I-methylene blue trihydrate uma iqhathaniswa nengenamanzi: ifomula, isisindo, nokulebula

Amabhodlela amabili angabhalwa womabili ukuthi aqukethe i-methylene blue kodwa adinge izisindo ezihlukile ezikalwayo ocwaningweni olufanayo. Elinye lilebulwe ngokuthi i-methylene blue trihydrate. Elinye lithi i-methylene blue kuphela. Umcwaningi ukala u-100 mg kwelinye nelinye, alungise umthamo ofanayo woketshezi, bese ethola ukugxila kukadayi okuhlukile. Akukho okungcolisiwe futhi akukho okungahambanga kahle ekusebenziseni i-pipette. Lezi zimpushana ezimbili zimane ziqukethe amanani ahlukile amanzi ngeyunithi ngayinye kadayi.

Lona ngumqondo oyinhloko ekuqhathaniseni i-methylene blue trihydrate ne-methylene blue. Kuwo womabili la mafomu, into eyikhemikhali iyi-methylthioninium chloride. Into ekalwayo iyahluka ngoba amanzi okwakheka kwamakristalu engeza isisindo ngaphandle kokwengeza udayi. Ukuze usebenze kahle ngale nto, hlukanisa imiqondo emithathu: ukuhlonzwa kwe-hydrate, ubumsulwa bekhemikhali, nesisekelo sokulinganisa. Umhlahlandlela wekhemistri mayelana nokwakheka nezici ze-methylene blue uhlukanisa ngokuningiliziwe i-cation yodayi nosawoti we-chloride. Leli khasi lihlukanisa usawoti nama-hydrate awo.

Engenamanzi, i-hydrate, ne-trihydrate amagama amafomu ahlukile akalwayo

I-methylene blue chloride engenamanzi inefomula ethi C16H18ClN3S nesisindo sefomula esingu-319.85 g/mol ekubukeni kuqala kwe-monograph ye-USP ye-methylene blue. Ichaza usawoti ongenawo amanzi ahambisana nokwakheka kwamakristalu.

I-methylene blue hydrate iwusawoti ofanayo ohlangene namanzi esimweni esiqinile, obhalwa ngokuthi C16H18ClN3S.xH2O. Inani lika-x lisho ukuthi mangaki amamolekhuli amanzi ahambisana neyunithi eyodwa yefomula kasawoti ekwakhekeni okushiwo. Alichazi amanzi afakwa esixazululweni.

I-methylene blue trihydrate iyisimo lapho u-x elingana no-3, esibhalwa ngokuthi C16H18ClN3S.3H2O noma C16H24ClN3O3S, esinesisindo sefomula esingu-373.90 g/mol. Irekhodi le-PubChem le-methylene blue trihydrate libala le fomula nesisindo ngaphansi kwe-CID 104827, kanti irekhodi le-PubChem le-methylene blue libala ifomula engenamanzi ethi C16H18ClN3S nesisindo esingu-319.9 g/mol ngaphansi kwe-CID 6099. Kuwo womabili amarekhodi, i-ion yodayi ayishintshile: i-cation eyodwa ye-methylthioninium ngeyunithi ngayinye yefomula. Amanzi ahambisana nayo kuphela ahlukile.

Ithebula lokubhekisela lama-hydrate nezisindo

Ithebula elingezansi liyinsiza yokubhekisela yaleli khasi. Izisindo zefomula zamafomu kasawoti zilandela i-USP. Umugqa we-cation ufakiwe ukuze izibalo zezixazululo zibe nendawo ecacile yokuqala.

Umehluko lapho kusetshenziswa lezi zinto mkhulu. Ukuze kutholakale inani elifanayo likadayi, i-trihydrate ephelele inesisindo esingaphezu kwesikasawoti ongenamanzi ophelele cishe ngo-16.9%, ngoba u-373.90 ohlukaniswe ngo-319.85 ulingana no-1.169. Ngakho ukudidanisa la mafomu amabili kubangela iphutha lokugxila elicishe libe ngu-17% ngaphambi kokuba kubhekwe noma yimuphi omunye umthombo wephutha.

