I-methylene blue ye-ich, ukubola kwamaphiko, nezifo zesikhunta: ukuqhathanisa ubufakazi

Inhlanzi iveza amabala amhlophe. Amanzi aba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amabala aba nzima ukuwabona, bese umnikazi ephetha ngokuthi ukwelashwa kusebenzile. Ezinsukwini ezilandelayo inhlanzi iba yimbi kakhulu. Udayi awushintshanga lutho esilwaneni esiyisinanakazana. Kushintshe kuphela lokho okubonakalayo.

Leli phutha liyaphindaphinda ngoba izifo eziningana zinezimpawu ezifanayo ezibonakalayo: amachashaza amhlophe, amabala aphaphathekile, amaphiko adabukile, nezigaxa ezifana nokotini. Imiphumela yokusesha isethula udayi njengesixazululo sazo zonke izilonda. Izidalwa ezibangela izifo zona azifani. I-protozoan enezinwele ezincane, isikhunta samanzi, ibhaktheriya ye-Gram-negative, i-dinoflagellate, nesikelemu esiyisicaba kuncane ezifanayo ngakho ngaphandle kwesikhumba, amaphiko, noma iziphefumulo ezilimele. Udayi onemiphumela yangempela kodwa elinganiselwe awukwazi ukubhekana nakho konke lokhu okuyisihlanu. Ukuhleleka okuwusizo ukuthi kuqalwe ngokuxilongwa, kulandele igciwane elibangela isifo nesigaba somjikelezo wokuphila kwalo, bese kuba umuthi, bese kuba ilebula yomkhiqizo. Konke okungezansi kulandela lokho kuhleleka.

Lapho ubufakazi buqine khona kakhulu: amaqanda nesikhunta samanzi

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-methylene blue emathangini ezinhlanzi okunobufakazi obuqine kakhulu ukuvikela amaqanda ezinhlanzi esikhunteni samanzi, ikakhulukazi i-Saprolegnia ne-Achlya. Lezi zingama-oomycete, okuyisikhunta samanzi kunokuba zibe isikhunta sangempela, futhi ziqala ukukhula emaqandeni afile noma alimele nasezilondeni ngaphambi kokusabalalela kokuseduze. Ucwaningo olulawulwayo lwathola ukuthi u-3 mg/L wathuthukisa ukuchanyuselwa kwe-angelfish ne-black-skirt tetra, kuyilapho i-zebrafish ingazuzanga, ngakho ukusabela enanini elisetshenzisiwe kuncike ohlotsheni lwenhlanzi kunokuba kufane kuzo zonke. Umongo obanzi ufingqiwe ekubuyekezweni kwakamuva kwezindlela zokwelapha izifo zezinhlanzi zokuhlobisa.

Izilonda ezingaphezulu kwesikhumba ezinjengokotini ezinhlanzini ezindala zisezingeni elingaphansi kwalokho ngokobufakazi. I-methylene blue inomsebenzi wangempela wokulwa nesikhunta samanzi ezindaweni ezivele ngaphandle, futhi isiqondiso esivamile samathangi nge-methylene blue yezinhlanzi zasethangini sibeka ukusetshenziswa emaqandeni nangaphezulu kwesikhumba njengokuyinhloko. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuchanyuselwa zilandela umqondo ofanayo, njengoba kuchazwe ku-methylene blue yamaqanda ezinhlanzi nokusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuchanyuselwa. Kodwa isigaxa esinjengokotini sivame ukuba umphumela wesibili. Sikhula lapho isilonda, ukulunywa yisinanakazana, amanzi asezingeni eliphansi, noma isilonda esibangelwe amabhaktheriya kuqale kwavula indawo engaphezulu. Ukwelapha isigaxa ube ungakunaki ukulimala okungaphansi kwaso kuholela ekubuyeni kwaso.

