zokubika ezishiwo ngokucacile. Ifanele kuphela lapho ukulungiswa kokomiswa kuhambisana nencazelo yokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe.
Ukubuka kuqala i-monograph ye-USP kuveza ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwayo njenge-methylene blue engenamanzi okusekelwe entweni eyomisiwe, futhi kunikeza ibanga lokwamukelwa elingu-97.0–103.0%. Umphumela wokuhlaziya ongaphezu kuka-100% awusho ngokoqobo ukuthi isampula iqukethe inhlanganisela emsulwa engaphezu kwesisindo sesampula uqobo. Ithuluzi livumela izilinganiso zokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe okusekelwe entweni eyomisiwe kuze kufike ku-103%, futhi limaka lowo mphumela njengesilinganiso sokuhlaziya.
Isibonelo esibalwe ngokugcwele: umphumela osekelwe entweni eyomisiwe
Ake sithi irekhodi laselabhorethri libhala u-100.0 mg wento, ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe okungu-99.0% okulingana nohlobo olungenamanzi okusekelwe entweni eyomisiwe, ukuncipha kwesisindo okulinganisiwe lapho komiswa okungu-14.0% okuhambisana nakho, kanye no-100.0 mL wesisombululo sokugcina. Lawa manani awokubonisa kuphela.
- Guqula isisindo esikaliwe: 100.0 mg = 0.1000 g.
- Sebenzisa ingxenye yesisindo esomile: 0.1000 × 0.860 = 0.0860 g.
- Sebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe: 0.0860 × 0.990 = 0.08514 g okulingana ne-chloride engenamanzi.
- Guqula kube inani ngamamoli bese uhlukanisa ngevolumu: 0.08514 / (319.85 × 0.1000) = 2.662 mmol/L.
Ungaphinde uhlukanise ngesisindo semoli se-trihydrate. Inani elingaphezulu kweqhezu selivezwe kakade njengokulingana ne-chloride engenamanzi. Ukwengeza ukulungiswa kwe-hydrate kungabala ukulungiswa kwamanzi kabili.
Uma lona lelo rekhodi esikhundleni salokho belibhale ngokuqondile u-85.14% wokulingana nohlobo olungenamanzi njengoba into yamukelwe, imodi yokubala into njengoba injalo ibizonikeza impendulo efanayo ngaphandle kokufaka inani elihlukile lokomiswa. Ukuvumelana kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kuwusizo ekuhloleni izibalo.
Lapho idatha etholakalayo inganele
Ukucaciswa akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi izilinganiso ezithathwe eqoqweni lokukhiqiza. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlu lomkhiqizo we-methylene blue hydrate lwe-Merck lunikeza umkhawulo ophansi wokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe obalwe entweni eyomisiwe, umkhawulo ophezulu wokuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa, kanye nesisindo samangqamuzana esisekelwe ohlotsheni olungenamanzi nakuba luchaza i-hydrate. Ukufaka leyo mikhawulo sengathi ingamanani alinganisiwe kungadala isilinganiso esisodwa uhlu olungasisekeli.
Ngokufanayo, iphesenti lokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe elingacacisiwe noma iphesenti lendawo ku-chromatogram alicacisi ngokuzenzakalelayo ingxenye yesisindo edingekayo lapha. Thola indlela yokubika esetshenzisiwe esitifiketini noma kumhlinzeki. Umhlahlandlela wokufunda isitifiketi sokuhlaziya se-methylene blue uchaza ukuhlolwa kombhalo.
Izinkambu ezingenalutho, isisindo noma ivolumu engu-zero noma engaphansi kuka-zero, amayunithi angasekelwe, nezisekelo zokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe ezingekho kubangela iphutha esikhundleni somphumela. Ukushintsha okufakiwe kususa umphumela wangaphambili kufake omusha, kuhlanganise nalapho inani elisha lingavumelekile. Amanani adlula umkhawulo wezinombolo anqatshwa. Ithuluzi alihloli ukuthi ukugxila kungancibilika yini, ukuthi ukuncibilika kuphelele yini, noma ukuthi isisombululo esilungisiwe sihlale sizinzile yini.
Gcina ukubala kukwazi ukuphindwa
Bhala iqoqo lokukhiqiza, uhlobo lwamangqamuzana, umphumela nesisekelo sokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe, noma yikuphi ukulungiswa kokomiswa, isisindo esikaliwe, ivolumu yokugcina, nezimo zokulungiselela. Bika kuphela ukunemba okusekelwa izilinganiso zakho; amadijithi aboniswa isibali enzelwe ukwenza kube lula.
Ngesisombululo esiyisisekelo esesibhalwe kakade, sebenzisa izibalo ezihlukile zokuhlanjululwa kwe-methylene blue. Kumalebula abonisa amaphesenti, qala ngokuhlola ukuguqulwa kokugxila kwe-methylene blue. Ukugxila ngamamoli okulungile noma iphesenti eliguqulwe kahle akukunqumi ukuthi into kufanele inikezwe kanjani emzimbeni.