Izibonelo zokuhumusha ezibalwe ngokugcwele

Isibonelo 1 siqala ngempushana. Ake sithi isikali sifunda u-100.0 mg we-methylene blue trihydrate okuthiwa imsulwa. Isisindo sikasawoti esilingana nefomu elingenamanzi singu-100.0 mg ophindwe ngo-319.85 wahlukaniswa ngo-373.90, okulingana no-85.5 mg. Inani likadayi lingu-0.1000 g ohlukaniswe ngo-373.90 g/mol, okulingana no-267.5 micromol we-cation ye-methylthioninium. U-14.5 mg osele ngokwezibalo ungamanzi okwakheka kwamakristalu, hhayi ukungcola.

Isibonelo 2 siqala ngokugxila okufunwayo. Ukuze ulungise u-1.000 liter wesixazululo sikadayi esingu-1.000 mM ngosawoti ongenamanzi ophelele, kala u-319.85 mg. Ukuze ulungise isixazululo esifanayo nge-trihydrate ephelele, kala u-373.90 mg. Isibalo ngasinye sicabangela ukuthi into iyile hydrate eshiwo ncamashi futhi inokuqukethwe okugcwele. Ngempushana yangempela, lungisa izibalo usebenzisa isitifiketi sokuhlaziywa futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kubikwe ngesisekelo sento njengoba itholakele, eyomisiwe, noma engenamanzi. Isibali sokugxila kwe-methylene blue ngama-mole sigcina ifomu le-hydrate nesisekelo sokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kucacile ukuze lokhu kulungisa kungalahleki lapho kuguqulwa amayunithi.

Lokho ilebula elikuthembisayo nelingakuthembisi

Igama elithi i-methylene blue trihydrate liyisitatimende esicacile: ifomula eshiwo ithi C16H18ClN3S.3H2O, ngokuvamile ebalwa ngo-373.90 g/mol ngaphandle uma imininingwane edingekayo isho okuhlukile. Igama elithi i-methylene blue hydrate alicacisi kangako. Libonisa ukuthi kuhloswe ifomu elinamanzi, kodwa ngaphandle kwenombolo, ifomula, inombolo ye-CAS, noma imininingwane edingekayo, alicacisi ukuthi mangakanani amanzi ayingxenye yefomula.

Igama elithi i-methylene blue kuphela aliqinisekisi ukuthi into ayinamanzi. I-athikili esencwadini esemthethweni yamazinga enesihloko esithi Methylene Blue nayo ibhalwe ngokuthi C16H18ClN3S.xH2O, lapho u-x engacacisiwe ezingeni lesihloko. Ukuqanjwa kwamagama kusizindalwazi nakho kungadukisa. I-PubChem ibiza irekhodi layo lefomu elingenamanzi, i-CID 6099, ngokuthi i-methylene blue, kodwa lowo mkhuba awenzi wonke amabhodlela athengiswayo analelo gama elifushane abe nempahla engenamanzi. Funda ndawonye ifomula, inombolo ye-CAS, igama le-hydrate, ukuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa noma imininingwane edingekayo yamanzi, kanye nesisekelo sokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe.

Izinombolo ze-CAS ziyasiza uma ziphelele. I-methylene blue chloride engenamanzi ivame ukuba nenombolo ethi 61-73-4 kanti eye-trihydrate ithi 7220-79-3. I-USP ibala namarekhodi e-monohydrate, e-pentahydrate, nawe-hydrate engacacisiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi amarekhodi aqoqiwe ezizindalwazi ngezinye izikhathi aphinda inombolo ye-CAS kumafomu ahlukene, sebenzisa i-CAS njengobufakazi obusekelayo, hhayi njengokuthatha indawo yefomula eshiwo.

Isisekelo sokulinganisa: ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kokomisiwe, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, nobumsulwa kuwukuhlolwa okuhlukene

I-USP ichaza okuqukethwe kwe-methylene blue njengokungu-97.0% kuya ku-103.0% we-C16H18ClN3S, okubalwa ngesisekelo sento eyomisiwe. La mazwi abalulekile. Umphumela osuselwe kokomisiwe ususa ukuncipha kwesisindo ngesikhathi sokomisa ngokwezibalo ngaphambi kokubika okuqukethwe kukadayi. Ngakho i-trihydrate emsulwa ne-pentahydrate emsulwa zombili zingasondela ku-100% ngesisekelo sento eyomisiwe, nakuba izisindo zazo nge-mole ngayinye njengoba zitholakele zihluka kakhulu.