I-ich yasemanzini angenasawoti: usizo olungaphelele, oluncike esigabeni

Isifo samabala amhlophe sasemanzini angenasawoti sibangelwa i-Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, isidalwa esinezinwele ezincane esingena esikhunjeni, emaphikweni, naseziphefumulweni. Izigaba ezivuthiwe ezidlayo zinkulu, cishe zisukela kuhhafu wemilimitha kuya kumilimitha, ngakho uphawu olujwayelekile lubonakala njengezinhlamvu zikasawoti ezihlukene. Izincwadi zokuqondisa zomnyango wenyuvesi wokweluleka umphakathi mayelana nesayensi yokuphila kwe-ich yasemanzini angenasawoti nezimiso zokwelashwa zichaza umjikelezo wokuphila futhi zigcizelela ukuhlola amasampula esikhumba noma eziphefumulo ngesibonakhulu kunokuqagela ngamabala kuphela.

I-methylene blue inomsebenzi othile wokulwa nama-protozoa lapha, futhi amalebula abakhiqizi afaka i-Ichthyophthirius phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwesibili. Ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kuphawula impumelelo engaphelele lapho i-methylene blue ihlanganiswa nosawoti kuma-catfish atheleleke kakhulu, kodwa ucwaningo lokungena kwezicubu lwathola ukuthi udayi wawungakwazi ukubulala ama-trophont adlayo avaleleke ngaphakathi kwesikhumba. Le miphumela emibili ichaza umkhawulo: kungenzeka isebenze ezigabeni ezikhululekile ezivele ngaphandle, kodwa isebenza kancane esigabeni esidlayo esivikelekile ngaphakathi kolwelwesi lwesikhumba. Ngakho ukwelashwa kufanele kuhlanganise umjikelezo wokuphila kunokuba kuphele lapho amabala engasabonakali. Iziqondiso ezivamile zokweluleka umphakathi zincike ezindleleni ezisebenzisa i-formalin, ithusi, nezinga likasawoti kunokwelapha nge-methylene blue kuphela.

Amabala amhlophe asemanzini olwandle abangelwa isidalwa esihlukile, i-Cryptocaryon irritans, futhi ubufakazi buncane nakakhulu. Izinhlu ezindala zamakhemikhali zibalula i-methylene blue enempumelelo eguquguqukayo, kodwa iziqondiso zamanje zokuxilonga nokwelapha amabala amhlophe asemanzini olwandle zigxile ezindleleni zethusi, zokwehlisa izinga likasawoti, ze-chloroquine, ne-formalin, lapho ithusi ligcinwa izinga lama-ion akhululekile liqashwe amasonto. Ukucwilisa nge-methylene blue akufani nokususa i-Cryptocaryon kuyo yonke indawo yamanzi.

Ukubola kwamaphiko: iphiko elidabukile akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukutheleleka

Ukubola kwamaphiko kuyiqoqo lezimpawu, hhayi igciwane elilodwa. Amabhaktheriya e-Gram-negative asebenzisa ithuba, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ze-Pseudomonas ne-Aeromonas, ahlasela amaphiko aselinyazwe amanzi asezingeni eliphansi, ukuhlaselana, noma ukuphathwa. Iziqondiso zokwelapha izilwane mayelana nezifo zezinhlanzi ezibangelwa amabhaktheriya zibala zona lezi zinto ezandisa amathuba esifo futhi zincoma ukukhulisa amagciwane elabhorethri nokuhlola ukuzwela kwawo emithini lapho kudingeka ukwelashwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane.

Alukho ucwaningo olukholisayo oluveza i-methylene blue njenge-antibiotic yokubola kwamaphiko osekukhona. Olunye ucwaningo lwe-goldfish oluvame ukuqondwa kabi lwabeka izinhlanzi ku-methylene blue amasonto ngaphambi kokuzichaya kubhaktheriya, lwathola ushintsho ekuvikelekeni komzimba nasekusindeni kamuva. Lokho kuyisayensi yokulungiselela umzimba kusengaphambili, hhayi ucwaningo lokwelapha amaphiko abolayo. Ukudabuka okusha okuhlanzekile okuyeka ukuqhubeka ngemva kokulungiswa kwamanzi nokususwa kwenhlanzi eluma ezinye ethangini kwakuwukulimala okwabangelwa amandla angaphandle. Ukuhlehla okuqhubekayo komphetho wephiko kuhambisana nokushintsha kombala, ukuvuvukala, izilonda, noma ukulahleka kwezicubu kukhomba ukutheleleka futhi kudinga ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa okuqondiswe kulokho.

Ithebula lokuqhathanisa

Ukuzehlukanisa ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umuthi

Izimo ezine zivame ukudidaniswa kakhulu. Ubukhulu buyasiza. Amabala e-ich ayizinhlamvu eziphakeme ezihlukene ezibonakala ngayinye. I-velvet ibukeka njengothuli oluncane noma ukucwebezela okusagolide okunsundu, lapho inhlayiya ngayinye incane kakhulu, futhi ama-trophont e-velvet yasolwandle ngokwesilinganiso ayingxenye encane nje yobukhulu be-ich. Isikhunta samanzi siphakama sisuke ngaphezulu kwesikhumba: imicu enjengokotini ephumele ngaphandle. I-columnaris yakha amabala amhlophe aphuzi anemicu noma anamafinyila abonakala sengathi ayisikhunta kodwa abonakala njengamaqoqo amabhaktheriya asabalalayo lapho kuhlolwa isampula emanzi ngesibonakhulu.

Indawo nezindlela zokuziphatha zengeza ulwazi. I-ich ivame ukutholakala esikhunjeni, emaphikweni, naseziphefumulweni, futhi i-ich yasolwandle ingacasha eziphefumulweni kungabi namabala abonakalayo nhlobo. I-velvet ihlasela iziphefumulo kakhulu, ngakho ukuphefumula ngokushesha nokuzihlikihla ezintweni kwenza i-velvet ibe phakathi kwezimbangela ezisolwa kuqala. Isikhunta samanzi siqala ezilondeni nasemaqandeni afile, ngakho ukuba khona kwaso kudinga ukubuzwa ukuthi yini elimele indawo engaphezulu. I-columnaris ihlasela isikhumba, iziphefumulo, namaphiko futhi ingadla izicubu ngokushesha.

Okwehlukanisa lokhu futhi kuqede izimpikiswano eziningi ukuhlolwa ngesibonakhulu: isampula emanzi yesikhumba, yephiko, noma yeziphefumulo eveza izidalwa ezinezinwele ezincane, ama-trophont e-dinoflagellate, izakhiwo zesikhunta samanzi ezinamagatsha, noma amaqoqo amabhaktheriya anemicu e-columnaris. Ngaphambi kwakho konke lokho, hlola i-ammonia, i-nitrite, izinga lokushisa, i-pH, nomoya-mpilo oncibilikile, kanye nezinga likasawoti ezindaweni zamanzi olwandle. Amanzi asezingeni eliphansi alingisa izifo futhi avulela indlela ukutheleleka okulandelayo, udayi ogcina usolwa ngokungakwazi ukukwelapha.

Izimo ezinhlanu lapho udayi uyimpendulo engafanele

I-velvet idinga ithusi, hhayi amanzi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ikhona imibiko yakudala yokwelapha i-velvet yasemanzini angenasawoti ngokucwilisa, kodwa ubufakazi budala futhi buncane, kanti ithusi lisekelwa ubufakazi obuqine kakhulu. Nge-velvet yasolwandle, iziqondiso zamanje zochwepheshe zixoxa nge-formalin, i-peroxide, ukucwilisa okufushane, ithusi, ne-chloroquine, nokuphindwa kokwelashwa ngoba isigaba esivalelwe esikhwameni esivikelayo siyamelana nokwelashwa.

Izikelemu eziyisicaba zidinga umuthi wokubulala izikelemu. Ama-monogenean ayizikelemu eziyisicaba ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, futhi akukho ekusebenzeni kwe-methylene blue kuma-protozoa okusebenza nakuzo. Iziqondiso zokweluleka umphakathi zisho i-praziquantel njengokwelashwa okukhethwayo kwezinhlanzi zokuhlobisa, ngokuvamile ngokucwilisa isikhathi eside ezingeni eliphansi le-mg/L eliyidijithi eyodwa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokwelapha izilwane nezemithetho.