Amanzi alawulwa ngokwehlukile ngokuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa. I-monograph yamanje yomisa isampula ku-105 degrees C amahora angu-5, futhi yamukela ukuncipha okusuka ku-8.0% kuya ku-24.0%. Ukuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa kukala izinto eziguquka zibe umhwamuko zisuke ngaphansi kwalezo zimo. Akuyona indlela eqondene namanzi kuphela ngendlela efanayo nokunqunywa kwamanzi nge-Karl Fischer, futhi ayihlonzi isigaba sekristalu. Ngakho isilinganiso esiphakathi esiseduze namamolekhuli amanzi amathathu ngeyunithi ngayinye kadayi asifakazeli ngokwaso ukuthi kunekristalu eyodwa kuphela ye-trihydrate. Ucwaningo lwe-methylene blue esimweni esiqinile lubike izigaba eziningana zama-hydrate nezingxube, ngakho ukuhlonza isigaba kudinga ukuhlaziywa ngokuphambuka kwemisebe noma ngokushisa lapho isigaba ngokwaso sibalulekile, hhayi isilinganiso esiphakathi samanzi kuphela.

Lokhu kwehlukanisa kuchaza nokuthi kungani umphumela wokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe ongaphezu kuka-100% ungeyona ngokuzenzakalela iphutha laselabhorethri. Ukubala okusekelwe kokomisiwe, ukulungisa ngenxa yamanzi asele, inani elinikezwe indinganiso yokubhekisela, noma ukungahambisani kwe-hydrate ngakunye kungashintsha inombolo. Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwesimo sokuthi kungani ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwe-methylene blue kungafunda ngaphezu kuka-100% kubonisa ukuthi amaphutha esisekelo sokubala alingisa kanjani amaphutha obumsulwa.

Ekuthengeni nasekuhloleni ikhwalithi, umphumela walokhu uqondile. Ukuhambisana ne-USP kuyindlela umthengi afinyelela ngayo ebangeni eliphakeme kakhulu lobumsulwa elitholakala emakethe, ngoba imininingwane edingekayo ihlanganisa ukuhlonza, okuqukethwe kukadayi, ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwekhemistri, izincibilikisi ezisele, ukungcola kwezakhi, insalela ngemva kokushiswa, imikhawulo yamagciwane amancane, nama-endotoxin amabhaktheriya. Abathengisi abaningi abathi bahambisana ne-USP bahlola ingxenye encane kuphela yalolo hlu. I-Blupreme ihlola yonke imininingwane edingekayo ye-USP ngokubambisana nozakwethu wokukhiqiza imithi futhi ishicilela isitifiketi esiphelele sokuhlaziywa, ukuze ifomu le-hydrate, umphumela wamanzi, nokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe okusekelwe kokomisiwe kufundwe ndawonye kunokuba kuqagelwe ngelebula elingaphambili. Lapho uqhathanisa abahlinzeki, cela zontathu lezi zinto: ifomula ye-hydrate eshiwo, umphumela wamanzi noma wokuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe nesisekelo sakho esishiwo.

Indlela yokufunda ilebula le-methylene blue ngokubheka kanye

Okokuqala, thola igama le-hydrate nefomula. Uma ilebula lithi i-methylene blue kuphela, ungacabangi ukuthi isisindo singu-319.85 g/mol. Okwesibili, funda isisekelo sokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe. Iphesenti elingenawo amagama athi njengoba itholakele, eyomisiwe, noma engenamanzi alikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekubaleni ukugxila ngama-mole. Okwesithathu, funda amanzi noma ukuncipha kwesisindo lapho komiswa ngokwehlukile ekungcoleni. Amanzi achaza umehluko wezisindo phakathi kwamafomu e-hydrate. Izinto ezihlobene, i-Azure B, izinsimbi, izincibilikisi, nokuhlolwa kwamagciwane amancane kuchaza ubumsulwa bekhemikhali nobezinto eziphilayo. Gcina la maqembu amabili ehlukene, bese ukuphikisana okuvamile kwamakhathalogi kuyacaca: irekhodi elilodwa libika i-cation, elinye libika usawoti, elesithathu libika i-trihydrate, futhi wonke anembile, ngoba inombolo ngayinye ichaza into ehlukile.