I-columnaris idinga ukuhlolwa kwamabhaktheriya, hhayi udayi. I-Flavobacterium columnare iyibhaktheriya ye-Gram-negative ekwazi ukubhubhisa izicubu ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi eziphefumulweni. Umphumela wokubulala amagciwane ngaphezulu awufani nokwelapha ukutheleleka kwamabhaktheriya okuqhubekayo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane okwamukelwe kwe-columnaris ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi kuncike emithini ekhethwe ngokuxilongwa nokuzwela kwamagciwane, hhayi ekufakeni umuthi ngokunganaki ekhaya.

I-dropsy akusona isifo esingamane siqondaniswe nomuthi. Ukubukeka njengekhoni likaphayini kuchaza ukunqwabelana koketshezi okungaba nezimbangela eziningi: ukwehluleka kwezitho, ukutheleleka okusabalele emzimbeni, isifo senhliziyo, noma ukulimala okukhulu kwesikhumba esimboze umzimba. Incazelo kadokotela wezilwane yokuthi kungani i-dropsy ingenalo ikhambi elilodwa ikusho ngokuqondile lokhu. Ukwelapha ukuvuvukala ngaphandle kokubona ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba eyehlulekile kuchitha isikhathi okungathathwa ngaso isinyathelo esiphumelelayo.

Izimpawu zesinye sokubhukuda ziyiphutha elifanayo lokufaka izinto esigabeni esingafanele, ngaphandle kwesimo esisodwa esifundisayo. Ukuntanta okungajwayelekile kungavela esakhiweni somzimba, ekudleni, ekuqunjelweni, ekulimaleni, ekuthelelekeni, ekucindezelweni kwezitho, noma ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali emanzini. I-methylene blue ayelaphi ngokuqondile nokukodwa kwalokhu. Okuhlukile ubuthi be-nitrite: i-nitrite iguqula i-hemoglobin ibe yi-methemoglobin ngokuyifaka umoya-mpilo, kanti i-methemoglobin ayikwazi ukuthwala umoya-mpilo, futhi izinhlanzi ezithintekile zingabhukuda ngendlela engajwayelekile. Ucwaningo ngamangqamuzana abomvu egazi e-trout lubonisa indlela esizwa yi-methylene blue yokubuyisela i-methemoglobin esimweni esisebenzayo egazini lezinhlanzi, futhi ucwaningo lokuhlola nge-steelhead lwathola ukuthi amazinga aphansi e-methylene blue anciphisa ubuthi obusheshayo be-nitrite. Lokho kwelapha ubuthi, njengoba kuchazwe ku-methylene blue nobuthi be-nitrite ezinhlanzini, hhayi isinye sokubhukuda esilimele.

Lokho amalebula akushoyo ngempela

Amalebula emikhiqizo ahlukene kakhulu kunalokho okushiwo izifinyezo zokumaketha, futhi ilebula ebeka imikhawulo eqinile iyona enolwazi oluwusizo kakhulu. Ilebula ye-Kordon methylene blue ibala ukutheleleka kwesikhunta okungaphezulu, isikhunta samaqanda, ukusetshenziswa kwesibili kuma-protozoa athile angaphandle kuhlanganise ne-Ichthyophthirius, nokusiza ezimweni zobuthi be-cyanide ne-nitrite, bese isho ngokusobala ukuthi umkhiqizo awuhloselwe i-Oodinium, ukutheleleka kwamabhaktheriya, izikelemu eziyisicaba, noma ukutheleleka kwesikhunta okuphakathi nendawo kuya kokunzima. Lokho okungafakiwe kukhipha ngqo ukusetshenziswa okungafanele lesi sihloko esixwayisa ngakho.

Ishidi lolwazi le-Fritz methylene blue nalo libeka imingcele efanayo: ukuvimbela nokuvikela ekuthelelekeni kwesikhunta okungaphezulu, ukuvikela amaqanda, ukusetshenziswa kwesibili kuma-protozoa kuhlanganise ne-ich yasemanzini angenasawoti, linezindlela zombili zokusebenzisa izinga eliphansi isikhathi eside nokucwilisa okufushane ezingeni eliphezulu. Ikhasi le-NT Labs methylene blue lenza izimangalo ezibanzi, kuhlanganise nezimpawu zamabhaktheriya njengamaphiko abolayo nezilonda. Lezo zimangalo ezibanzi yizimangalo zabakhiqizi, futhi ubufakazi obuzimele abuqinisekisi i-methylene blue njengokwelashwa okuthembekile kokubola kwamaphiko okubangelwa amabhaktheriya noma kwe-columnaris, ngakho amalebula anemikhawulo emincane ahambisana kangcono nemibhalo yocwaningo.

Imikhiqizo exubile yengeza olunye ugibe. Izingxube ezibala i-methylene blue kanye ne-acriflavine, i-ethacridine, i-methyl orange, noma eminye imithi yokulwa nezinanakazana zingase zibe nokusetshenziswa kwamabala amhlophe noma kwe-velvet okuqondene nengxube, hhayi i-methylene blue iyodwa. Ukufunda uhlu lwezithako ezisebenzayo kuvimbela ukunikeza udayi udumo lomsebenzi owenziwe ezinye izithako ezihambisana nawo.

Ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokulimaza ithangi

I-methylene blue kufanele ibe sethangini elingenazo izinto zokuhlobisa lokuhlukanisa izinhlanzi ezigulayo noma lokwelapha, hhayi ethangini lokubukisa eselizinzile. Ilebula ye-Kordon ixwayisa ngokuthi iphazamisa amabhaktheriya esihlungi aguqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrite bese iba yi-nitrate nokukhula kwezitshalo, imuncwa amadwala, amakhorali, nokhuni, ingcolisa i-silicone ngombala, futhi isuswa ikhabhoni ecushiwe. Abanye abakhiqizi banikeza izixwayiso ezifanayo: susa ikhabhoni ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, lindela ukuthi izitshalo nezilwane ezingenamgogodla zingathinteka, futhi khetha ukucwilisa endaweni yokuhlukanisa izinhlanzi. Izindlela zokufaka umuthi ezishicilelwe ziyizibonelo zamalebula, hhayi imiyalelo efanele zonke izimo, futhi amandla ezixazululo ezithengiswayo ahlukahluka ngomkhiqizo: ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ezingeni eliphansi elicishe libe ngu-3 mg/L izinsuku eziningana, ukwelashwa kwamaqanda cishe ku-3 mg/L kuze kube ukuchanyuselwa, nokucwilisa okufushane kakhulu ezingeni eliphezulu elicishe libe ngu-50 mg/L imizuzwana. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside akuyona into engenabungozi; ukuchayeka amasonto amaningi ku-2 mg/L kwaba nemiphumela emibi ekukhuleni nasegazini le-goldfish.

Umthetho wokuthatha isinqumo osebenza kukho konke lokhu mfushane. Khomba isidalwa esibangela isifo noma uvume ukuthi uphawu alukahlukaniswa ngezimbangela. Qondanisa umuthi naleso sidalwa: udayi wamaqanda nesikhunta samanzi esivele ngaphandle, izindlela ezibheka umjikelezo wokuphila ze-ich, ithusi le-velvet, i-praziquantel yezikelemu eziyisicaba, imithi elwa namagciwane ekhethwe ngokuxilongwa kwe-columnaris, nokuhlolwa kwengxenye yomzimba eyehlulekayo nge-dropsy nezinkinga zokuntanta. Sebenzisa i-methylene blue lapho ubufakazi bayo buyisekela khona, ethangini lokwelapha, ngokwelebula, ngemva kokulungisa izinga lamanzi kuqala.